Cinema of Myanmar
The cinema of Burma has a long history dating back to the 1910s. The person who created the first silent film was Ohn Maung (Burma's first producer and director).[3]
Start of the Burmese cinema edit
Burma's first film was a recording of the funeral of Tun Shein - a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. It was captured with a second-hand camera by Ohn Maung and was screened at the Royal Cinema, near Scott Market (now Bogyoke Market), which belonged to a Mr Achar, a friend of Ohn Maung. Despite its documentary nature, the Burmese public was very proud of the film, which opened with the notice "Please accept our apologies for the poor quality of the film".
Ohn Maung then founded The Burma Film Company to produce and direct more films. He hired Nyi Pu (Burma's first actor) to shoot the first Burmese silent film Myitta Ne Thuya (Love and Liquor) which proved a major success, despite its poor quality due to a fixed camera position and inadequate film accessories. The film opened with the title "Burma Film Presents: Love and Liquor" but there were no credits or mention of the cast. It was based on a story by P Moe Nin about how gambling and alcohol destroyed a man's life.[4] The day the film premiered, 13 October 1920, is commemorated annually as the Myanmar Movie Day.
Fox of America asked for Burmese nature study scenes and bought them from Ohn Maung. He also acquired more advanced film accessories and camera from the Kodak Company.
During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies (such as A1, New Burma, British Burma, The Imperial, Bandula and Yan Gyi Aung) made and produced several films. Some of the famous directors of this era were Nyi Pu, Sunny, Tote Kyi, and Tin Pe.[5]
The first Burmese sound film was produced in 1932 in Bombay, India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Money Can't Buy It) and directed by Tote Kyi. Films dealing with social issues and political themes became popular in the 1930s. Parrot Film Company produced films that addressed social issues such as gambling and police corruption, although the films were censored by the British colonial government. There were also films that were banned like Do Daung Lan (Our Peacock Flag) in 1936 and Aung Thabyay (The Triumphant Jambul) in 1937. The political film Boycott was directed by the student leader Ko Nu in 1937 and starred other student leaders such as Aung San and Htun Ohn. The censors allowed this film to be shown.
Many of the films from this era no longer exist due to the lack of adequate preservation.
Cold War era edit
After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes. Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element to them. The film Palè Myetyay (Tear of Pearl), produced in the wake of the Kuomintang invasion of Burma in the 1950s, highlighted the importance of the armed forces or Tatmadaw to the country. Ludu Aung Than (The People Win Through) featured anti-Communist propaganda. The script was written by U Nu who served as Prime Minister during the 1950s.[6]
The famous film maker and author Thukha started producing films during this period. His most famous film is Bawa Thanthaya (The Life Cycle). Burma held its first Academy Awards in 1952. Starting with the Socialist era in 1962, there was strict censorship and control of film scripts.
Recent history edit
In the era that followed the political events of 1988, the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government. After the 1989 move by the government to open up the economy, the movie industry was privatised. The film company Mingala became the most powerful company in the industry. Film stars who had been involved in the political activities of the 1980s and 1990s, such as Aung Lwin and Tun Wai, were banned from appearing in films. The films of some directors such as Win Pe have also been banned. The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films, as well as who gets academy awards.[7]
Over the years, the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower budget direct-to-video films.
Most of the movies produced nowadays are comedies.[8] In 2008, only 12 films worthy of being considered for an Academy Award were made, although at least 800 VCDs were produced.[9]
Another issue plaguing the Burmese cinema is a steep decline in the number of theatres in which to screen the films. According to a December 2011 survey, the number of theatres nationwide had declined to just 71 from their peak of 244. The survey also found that most were several-decade-old ageing theatres, and that only six "mini-theaters" had been built in 2009–2011. Moreover, the vast majority of the theatres were located in Yangon and Mandalay alone.[10]
In the 21st century, Myanmar cinema got visibility in international film festivals. In 2014, The Maw Naing's The Monk was premiered at the 49th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. Followed by the participation in main competitions as; Wera Aung's short film The Robe at 21st Busan International Film Festival, Aung Phyoe's Cobalt Blue at 72nd Locarno Film Festival.[11] and Maung Sun's Money Has Four Legs at 74th Locarno Film Festival.[12]
In 2019, some local media reported a revival in the local movie industry, stating that in 2016 there were 12 movies cleared by local censorship and waiting to be screened, 18 in 2017, more than 40 in 2018, and more than 60 in 2019. The success of Now and Ever (2019), starring Zenn Kyi, was also cited as evidence of the revival.[13] According to The Myanmar Times, the most successful Myanmar movie in 2019 was The Only Mom, directed in Myanmar by Thai director Chartchai Ketnust, starring Burmese actress Wutt Hmone Shwe Yi and telling the story of a family that moved into a colonial-era haunted house.[14] The movie also starred a real Burmese Spiritualist medium, U Hla Aye, who died after his part of the shooting was done.[15]
Burmese film companies edit
- Z Productions (Formerly Akhuka Productions)
- Akaya Production
- Arkar production
- Like Art Creation
- Magical Creation Myanmar
- Amyotha
- Artint media production
- BAHUGEN Pictures
- Barani
- Bridge
- Central base production
- Chitthu
- Country Star
- Dawei
- 8K Film
- Everest
- EM Production
- Green Age Film Production
- Harmony Light
- HD Production Team
- Hlaing film production
- Kadipayinkyin
- Khin Sabe Oo film production
- Kyemon
- Kyaw Zay
- Kyaytagon
- Lin
- Lucky Seven
- LuSwankung
- Magic Factory Production
- Ma Ha Htun
- Malikha
- Mittayangpyan
- Moe Kaungkin
- Myanma Motion Picture Enterprise
- Myatharaphu
- Myintmitta
- Myo
- National Network Inc.
