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Barbara, Gaza

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Barbara (disambiguation).

Barbara (Arabic: برْبره) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Gaza Subdistrict located 17 km northeast of Gaza city, in the vicinity of modern Ashkelon. It had an entirely Arab population of 2,410 in 1945. The village consisted of nearly 14,000 dunums of which approximately 12,700 dunums was able to be cultivated. It was captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Barbara
برْبره
Berbere
A horse race held at Barbara, Palestine, 7 September 1940, with Australian 6th Division troops watching
Etymology: "Chattering", "barbarians"[1]
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Barbara, Gaza (click the buttons)
Barbara
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 31°37′26″N 34°34′46″E / 31.62389°N 34.57944°E / 31.62389; 34.57944
Palestine grid110/114
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictGaza
Date of depopulation5 November 1948[4]
Area
[3]
 • Total13,978 dunams (13.978 km2 or 5.397 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total2,410[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forces
Current LocalitiesMavki'im,[5][6] Talmei Yafeh[6]

History edit

Barbara received its modern name from the Romans. After the Roman rule the village was under the control of a number of empires and dynasties ranging from the Byzantines, various Islamic Arab dynasties, the Crusaders, the Turkish Mamluks and Ottomans and United Kingdom.

Archeological building and pottery remains from the Late Roman and the Byzantine periods have been excavated here. Coins minted under Nero, Valentinian II, Theodosius I, Justin I and Justinian I were also found.[7] A winepress, dating from the Byzantine period has been found.[8]

A coin, dating from the Umayyad era (697–750 CE) has also been found here.[7]

According to the Arab geographer Mujir al-Din (1456–1522), the village was home to the Muslim scholar sheikh Yusuf al-Barbarawi, a local sage and a student of renowned scholar Ahmad ibn Dawud, who died in 1323.[9]

Barbara was inhabited in the 15th century. Mamluk records mention its endowment as a waqf.[10]

The village's residents had their origin in Egypt.[11]

Ottoman period edit

During the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Murad III (1574-1596), Barbara's only mosque was built. It contained the tomb of Yusuf al-Barbarawi.[12] In the 1596 tax registers, Barbara was part of the nahiya (subdistrict) of Gaza under the liwa' (district) of Gaza. It had a population of 73 Muslim households, an estimated 402 persons. They paid a fixed sum of 17,000 akçe in tax, where all the revenue went to a Muslim charitable endowment.[13]

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Burbarah as a Muslim village, located in the Gaza district.[14]

In May 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village. He estimated it had 400 inhabitants. He further noted a wali, dedicated to a Sheik Yusuf, with sections of ancient white-grey marble columns. Further five -six sections of marble column were observed around the well.[15] Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Barbara had a total of 113 houses and a population of 372, though the population count included men only.[16] Hartmann found that Barbara had 112 houses.[17]

In 1883 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Barbara as a village rectangular in shape and surrounded by gardens and two ponds. The sand encroaching from the coast was stopped by the cactus hedges of the gardens. To the east of the village there were olive groves.[18]

A building, dating to the late Ottoman, or early British Mandate era have been excavated.[19]

British Mandate of Palestine edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Barbara had a population of 1,369 inhabitants, all Muslims,[20] which had increased in the 1931 census to 1546, still all Muslim, in 318 houses.[21]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Barbara consisted of 2,410 Muslims[2] and the land area was 13,978 dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[3] Of this, 132 dunams were designated for citrus and bananas, 2,952 for plantations and irrigable land, 9,615 for cereals,[22] while 70 dunams were built-up areas.[23]

At the end of the Mandate Period, the above-mentioned mosque, built late 1500, was still standing, and in addition the village center contained a number of shops. An elementary school was founded in 1921, and by 1947 it had 252 students. Barbara was also known for its long rugs, al-mazawid, which were woven by the women of the village.[12]

1948 War edit

Barbara was captured by a possible combination of the Negev, Giv'ati and Yiftach brigades on November 5, 1948, during Operation Yoav. At the end of November 1948, Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal. Barbara was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon, that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza, and the IDF troops were "to prevent their return by destroying their villages." The path leading to the village was to be mined. The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation "with determination, accuracy and energy".[24] The operation took place on 30 November. The troops found "about 40" villagers in Barbara and al-Jiyya, "composed of women, old men and children", who offered no resistance. They were expelled to Beit Hanun, in the northern Gaza strip. Eight young men who were found were sent to a POW camp.[25]

Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel and the moshavim of Mavki'im and Talmei Yafeh were established on the former village's land. According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi (1992), the village remaining structures on the village land are:

