fbpx
Wikipedia

Byford Dolphin

April 15, 2024

Byford Dolphin was a semi-submersible, column-stabilised drilling rig operated by Dolphin Drilling, a Fred Olsen Energy subsidiary. It drilled seasonally for various companies in the British, Danish, and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea. It was registered in Hamilton, Bermuda.[1] In 2019, Dolphin scrapped the rig.[3]

Byford Dolphin in dry dock at Invergordon, Scotland, in 2008
History
Name
  • Byford Dolphin
  • Deep Sea Driller (1974–1978)
OwnerByford Dolphin Pte. Ltd. (Fred. Olsen Energy)
OperatorDolphin Drilling
Port of registry
BuilderAker Group
Yard numberAker Verdal A/S (695)
Laid down31 October 1972
Completed1 February 1974
Out of serviceLaidup 2016
Identification
FateBeached Aliağa and scrapped 2019
Notes[1][2]
General characteristics
Class and typeDNV class: 1A1 Column-stabilised Drilling Unit UKVS
Tonnage
Length108.2 m (355 ft)
Beam67.4 m (221 ft)
Depth36.6 m (120 ft)
Speed4.5 kn
Capacity
  • Variable Deck Lo: 3,021 t
  • Liquid Mud: 3,981 bbls (534 m3)
  • Bulk Mud/Cement: 547 t / 270 t
Crew102 berths
Notes[1][2]

The rig was the site of several serious incidents, most notably an explosive decompression in 1983 that killed four divers and one dive tender, as well as badly injuring another dive tender.[4]

Description edit

Built as Deep Sea Driller, it was the first-of-class in the highly successful Aker H-3 series, designed by Aker Group and completed at the Aker Verdal shipyard in 1974.[5]

Byford Dolphin had an overall length of 108.2 metres (355 ft), breadth of 67.4 metres (221 ft) and depth of 36.6 metres (120 ft). It had a maximum drilling depth of 6,100 metres (20,000 ft), and it could operate at a water depth of 460 metres (1,500 ft).[6] As a drilling rig, Byford Dolphin was equipped with advanced drilling equipment and originally met strict levels of certification under Norwegian law, though in later years it was banned from Norwegian waters. Byford Dolphin was able to maneuver with its own engines (to counter drift and ocean currents), but for long-distance relocation it had to be moved by specialized tugboats.

Byford Dolphin specifications
Operating deck load 3,025 tonne
Crew quarters 102 persons
Operating water depth 460 metres (1,500 ft) maximum
Derrick 49 m (160 ft) Shaffer top compensator
Mooring system 12-point
Blow-out preventer Hydril 476 mm (18.7 in), 10,000 kPa (1,500 psi)
Sub Sea Handling System Christmas tree
Deck cranes 2 × 40 tonnes

Accidents and incidents edit

Deep Sea Driller accident edit

On March 1, 1976, the rig ran aground during transit from a block in the North Sea to Bergen. All crew were evacuated, but six people died when they fell out of their boats.[7]

Diving bell accident edit

On Saturday, 5 November 1983, at 4:00 a.m., while drilling in the Frigg gas field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, four divers were in a diving chamber system on the rig's deck that was connected by a trunk (a short passage) to a diving bell. The divers were Edwin Arthur Coward (British, 35 years old), Roy P. Lucas (British, 38), Bjørn Giæver Bergersen (Norwegian, 29) and Truls Hellevik (Norwegian, 34). They were assisted by two dive tenders, William Crammond (British, 32) and Martin Saunders.[4]

 
The decompression chamber as seen from above at the moment the accident occurred. D1–D4 are divers; T1 and T2 are dive tenders. The trunk is the section that joins chamber 1 to the diving bell.[4]

At the time of the accident, decompression chambers 1 and 2 (along with a third chamber which was not in use at the time) were connected via a trunk to a diving bell. The connection made by the trunk was kept sealed by a clamp operated by Crammond and Saunders, who were experienced divers. Coward and Lucas were resting in chamber 2 at a pressure of 9 atmospheres (atm). The diving bell with Bergersen and Hellevik had just been winched up after a dive and joined to the trunk. Leaving their wet equipment in the trunk, the two divers climbed through the trunk into chamber 1.[4]

The normal procedure would have been:

  1. Close the diving bell door, which would have been open to the trunk.
  2. Slightly increase the pressure in the diving bell to seal the bell door tightly.
  3. Close the chamber 1 door, which was also open to the trunk.
  4. Slowly depressurize the trunk until it reached a pressure of 1 atm.
  5. Open the clamp to separate the diving bell from the chamber system.

