In birds, the bursa of Fabricius (Latin: bursa cloacalis or bursa fabricii) is the site of hematopoiesis. It is a specialized organ that, as first demonstrated by Bruce Glick and later by Max Dale Cooper and Robert Good, is necessary for B cell (part of the immune system) development in birds. Mammals generally do not have an equivalent organ; the bone marrow is often the site of both hematopoiesis and B cell development. The bursa is present in the cloaca of birds and is named after Hieronymus Fabricius, who described it in 1621.[1]
The bursa is an epithelial and lymphoid organ that is found only in birds. The bursa develops as a dorsaldiverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca. The luminal (interior) surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds. These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle-associated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny. In the bursa, these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature, immunocompetent B cells. The bursa is active in young birds. It atrophies after about six months.[2]
Research historyedit
In 1956, Bruce Glick showed that removal of the bursa in newly hatched chicks severely impaired the ability of the adult birds to produce antibodies.[3][4] In contrast, removal of the bursa in adult chickens has little effect on the immune system. This was a serendipitous discovery that came about when a fellow graduate, Timothy S. Chang, who was teaching a course on antibody production obtained chickens from Glick that had been bursectomised (removal of the bursa). When these chickens failed to produce antibody in response to an immunization with Staphylococcus bacteria, the two students realized that the bursa is necessary for antibody production. Their initial attempts to publish their findings were thwarted by an editor who commented that "further elucidation of the mechanism ... should be attempted before publication.”[5]
The role of the thymus in the immune response was also identified shortly after the discovery of bursa's role in antibody responses. In thymectomized animals, the ability to reject allografts, and to mount delayed hypersensitivity responses, was drastically reduced. By the mid-1960s, immunologists[6] were convinced that there were indeed two separate arms of the immune system: one dealing exclusively with the production of circulating antibodies (humoral immunity), and another that is involved in the delayed hypersensitivity-type reactions and graft rejections (cell-mediated immunity).
Diseasesedit
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a viral disease in poultry. Typically, the virus attacks the bursa of young birds, preventing development of the immune system.
Referencesedit
^Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Vacca A (2006). "The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage". Clin. Exp. Immunol.145 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03131.x. PMC1942006. PMID 16792666.
^Glick, B; Chang, TS; Jaap, RG (1 January 1956). "The Bursa of Fabricius and Antibody Production". Poultry Science. 35 (1): 224–225. doi:10.3382/ps.0350224.
^Glick, Bruce (1983). "Bursa of Fabricius". In Farner, Donald S.; King, James R.; Parkes, Kenneth C. (eds.). Avian Biology. pp. 443–500. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-249407-9.50015-6. ISBN9780122494079.
^Sternberg, SS (Nov 2003). "Bottoms up to a Nobel-worthy chicken's bottom". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 27 (11): 1471–2. doi:10.1097/00000478-200311000-00011. PMID 14576482.
^Cooper, MD; Raymond, DA; Peterson, RD; South, MA; Good, RA (Jan 1, 1966). "The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken". The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 123 (1): 75–102. doi:10.1084/jem.123.1.75. PMC2138128. PMID 5323079.
bursa, fabricius, birds, bursa, fabricius, latin, bursa, cloacalis, bursa, fabricii, site, hematopoiesis, specialized, organ, that, first, demonstrated, bruce, glick, later, dale, cooper, robert, good, necessary, cell, part, immune, system, development, birds,. In birds the bursa of Fabricius Latin bursa cloacalis or bursa fabricii is the site of hematopoiesis It is a specialized organ that as first demonstrated by Bruce Glick and later by Max Dale Cooper and Robert Good is necessary for B cell part of the immune system development in birds Mammals generally do not have an equivalent organ the bone marrow is often the site of both hematopoiesis and B cell development The bursa is present in the cloaca of birds and is named after Hieronymus Fabricius who described it in 1621 1 Contents 1 Description 2 Research history 3 Diseases 4 References 5 External linksDescription editThe bursa is an epithelial and lymphoid organ that is found only in birds The bursa develops as a dorsal diverticulum of the proctadael region of the cloaca The luminal interior surface of the bursa is plicated with as many as 15 primary and 7 secondary plicae or folds These plicae have hundreds of bursal follicles containing follicle associated epithelial cells lymphocytes macrophages and plasma cells Lymphoid stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the bursa during ontogeny In the bursa these stem cells acquire the characteristics of mature immunocompetent B cells The bursa is active in young birds It atrophies after about six months 2 Research history editIn 1956 Bruce Glick showed that removal of the bursa in newly hatched chicks severely impaired the ability of the adult birds to produce antibodies 3 4 In contrast removal of the bursa in adult chickens has little effect on the immune system This was a serendipitous discovery that came about when a fellow graduate Timothy S Chang who was teaching a course on antibody production obtained chickens from Glick that had been bursectomised removal of the bursa When these chickens failed to produce antibody in response to an immunization with Staphylococcus bacteria the two students realized that the bursa is necessary for antibody production Their initial attempts to publish their findings were thwarted by an editor who commented that further elucidation of the mechanism should be attempted before publication 5 The role of the thymus in the immune response was also identified shortly after the discovery of bursa s role in antibody responses In thymectomized animals the ability to reject allografts and to mount delayed hypersensitivity responses was drastically reduced By the mid 1960s immunologists 6 were convinced that there were indeed two separate arms of the immune system one dealing exclusively with the production of circulating antibodies humoral immunity and another that is involved in the delayed hypersensitivity type reactions and graft rejections cell mediated immunity Diseases editInfectious bursal disease IBD is a viral disease in poultry Typically the virus attacks the bursa of young birds preventing development of the immune system References edit Ribatti D Crivellato E Vacca A 2006 The contribution of Bruce Glick to the definition of the role played by the bursa of Fabricius in the development of the B cell lineage Clin Exp Immunol 145 1 1 4 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2249 2006 03131 x PMC 1942006 PMID 16792666 MeSH Browser Glick B Chang TS Jaap RG 1 January 1956 The Bursa of Fabricius and Antibody Production Poultry Science 35 1 224 225 doi 10 3382 ps 0350224 Glick Bruce 1983 Bursa of Fabricius In Farner Donald S King James R Parkes Kenneth C eds Avian Biology pp 443 500 doi 10 1016 B978 0 12 249407 9 50015 6 ISBN 9780122494079 Sternberg SS Nov 2003 Bottoms up to a Nobel worthy chicken s bottom The American Journal of Surgical Pathology 27 11 1471 2 doi 10 1097 00000478 200311000 00011 PMID 14576482 Cooper MD Raymond DA Peterson RD South MA Good RA Jan 1 1966 The functions of the thymus system and the bursa system in the chicken The Journal of Experimental Medicine 123 1 75 102 doi 10 1084 jem 123 1 75 PMC 2138128 PMID 5323079 External links editBursa of Fabricius at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH Photo of diseased organ Citation Classic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bursa of Fabricius amp oldid 1181262585, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