"The crumbled walls and debris of houses are all that remains of the village buildings. The debris is overgrown with thorns and brush. Old eucalyptus and sycamore trees and cactuses also grow on the site. Some of the old streets are clearly identifiable. One area of the site serves as a garbage dump and a junkyard for old cars. The surrounding lands are planted by Israeli farmers in corn."[6]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 367
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 31 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 45
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #310. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  5. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxi: settlement #50, January 1949.
  6. ^ a b c Khalidi, 1992, p. 82
  7. ^ a b Nikolsky, 2013, Horbat Barbarit
  8. ^ Haimi, 2008, Mavqi‘im Final Report
  9. ^ Al-Khalidi 1968:84, and D 1/2:255, fn. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 81.
  10. ^ Marom, Roy; Taxel, Itamar (1 October 2023). "Ḥamāma: The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal 'Asqalan's hinterland, 1270–1750 CE". Journal of Historical Geography. 82: 49–65. doi:10.1016/j.jhg.2023.08.003. ISSN 0305-7488.
  11. ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 383
  12. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 81
  13. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 151. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 81
  14. ^ Robinson and Smith, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 118
  15. ^ Guérin, 1869, pp. 172 -173
  16. ^ Socin, 1879, p. 144
  17. ^ Hartmann, 1883, p. 130
  18. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1883, III: p.259. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.81
  19. ^ Haimi, 2016, Horbat Barbarit
  20. ^ Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Gaza, p. 8
  21. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 2
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 86
  23. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 136
  24. ^ Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and ´1 Volunteers`, etc., 19:55 hours, 25 Nov. 1948, IDFA (=Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive) 6308\49\\141. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 517
  25. ^ Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front\Operations, 30 Nov. 1948, IDFA 1978\50\\1; and Southern Front\Operations to General Staff Divisions, 2. Dec. 1948, IDFA 922\75\\1025. Cited in Morris, 2004, p. 518