The first two steps had been completed when Crammond mistakenly opened the clamp that was keeping the trunk sealed before Hellevik (diver 4) had closed the door to the chamber. This resulted in both chambers being instantly decompressed from 9 atmospheres to the ambient external pressure of 1 atm. Air rushed out of the chamber system with tremendous force, jamming the interior trunk door and pushing the bell away, striking the two tenders. All four divers were killed; one of the tenders, Crammond, was killed, while Saunders was severely injured.[4]: 94 [8]

Medical findings edit

Medical investigations were carried out on the remains of the four divers. The most notable finding was the presence of large amounts of fat in large arteries and veins and in the cardiac chambers, as well as intravascular fat in organs, especially the liver.[4]: 97, 101  This fat was unlikely to be embolic, but must have precipitated from the blood in situ.[4]: 101  The autopsy suggested that bubble formation in the blood denatured the lipoprotein complexes, rendering the lipids insoluble.[4]: 101  These now-insoluble lipids are likely what stopped their circulation.[4]: 101  The fourth diver died instantly from gross dismemberment when the blast forced his body out through the partially blocked doorway.[4]: 95, 100–101 

Coward, Lucas, and Bergersen were exposed to the effects of explosive decompression and died in the positions indicated by the diagram. Investigation by forensic pathologists determined that Hellevik, being exposed to the highest pressure gradient and in the process of moving to secure the inner door, was forced through the crescent-shaped opening measuring 60 centimetres (24 in) long created by the jammed interior trunk door. With the escaping air and pressure, it included bisection of his thoracoabdominal cavity, which resulted in fragmentation of his body, followed by expulsion of all of the internal organs of his chest and abdomen, except the trachea and a section of small intestine, and of the thoracic spine. These were projected some distance, one section being found 10 metres (30 ft) vertically above the exterior pressure door.[4]: 95 

Investigation edit

The committee investigating the accident concluded that it was caused by human error on the part of the dive tender who opened the clamp. The trunk door had a center hinge design, similar to a butterfly valve disc, and the door was rotated too far to the left, causing the rim of the interior hatch to lodge on the door opening. This left a crescent-shaped opening, similar to a manhole cover left ajar but held in place. This created an opening that was 24 inches (61 cm) across horizontally. It is not clear whether the tender who opened the clamp before the trunk was depressurized did so by order of his supervisor, on his own initiative, or because of miscommunication. At the time, the only communication the tenders on the outside of the chamber system had was through a bullhorn attached to the wall surface; with heavy noise from the rig and sea, it was hard to listen in on what was going on. Fatigue from many hard hours of work also took its toll among the divers, who often worked 16-hour shifts. [citation needed]

This incident was also attributed to engineering failure. The obsolete Byford Dolphin diving system, dating from 1975, was not equipped with fail-safe hatches, outboard pressure gauges, and an interlocking mechanism, which would have prevented the trunk from being opened while the system was under pressure.[9] Prior to the accident, Norske Veritas had issued the following rule for certification: "Connecting mechanisms between bell and chambers are to be so arranged that they cannot be operated when the trunk is pressurized",[10] therefore requiring such systems to have fail-safe seals and interlocking mechanisms. One month after the accident, Norske Veritas and the Norwegian oil directorate made the rule final for all bell systems.[citation needed]

