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Asian forest tortoise

January 01, 1970

The Asian forest tortoise (Manouria emys), also known commonly as the Mountain tortoise or Burmese Brown Mountain tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae. The species is endemic to Southeast Asia. It is believed to be among the most primitive of living tortoises, based on molecular and morphological studies.

Asian forest tortoise
Manouria emys from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Testudines
Suborder: Cryptodira
Superfamily: Testudinoidea
Family: Testudinidae
Genus: Manouria
Species:
M. emys
Binomial name
Manouria emys
Synonyms[2]
List
  • Testudo emys emys
    • Testudo emys
      Schlegel & S. Müller, 1840
    • Testudo emydoides
      A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851
    • Manouria fusca
      Gray, 1854
    • Teleopus luxatus
      LeConte, 1854
    • Manouria emydoides
      — Strauch, 1862
    • Manouria emys
      — Strauch, 1862
    • Manouria luxata
      — Strauch, 1862
    • Testudo (Scapia) falconeri
      Gray, 1869
    • Scapia falconeri
      — Gray, 1870
    • Manuria emys
      — Lydekker, 1889
    • Geochelone emys
      — Loveridge & E. Williams, 1957
    • Manouria emys emys
      — Obst, 1983
    • Geochelone emys emys
      — Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993
    • Testudo emys emys
      — Paull, 1999
    Testudo emys phayrei
    • Testudo phayrei
      Blyth, 1853
    • Testudo (Scapia) falconeri
      — Gray, 1869
    • Scapia falconeri
      — Gray, 1870
    • Scapia phayrei
      — Gray, 1871
    • Testudo nutapundi
      Reimann, 1979
    • Geochelone nutapundi
      — Groombridge, 1982
    • Manouria emys nutapundi
      — Obst, 1983
    • Manouria emys phayrei
      — Bour, 1984
    • Geochelone (Manouria) emys phayeri
      Alderton, 1988 (ex errore)
    • Geochelone emys nutapundi
      — Gosławski & Hryniewicz, 1993
    • Manouria nutapundi
      — Obst, 1996
    • Manouria emys phayeri
      — Paull, 1997
    • Manouria emys phayre
      Das, 2001 (ex errore)
    • Manouria emys phareyi
      Ferri, 2002 (ex errore)

Taxonomy edit

There are two recognized subspecies: M. e. emys occurring in southern Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo; and M. e. phayrei, occurring from northwestern Thailand to northeastern India. The latter was named after Sir Arthur Purves Phayre (1812–1885), British Army officer in India who became Commissioner of British Burma.[3]

Based on a variety of phylogenetic characteristics, the genus Manouria is regarded as comparatively primitive and basal to other Testudinidae.[4]

Description edit

 
Illustration by George Henry Ford

The Asian forest tortoise is the largest tortoise in mainland Asia. The largest adults of the northern subspecies, Manouria emys phayrei, can reach 25 kg (55 lb) in the wild and much more than that in captivity.

The carapace is considerably depressed, its depth not half its length; anterior and posterior margins reverted, more or less strongly serrated; nuchal present; two supracaudal shields; dorsal shields concentrically striated, often concave; vertebrals much broader than long and at least as broad as costals. The plastron is large, gular region somewhat produced and usually notched, hind lobe deeply notched; the pectoral shields may be widely separated from each other, or from a short median suture; axillary shield very small, inguinal large. The head is moderate in size; two large prefrontal shields and a large frontal; beak not hooked; jaws feebly denticulated, the alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a strong median ridge. The forelimbs anteriorly have very large, bony, pointed, imbricate tubercles, forming four or five longitudinal series. The hind limbs have very large bony tubercles on the plantar surface, with others larger, conical, and spur-like on the heel, and a group of still larger conical tubercles on each side on the back of the thighs. Adults are dark brown or blackish. The carapace of juveniles is yellowish brown, with dark-brown markings.[5]

 
Carapace from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand.
 
Plastron from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand.

Distribution edit

The Asian forest tortoise occurs in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.[1]

Diet edit

Manouria emys has been observed in the wild to consume whole fungi, shoots of koster's curse (Miconia crenata), leaves and petioles of elephant ears (Alocasia sarawakensis and Alocasia scabriuscula), shoots of Begonia sp., shoots of Phrynium sp., shoots of vegetable fern (Diplazium esculentum), and flowers of wild ginger (Etlingera coccinea). Most commonly eaten were plants of the genus Alocasia, with individuals observed standing nearly vertical to reach leaves. In captivity, individuals have accepted a wide variety of food, predominantly being herbivorous but occasionally consuming frogs, snails, or carrion when presented.[6]

Reproduction edit

Manouria emys is the only tortoise which lays its eggs above ground in a nest, which the female constructs of leaf litter. The female uses both front and rear legs to gather material for the nest and lays up to 50 eggs deep inside it. She then sits on and near the nest to protect it, and will "chase" predators and intruders away.[7]

Preliminary research has been conducted into Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination (TSD) in Manouria Emys Emys, and an estimated pivotal temperature of 29.29°C was determined. Incubation temperatures higher than this produce high rates of female hatchlings, and lower than this produce high rates of males.

