C (musical note)
C or Do is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (G, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch. It has enharmonic equivalents of B♯ and D.
In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only in the context of fixed Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.
Frequency edit
Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz[1] (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.
Octave nomenclature edit
Middle C edit
Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, c′ in Helmholtz pitch notation, and note number 60 in the MIDI standard.[2]
While the expression middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 (approximately 261.626 Hz[3]) may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be middle C. This practice has led some to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.[4]
On the grand staff, middle C is notated with a ledger line above the top line of the bass staff or below the bottom line of the treble staff. Alternatively, it is written on the centre line of a staff using the alto clef, or on the fourth line from the bottom, or the second line from the top, of staves using the tenor clef.
Other octaves edit
In vocal music, the term High C (sometimes called Top C[5]) can refer to either the soprano's C6 (1046.502 Hz; c′′′ in Helmholtz notation) or the tenor's C5; soprano written as the C two ledger lines above the treble clef, with the tenor voice the space above concert A, sung an octave lower. Sometimes written with “8v” below the treble, to represent the octave (8 tones in a major scale).
Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below middle C. In older stoplists it usually means that a rank was not yet full compass, omitting the bottom octave, until that octave was added later on.
Designation by octave edit
| Scientific designation | Helmholtz designation | Octave name | Frequency (using A 440 equal temperament) | MIDI note number | Other names | Audio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C−1 | C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC | Octocontra | 8.176 Hz | 0 | Quadruple Low C (64 ft. organ pipes) | |
| C0 | C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC | Subcontra | 16.352 Hz | 12 | Triple Low C (32 ft. organ pipes), Octobass C | |
| C1 | C͵ or ͵C or CC | Contra | 32.703 Hz | 24 | Double Low C (16 ft. organ pipes), Double Bass w/ either Low C Extension, 5 Strings, or in 5ths Tuning | |
| C2 | C | Great | 65.406 Hz | 36 | Low C, cello C, 8′ C (see organ pipe length) | |
| C3 | c | Small | 130.813 Hz | 48 | 4′ C or Tenor C (organ), viola C, Tenor Middle C (Tenor Voice) | |
| C4 | c′ | One-lined | 261.626 Hz | 60 | Middle C for Sopranos, 2 ft. organ pipes | |
| C5 | c′′ | Two-lined | 523.251 Hz | 72 | Treble C, Tenor High C (written an octave higher for tenor voices),[6] 1 ft. organ pipes | |
| C6 | c′′′ | Three-lined | 1046.502 Hz | 84 | High C (soprano) | |
| C7 | c′′′′ | Four-lined | 2093.005 Hz | 96 | Double high C[citation needed] | |
| C8 | c′′′′′ | Five-lined | 4186.009 Hz | 108 | Eighth octave C, triple high C | |
| C9 | c′′′′′′ | Six-lined | 8372.018 Hz | 120 | Quadruple high C | |
| C10 | c′′′′′′′ | Seven-lined | 16744.036 Hz | N/A | Quintuple high C |
Graphic presentation edit
Scales edit
Common scales beginning on C edit
- C major: C D E F G A B C′
- C natural minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C′
- C harmonic minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B C′
- C melodic minor ascending: C D E♭ F G A B C′
- C melodic minor descending: C′ B♭ A♭ G F E♭ D C
Diatonic scales edit
- C Ionian: C D E F G A B C′
- C Dorian: C D E♭ F G A B♭ C′
- C Phrygian: C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C′
- C Lydian: C D E F♯ G A B C′
- C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B♭ C′
- C Aeolian: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C′
- C Locrian: C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C′
Jazz melodic minor edit
- C ascending melodic minor: C D E♭ F G A B C′
- C Dorian ♭2: C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭ C′
- C Lydian augmented: C D E F♯ G♯ A B C′
- C Lydian dominant: C D E F♯ G A B♭ C′
- C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A♭ B♭ C′
- C Locrian ♮2: C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C′
- C altered: C D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C′
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Suits, B. H. (1998). "Physics of Music Notes - Scales: Just vs Equal Temperament". MTU.edu. Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
- ^ Complete MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification. 1996. p. 10.
- ^
- ^ Large, John (February 1981). "Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation". Music Educators Journal. 32: 30–35.
- ^ Harold C. Schonberg (November 4, 1979). "Birgit Nilsson – The Return of a Super-Soprano". The New York Times.
- ^ "The Note That Makes Us Weep" by Daniel J. Wakin, The New York Times, September 9, 2007