Among others, former crew members of Byford Dolphin and NOPEF (a Norwegian oil and petro-chemical union) have come forward and claimed the investigation was a cover-up. They claimed that the commission investigating the accident did not mention in their report the irresponsible dispensations on vital equipment requested by Comex and authorized by the diving section to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, which played a vital role in the accident's occurrence. They also alleged the accident was due to a lack of proper equipment, including clamping mechanisms equipped with interlocking mechanisms (which would be impossible to open while the chamber system was still under pressure), outboard pressure gauges, and a safe communication system, all of which had been held back because of dispensations by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate.[11]

Lawsuit edit

The North Sea Divers Alliance, formed by early North Sea divers and the relatives of those killed, continued to press for further investigation and, in February 2008, obtained a report that indicated the real cause was faulty equipment. Clare Lucas, daughter of Roy Lucas, said: "I would go so far as to say that the Norwegian Government murdered my father because they knew that they were diving with an unsafe decompression chamber."[12] The families of the divers eventually received compensation for the damages from the Norwegian government, 26 years after the incident.[13]

Other incidents edit

On 17 April 2002, a 44-year-old Norwegian worker on the rig was struck on the head and killed in an industrial accident. The accident resulted in Byford Dolphin losing an exploration contract with Statoil, which expressed concerns with the rig's operating procedures. The incident cost the company millions of dollars in lost income.[13]

See also edit

  • Commercial offshore diving – Professional diving in support of the oil and gas industry
  • Saturation diving – Diving decompression technique
  • Piper Alpha – Oil platform destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988
  • Pioneer – 2013 film, a fictional film set in the 1970s Norwegian oil industry, and which features a fatal decompression chamber accident and its cover-up

References edit

  1. ^ a b c "Byford Dolphin (09092)". Vessel Register for DNV. DNV. Retrieved 14 July 2010.[dead link]
  2. ^ a b "Byford Dolphin". Fred.Olsen Energy ASA. 24 February 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2010.
  3. ^ Byford Dolphin diving incident casts long shadow 40 years on - Energy Voice, 4 Nov 2023
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Giertsen JC, Sandstad E, Morild I, Bang G, Bjersand AJ, Eidsvik S (June 1988). "An explosive decompression accident". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 9 (2): 94–101. doi:10.1097/00000433-198806000-00002. PMID 3381801. S2CID 41095645.
  5. ^ . Rigzone. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  6. ^ (PDF). Fred. Olsen Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  7. ^ Deep Sea Driller-ulykken Store norske leksikon. Retrieved 29 September 2014
  8. ^ Limbrick, Jim (2001). North Sea Divers - a Requiem. Hertford: Authors OnLine. pp. 168–170. ISBN 0-7552-0036-5.
  9. ^ Dykkerulykken på Byford Dolphin 5 november 1983 : rapport fra ekspertkommisjonen [The Diving Accident at Buford Dolphin on 5 November 1983: Report of the Expert Commission]. Norges Offentlige Utredninger [Norwegian Public Reports] (Report) (in Norwegian Bokmål). Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. 1984. ISBN 9788200708896. OCLC 470294994. NOU 1984:11 – via Nasjonalbiblioteket, Norway.
  10. ^ "Sec 3 B305". Rules for certification of diving systems, 1982. Det Norske Veritas. 1982. OCLC 9287902.
  11. ^ Ringheim, Gunnar (22 March 2008). [History's worst diving accident] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Dagbladet.no. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  12. ^ Lister, David (25 March 2008). "Families of British divers killed in North Sea oil boom sue Norway". The Times. London. Retrieved 18 November 2009.
  13. ^ a b Staff writers (20 October 2009). "Norwegian government finally pays out for 1983 Byford Dolphin diver death". cDiver. Retrieved 14 July 2010.