- Nawarat
- New Htat Tang
- Novel
- Ohtthaphaya
- One of those Hearts
- Pan Wai Wai
- Papermoon
- Pataukpinlan
- Peacock Media Production
- Phoenix
- Pon Taung Myay
- Pyiphyomyat
- Red Radiance
- Sein Htay
- Sein War Ni
- Sein Tharaphu
- Shutter Productionn
- Shwe Taung
- Shwe Zin Oo
- Snow White
- Synthesis Productions (local/international)
- 10A Production
- Thazin
- Third Eye
- Thirithanda
- Thukha May
- Wah Wah Win Shwe
- Yamona
- Ye Kyaw Thu
- YMT Productions
- Ywat Sein
- Vision Production
- Zan
- Zinyaw
Films edit
See also edit
References edit
- Charney, Michael W. (2009) "Ludu Aung Than: Nu's Burma During the Cold War," in Christopher E. Goscha & Christian F. Ostermann (ed.), Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1945-1962 (Washington, DC & Stanford California: Woodrow Wilson Center Press & Stanford University Press): 335–355. See also Michael W. Charney (2010), U Nu, China and the "Burmese" Cold War: Propaganda in Burma in the 1950s," in Zheng Yangwen, Hong Liu, & Michael Szonyi (eds.), The Cold War in Asia: The Battle for Hearts and Minds (Leiden: Brill University Press): 41–58.
- Hunter, Edward (1957) The People Win Through: a play by U Nu (New York: Taplinger Publishing Co).
- History of Burmese Film by the Burmese Film Association.
- Myanmore Weekly Guide[16]
Notes edit
- ^ a b . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ . UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
- ^ Aung, Nandar (29 November 2017). . Myanmar Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
- ^ Magnier, Mark (1 April 2013). "Myanmar's once-proud film industry a flicker of its former self". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
- ^ Aung Zaw, "Celluloid Disillusions," Irrawaddy, vol. 12, no. 3, March 2004 13 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine, is the source of these facts regarding the early history; the article does not provide citations, but most of the material probably comes from a volume in the Burmese language published to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of cinema in the country.
- ^ Charney, Michael W. (2009) "Ludu Aung Than: Nu's Burma During the Cold War," in Christopher E. Goscha & Christian F. Ostermann (ed.), Connecting Histories: Decolonization and the Cold War in Southeast Asia, 1945-1962 (Washington, DC & Stanford California: Woodrow Wilson Center Press & Stanford University Press).
- ^ Aung Zaw, "Celluloid Disillusions," Irrawaddy, vol. 12, no. 3, March 2004 13 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kyi Soe Tun quoted in the Bangkok Post, 11 August 2006
- ^ . Archived from the original on 23 October 2010.
- ^ "Number of theaters declines in video era". Weekly Eleven (in Burmese). 26 December 2011. from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
- ^ "Myanmar filmmakers circumventing censorship and negotiating international demands". Teacircleoxford. 5 September 2019. from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
- ^ "74th Locarno Film Festival (Money Has Four Legs Open Doors: Screenings)". Locarno Film Festival. 2 July 2021. from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
- ^ Aung Myint, Sithu (26 December 2019). "Lights, camera, lots of action as movie industry enjoys a revival". Frontier Myanmar. from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
- ^ Nyein, Ei Ei Htwe (20 September 2019). "Top 10 : Myanmar films 2019". The Myanmar Times. from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ Khyn, Lay Myint (24 December 2018). "The Only Mom – upcoming thriller movie". Yangon Life. from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
- ^ "Video Production Houses". 19 September 2017. from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
External links edit
- , Minlouthamya Kyeinate [Do what you'd like], Be Bagyi Yeilou Mami [So Beautiful It Can't Be Painted], Sonyei Zatlan [Water Going Up-River]
- Burma film festival in Thailand
- Hollywood representations of Burma