Bibliography edit

  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4. (p. 876 )
  • Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
  • Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Haimi, Yoram (2 April 2008). "Mavqi'im Final Report" (120). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Haimi, Yoram (15 November 2016). "Horbat Barbarit" (128). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Hartmann, M. (1883). "Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871)". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 6: 102–149.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  • Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  • Nikolsky, Vlada (17 February 2013). "Horbat Barbarit" (125). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Socin, A. (1879). "Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins. 2: 135–163.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
barbara, gaza, other, uses, barbara, disambiguation, barbara, arabic, بر, بره, palestinian, arab, village, gaza, subdistrict, located, northeast, gaza, city, vicinity, modern, ashkelon, entirely, arab, population, 1945, village, consisted, nearly, dunums, whic. For other uses see Barbara disambiguation Barbara Arabic بر بره was a Palestinian Arab village in the Gaza Subdistrict located 17 km northeast of Gaza city in the vicinity of modern Ashkelon It had an entirely Arab population of 2 410 in 1945 The village consisted of nearly 14 000 dunums of which approximately 12 700 dunums was able to be cultivated It was captured by Israel during the 1948 Arab Israeli War Barbara بر برهBerbereA horse race held at Barbara Palestine 7 September 1940 with Australian 6th Division troops watchingEtymology Chattering barbarians 1 1870s map 1940s map modern map 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Barbara Gaza click the buttons BarbaraLocation within Mandatory PalestineCoordinates 31 37 26 N 34 34 46 E 31 62389 N 34 57944 E 31 62389 34 57944Palestine grid110 114Geopolitical entityMandatory PalestineSubdistrictGazaDate of depopulation5 November 1948 4 Area 3 Total13 978 dunams 13 978 km2 or 5 397 sq mi Population 1945 Total2 410 2 3 Cause s of depopulationMilitary assault by Yishuv forcesCurrent LocalitiesMavki im 5 6 Talmei Yafeh 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 Ottoman period 1 2 British Mandate of Palestine 1 3 1948 War 2 See also 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External linksHistory editBarbara received its modern name from the Romans After the Roman rule the village was under the control of a number of empires and dynasties ranging from the Byzantines various Islamic Arab dynasties the Crusaders the Turkish Mamluks and Ottomans and United Kingdom Archeological building and pottery remains from the Late Roman and the Byzantine periods have been excavated here Coins minted under Nero Valentinian II Theodosius I Justin I and Justinian I were also found 7 A winepress dating from the Byzantine period has been found 8 A coin dating from the Umayyad era 697 750 CE has also been found here 7 According to the Arab geographer Mujir al Din 1456 1522 the village was home to the Muslim scholar sheikh Yusuf al Barbarawi a local sage and a student of renowned scholar Ahmad ibn Dawud who died in 1323 9 Barbara was inhabited in the 15th century Mamluk records mention its endowment as a waqf 10 The village s residents had their origin in Egypt 11 Ottoman period edit During the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Murad III 1574 1596 Barbara s only mosque was built It contained the tomb of Yusuf al Barbarawi 12 In the 1596 tax registers Barbara was part of the nahiya subdistrict of Gaza under the liwa district of Gaza It had a population of 73 Muslim households an estimated 402 persons They paid a fixed sum of 17 000 akce in tax where all the revenue went to a Muslim charitable endowment 13 In 1838 Edward Robinson noted Burbarah as a Muslim village located in the Gaza district 14 In May 1863 the French explorer Victor Guerin visited the village He estimated it had 400 inhabitants He further noted a wali dedicated to a Sheik Yusuf with sections of ancient white grey marble columns Further five six sections of marble column were observed around the well 15 Socin found from an official Ottoman village list from about 1870 that Barbara had a total of 113 houses and a population of 372 though the population count included men only 16 Hartmann found that Barbara had 112 houses 17 In 1883 the PEF s Survey of Western Palestine described Barbara as a village rectangular in shape and surrounded by gardens and two ponds The sand encroaching from the coast was stopped by the cactus hedges of the gardens To the east of the village there were olive groves 18 A building dating to the late Ottoman or early British Mandate era have been excavated 19 British Mandate of Palestine edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Barbara had a population of 1 369 inhabitants all Muslims 20 which had increased in the 1931 census to 1546 still all Muslim in 318 houses 21 In the 1945 statistics the population of Barbara consisted of 2 410 Muslims 2 and the land area was 13 978 dunams according to an official land and population survey 3 Of this 132 dunams were designated for citrus and bananas 2 952 for plantations and irrigable land 9 615 for cereals 22 while 70 dunams were built up areas 23 At the end of the Mandate Period the above mentioned mosque built late 1500 was still standing and in addition the village center contained a number of shops An elementary school was founded in 1921 and by 1947 it had 252 students Barbara was also known for its long rugs al mazawid which were woven by the women of the village 12 1948 War edit Barbara was captured by a possible combination of the Negev Giv ati and Yiftach brigades on November 5 1948 during Operation Yoav At the end of November 1948 Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal Barbara was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza and the IDF troops were to prevent their return by destroying their villages The path leading to the village was to be mined The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation with determination accuracy and energy 24 The operation took place on 30 November The troops found about 40 villagers in Barbara and al Jiyya composed of women old men and children who offered no resistance They were expelled to Beit Hanun in the northern Gaza strip Eight young men who were found were sent to a POW camp 25 Following the war the area was incorporated into the State of Israel and the moshavim of Mavki im and Talmei Yafeh were established on the former village s land According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi 1992 the village remaining structures on the village land are The crumbled walls and debris of houses are all that remains of the village buildings The debris is overgrown with thorns and brush Old eucalyptus and sycamore trees and cactuses also grow on the site Some of the old streets are clearly identifiable One area of the site serves as a garbage dump and a junkyard for old cars The surrounding lands are planted by Israeli farmers in corn 6 See also editKamal Adwan Abdel Jabbar Adwan Depopulated Palestinian locations in IsraelReferences edit Palmer 1881 p 367 a b Department of Statistics 1945 p 31 Archived 14 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine a b c Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 45 Morris 2004 p xvii village 310 Also gives the cause for depopulation Morris 2004 p xxi settlement 50 January 1949 a b c Khalidi 1992 p 82 a b Nikolsky 2013 Horbat Barbarit Haimi 2008 Mavqi im Final Report Al Khalidi 1968 84 and D 1 2 255 fn Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 81 Marom Roy Taxel Itamar 1 October 2023 Ḥamama The historical geography of settlement continuity and change in Majdal Asqalan s hinterland 1270 1750 CE Journal of Historical Geography 82 49 65 doi 10 1016 j jhg 2023 08 003 ISSN 0305 7488 Grossman D 1986 Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period in Shomron studies Dar S Safrai S eds Tel Aviv Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House p 383 a b Khalidi 1992 p 81 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 151 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 81 Robinson and Smith vol 3 2nd appendix p 118 Guerin 1869 pp 172 173 Socin 1879 p 144 Hartmann 1883 p 130 Conder and Kitchener 1883 III p 259 Quoted in Khalidi 1992 p 81 Haimi 2016 Horbat Barbarit Barron 1923 Table V Sub district of Gaza p 8 Mills 1932 p 2 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 86 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 136 Coastal Plain District HQ to battalions 151 and 1 Volunteers etc 19 55 hours 25 Nov 1948 IDFA Israeli Defence Forces and Defence Ministry Archive 6308 49 141 Cited in Morris 2004 p 517 Coastal Plain HQ to Southern Front Operations 30 Nov 1948 IDFA 1978 50 1 and Southern Front Operations to General Staff Divisions 2 Dec 1948 IDFA 922 75 1025 Cited in Morris 2004 p 518Bibliography editBarron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1883 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 3 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Dauphin C 1998 La Palestine byzantine Peuplement et Populations BAR International Series 726 in French Vol III Catalogue Oxford Archeopress ISBN 0 860549 05 4 p 876 Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Government of Palestine Guerin V 1869 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 1 Judee pt 2 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Haimi Yoram 2 April 2008 Mavqi im Final Report 120 Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Haimi Yoram 15 November 2016 Horbat Barbarit 128 Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Hartmann M 1883 Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem turkischen Staatskalender fur Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht 1871 Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 6 102 149 Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 3 920405 41 2 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 5 September 2018 Retrieved 22 March 2015 Khalidi W 1992 All That Remains The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948 Washington D C Institute for Palestine Studies ISBN 0 88728 224 5 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 2004 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 00967 6 Nikolsky Vlada 17 February 2013 Horbat Barbarit 125 Hadashot Arkheologiyot Excavations and Surveys in Israel a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 3 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Socin A 1879 Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins 2 135 163 External links editWelcome to Barbara Palestine Remembered Barbara Zochrot Survey of Western Palestine Map 20 IAA Wikimedia commons Barbara from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barbara Gaza amp oldid 1201858191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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