Further reading edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byford Dolphin (ship, 1974).
  • Gjerde, Kristin Øye; Ryggvik, Helge (2009). [North Sea divers] (in Norwegian). Stavanger: Wigestrand Forlag. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2010. – A documentation of offshore diving and pioneer divers on the Norwegian continental shelf; contains a section on safety and responsibility
  • Haddow, Iain (27 March 2008). "Norway's underwater 'guinea pigs'". BBC News Magazine. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 14 July 2010. – News report on Byford Dolphin and other incidents in the North Sea

April 15, 2024
byford, dolphin, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Byford Dolphin news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is inconsistent ports of registry Please help improve this article if you can March 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message Byford Dolphin was a semi submersible column stabilised drilling rig operated by Dolphin Drilling a Fred Olsen Energy subsidiary It drilled seasonally for various companies in the British Danish and Norwegian sectors of the North Sea It was registered in Hamilton Bermuda 1 In 2019 Dolphin scrapped the rig 3 Byford Dolphin in dry dock at Invergordon Scotland in 2008HistoryNameByford DolphinDeep Sea Driller 1974 1978 OwnerByford Dolphin Pte Ltd Fred Olsen Energy OperatorDolphin DrillingPort of registry Singapore Panama 1974 2005 BuilderAker GroupYard numberAker Verdal A S 695 Laid down31 October 1972Completed1 February 1974Out of serviceLaidup 2016IdentificationCall sign 9VDG7DNV ID 09092IMO number 8750584MMSI no 563601000FateBeached Aliaga and scrapped 2019Notes 1 2 General characteristicsClass and typeDNV class 1A1 Column stabilised Drilling Unit UKVSTonnage11 792 GT3 538 GTLength108 2 m 355 ft Beam67 4 m 221 ft Depth36 6 m 120 ft Speed4 5 knCapacityVariable Deck Lo 3 021 tLiquid Mud 3 981 bbls 534 m3 Bulk Mud Cement 547 t 270 tCrew102 berthsNotes 1 2 The rig was the site of several serious incidents most notably an explosive decompression in 1983 that killed four divers and one dive tender as well as badly injuring another dive tender 4 Contents 1 Description 2 Accidents and incidents 2 1 Deep Sea Driller accident 2 2 Diving bell accident 2 2 1 Medical findings 2 2 2 Investigation 2 2 3 Lawsuit 2 3 Other incidents 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingDescription editBuilt as Deep Sea Driller it was the first of class in the highly successful Aker H 3 series designed by Aker Group and completed at the Aker Verdal shipyard in 1974 5 Byford Dolphin had an overall length of 108 2 metres 355 ft breadth of 67 4 metres 221 ft and depth of 36 6 metres 120 ft It had a maximum drilling depth of 6 100 metres 20 000 ft and it could operate at a water depth of 460 metres 1 500 ft 6 As a drilling rig Byford Dolphin was equipped with advanced drilling equipment and originally met strict levels of certification under Norwegian law though in later years it was banned from Norwegian waters Byford Dolphin was able to maneuver with its own engines to counter drift and ocean currents but for long distance relocation it had to be moved by specialized tugboats Byford Dolphin specifications Operating deck load 3 025 tonneCrew quarters 102 personsOperating water depth 460 metres 1 500 ft maximumDerrick 49 m 160 ft Shaffer top compensatorMooring system 12 pointBlow out preventer Hydril 476 mm 18 7 in 10 000 kPa 1 500 psi Sub Sea Handling System Christmas treeDeck cranes 2 40 tonnesAccidents and incidents editDeep Sea Driller accident edit On March 1 1976 the rig ran aground during transit from a block in the North Sea to Bergen All crew were evacuated but six people died when they fell out of their boats 7 Diving bell accident edit On Saturday 5 November 1983 at 4 00 a m while drilling in the Frigg gas field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea four divers were in a diving chamber system on the rig s deck that was connected by a trunk a short passage to a diving bell The divers were Edwin Arthur Coward British 35 years old Roy P Lucas British 38 Bjorn Giaever Bergersen Norwegian 29 and Truls Hellevik Norwegian 34 They were assisted by two dive tenders William Crammond British 32 and Martin Saunders 4 nbsp The decompression chamber as seen from above at the moment the accident occurred D1 D4 are divers T1 and T2 are dive tenders The trunk is the section that joins chamber 1 to the diving bell 4 At the time of the accident decompression chambers 1 and 2 along with a third chamber which was not in use at the time were connected via a trunk to a diving bell The connection made by the trunk was kept sealed by a clamp operated by Crammond and Saunders who were experienced divers Coward and Lucas were resting in chamber 2 at a pressure of 9 atmospheres atm The diving bell with Bergersen and Hellevik had just been winched up after a dive and joined to the trunk Leaving their wet equipment in the trunk the two divers climbed through the trunk into chamber 1 4 The normal procedure would have been Close the diving bell door which would have been open to the trunk Slightly increase the pressure in the diving bell to seal the bell door tightly Close the chamber 1 door which was also open to the trunk Slowly depressurize the trunk until it reached a pressure of 1 atm Open the clamp to separate the diving bell from the chamber system The first two steps had been completed when Crammond mistakenly opened the clamp that was keeping the trunk sealed before Hellevik diver 4 had closed the door to the chamber This resulted in both chambers being instantly decompressed from 9 atmospheres to the ambient external pressure of 1 atm Air rushed out of the chamber system with tremendous force jamming the interior trunk door and pushing the bell away striking the two tenders All four divers were killed one of the tenders Crammond was killed while Saunders was severely injured 4 94 8 Medical findings edit Medical investigations were carried out on the remains of the four divers The most notable finding was the presence of large amounts of fat in large arteries and veins and in the cardiac chambers as well as intravascular fat in organs especially the liver 4 97 101 This fat was unlikely to be embolic but must have precipitated from the blood in situ 4 101 The autopsy suggested that bubble formation in the blood denatured the lipoprotein complexes rendering the lipids insoluble 4 101 These now insoluble lipids are likely what stopped their circulation 4 101 The fourth diver died instantly from gross dismemberment when the blast forced his body out through the partially blocked doorway 4 95 100 101 Coward Lucas and Bergersen were exposed to the effects of explosive decompression and died in the positions indicated by the diagram Investigation by forensic pathologists determined that Hellevik being exposed to the highest pressure gradient and in the process of moving to secure the inner door was forced through the crescent shaped opening measuring 60 centimetres 24 in long created by the jammed interior trunk door With the escaping air and pressure it included bisection of his thoracoabdominal cavity which resulted in fragmentation of his body followed by expulsion of all of the internal organs of his chest and abdomen except the trachea and a section of small intestine and of the thoracic spine These were projected some distance one section being found 10 metres 30 ft vertically above the exterior pressure door 4 95 Investigation edit The committee investigating the accident concluded that it was caused by human error on the part of the dive tender who opened the clamp The trunk door had a center hinge design similar to a butterfly valve disc and the door was rotated too far to the left causing the rim of the interior hatch to lodge on the door opening This left a crescent shaped opening similar to a manhole cover left ajar but held in place This created an opening that was 24 inches 61 cm across horizontally It is not clear whether the tender who opened the clamp before the trunk was depressurized did so by order of his supervisor on his own initiative or because of miscommunication At the time the only communication the tenders on the outside of the chamber system had was through a bullhorn attached to the wall surface with heavy noise from the rig and sea it was hard to listen in on what was going on Fatigue from many hard hours of work also took its toll among the divers who often worked 16 hour shifts citation needed This incident was also attributed to engineering failure The obsolete Byford Dolphin diving system dating from 1975 was not equipped with fail safe hatches outboard pressure gauges and an interlocking mechanism which would have prevented the trunk from being opened while the system was under pressure 9 Prior to the accident Norske Veritas had issued the following rule for certification Connecting mechanisms between bell and chambers are to be so arranged that they cannot be operated when the trunk is pressurized 10 therefore requiring such systems to have fail safe seals and interlocking mechanisms One month after the accident Norske Veritas and the Norwegian oil directorate made the rule final for all bell systems citation needed Among others former crew members of Byford Dolphin and NOPEF a Norwegian oil and petro chemical union have come forward and claimed the investigation was a cover up They claimed that the commission investigating the accident did not mention in their report the irresponsible dispensations on vital equipment requested by Comex and authorized by the diving section to the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate which played a vital role in the accident s occurrence They also alleged the accident was due to a lack of proper equipment including clamping mechanisms equipped with interlocking mechanisms which would be impossible to open while the chamber system was still under pressure outboard pressure gauges and a safe communication system all of which had been held back because of dispensations by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 11 Lawsuit edit The North Sea Divers Alliance formed by early North Sea divers and the relatives of those killed continued to press for further investigation and in February 2008 obtained a report that indicated the real cause was faulty equipment Clare Lucas daughter of Roy Lucas said I would go so far as to say that the Norwegian Government murdered my father because they knew that they were diving with an unsafe decompression chamber 12 The families of the divers eventually received compensation for the damages from the Norwegian government 26 years after the incident 13 Other incidents edit On 17 April 2002 a 44 year old Norwegian worker on the rig was struck on the head and killed in an industrial accident The accident resulted in Byford Dolphin losing an exploration contract with Statoil which expressed concerns with the rig s operating procedures The incident cost the company millions of dollars in lost income 13 See also edit nbsp Underwater diving portalCommercial offshore diving Professional diving in support of the oil and gas industry Saturation diving Diving decompression technique Piper Alpha Oil platform destroyed by explosion and fire in 1988 Pioneer 2013 film a fictional film set in the 1970s Norwegian oil industry and which features a fatal decompression chamber accident and its cover upReferences edit a b c Byford Dolphin 09092 Vessel Register for DNV DNV Retrieved 14 July 2010 dead link a b Byford Dolphin Fred Olsen Energy ASA 24 February 2008 Retrieved 14 July 2010 Byford Dolphin diving incident casts long shadow 40 years on Energy Voice 4 Nov 2023 a b c d e f g h i j k Giertsen JC Sandstad E Morild I Bang G Bjersand AJ Eidsvik S June 1988 An explosive decompression accident American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 9 2 94 101 doi 10 1097 00000433 198806000 00002 PMID 3381801 S2CID 41095645 Rig Data Byford Dolphin Rigzone Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Byford Dolphin PDF Fred Olsen Energy Archived from the original PDF on 20 July 2011 Retrieved 23 May 2010 Deep Sea Driller ulykken Store norske leksikon Retrieved 29 September 2014 Limbrick Jim 2001 North Sea Divers a Requiem Hertford Authors OnLine pp 168 170 ISBN 0 7552 0036 5 Dykkerulykken pa Byford Dolphin 5 november 1983 rapport fra ekspertkommisjonen The Diving Accident at Buford Dolphin on 5 November 1983 Report of the Expert Commission Norges Offentlige Utredninger Norwegian Public Reports Report in Norwegian Bokmal Oslo Universitetsforlaget 1984 ISBN 9788200708896 OCLC 470294994 NOU 1984 11 via Nasjonalbiblioteket Norway Sec 3 B305 Rules for certification of diving systems 1982 Det Norske Veritas 1982 OCLC 9287902 Ringheim Gunnar 22 March 2008 Historiens verste dykkerulykke History s worst diving accident in Norwegian Oslo Dagbladet no Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 Retrieved 18 November 2009 Lister David 25 March 2008 Families of British divers killed in North Sea oil boom sue Norway The Times London Retrieved 18 November 2009 a b Staff writers 20 October 2009 Norwegian government finally pays out for 1983 Byford Dolphin diver death cDiver Retrieved 14 July 2010 Further reading edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byford Dolphin ship 1974 Gjerde Kristin Oye Ryggvik Helge 2009 Nordsjodykkerne North Sea divers in Norwegian Stavanger Wigestrand Forlag Archived from the original on 26 January 2018 Retrieved 14 July 2010 A documentation of offshore diving and pioneer divers on the Norwegian continental shelf contains a section on safety and responsibility Haddow Iain 27 March 2008 Norway s underwater guinea pigs BBC News Magazine British Broadcasting Corporation Retrieved 14 July 2010 News report on Byford Dolphin and other incidents in the North Sea Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Byford Dolphin amp oldid 1217251972 Diving bell accident, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.