A correlation was also seen between temperature and incubation time, with higher temperatures resulting in a shorter incubation time, and lower temperatures resulting in a longer incubation time. Incubation time ranged from 60 to 90 days. [7]

Cited references edit

  1. ^ a b Choudhury, B.C.; Cota, M.; McCormack, T.; Platt, K.; Das, I.; Ahmed, M.F.; Timmins, R.J.; Rahman, S.C.; Singh, S. (2019). "Manouria emys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T12774A152052098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T12774A152052098.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 288. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. ISSN 1864-5755. S2CID 87809001.
  3. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Manouria emys phayrei, p. 205).
  4. ^ Le M, Raxworthy CJ [in French], McCord WP, Mertz L (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of tortoises (Testudines: Testudinidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 517–531. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.003. PMID 16678445.
  5. ^ Boulenger GA (1890). The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (Testudo emys, p. 22).
  6. ^ Høybye-Mortensen K. 2004.  M. Sc. Thesis, University of South Denmark. p. 100
  7. ^ a b Emer, Sherri (2007-05-04). "Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Manouria Emys Emys, The Asian Forest Tortoise". Biology Theses. doi:10.57709/1059206.

Further reading edit

  • Anderson J (1871). "On Testudo Phayrei, Theob. & Dr. Gray". Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Fourth Series. 8 (47): 324–330. doi:10.1080/00222937108696497.
  • Blyth E (1854). "Notices and Descriptions of Various Reptiles, New or Little-known. Part I". J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 22 [1853]: 639–655.
  • Schlegel H, Müller S (1844). "Over de Schildpadden van den Indischen Archipel ". In: Temminck CJ (1839–1847). Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen, door de leden der Natuurkundige Commisie in Oost-Indie en andere schrijvers. Leijden folio. Afd. 1 Zoologie in 12 afleveringen, met 45 gekl. pl. - Vitg. door C.J. Temminck, Leiden, Leuchtmans u. Hoeck in comm.: 29–36. (Testudo emys, new species, p. 34 + Plate IV). (in Dutch).
  • Stoliczka F (1871). "Note on Testudo Phayrei". Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Fourth Series. 8 (45): 212. doi:10.1080/00222937108696469.

External links edit

January 01, 1970
asian, forest, tortoise, manouria, emys, also, known, commonly, mountain, tortoise, burmese, brown, mountain, tortoise, species, tortoise, family, testudinidae, species, endemic, southeast, asia, believed, among, most, primitive, living, tortoises, based, mole. The Asian forest tortoise Manouria emys also known commonly as the Mountain tortoise or Burmese Brown Mountain tortoise is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae The species is endemic to Southeast Asia It is believed to be among the most primitive of living tortoises based on molecular and morphological studies Asian forest tortoise Manouria emys from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand Conservation status Critically Endangered IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Reptilia Order Testudines Suborder Cryptodira Superfamily Testudinoidea Family Testudinidae Genus Manouria Species M emys Binomial name Manouria emys Schlegel amp S Muller 1844 Synonyms 2 List Testudo emys emys Testudo emys Schlegel amp S Muller 1840 Testudo emydoides A M C Dumeril Bibron amp A H A Dumeril 1851 Manouria fusca Gray 1854 Teleopus luxatus LeConte 1854 Manouria emydoides Strauch 1862 Manouria emys Strauch 1862 Manouria luxata Strauch 1862 Testudo Scapia falconeri Gray 1869 Scapia falconeri Gray 1870 Manuria emys Lydekker 1889 Geochelone emys Loveridge amp E Williams 1957 Manouria emys emys Obst 1983 Geochelone emys emys Goslawski amp Hryniewicz 1993 Testudo emys emys Paull 1999 Testudo emys phayrei Testudo phayrei Blyth 1853 Testudo Scapia falconeri Gray 1869 Scapia falconeri Gray 1870 Scapia phayrei Gray 1871 Testudo nutapundi Reimann 1979 Geochelone nutapundi Groombridge 1982 Manouria emys nutapundi Obst 1983 Manouria emys phayrei Bour 1984 Geochelone Manouria emys phayeri Alderton 1988 ex errore Geochelone emys nutapundi Goslawski amp Hryniewicz 1993 Manouria nutapundi Obst 1996 Manouria emys phayeri Paull 1997 Manouria emys phayre Das 2001 ex errore Manouria emys phareyi Ferri 2002 ex errore Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution 4 Diet 5 Reproduction 6 Cited references 7 Further reading 8 External linksTaxonomy editThere are two recognized subspecies M e emys occurring in southern Thailand Malaysia Sumatra Borneo and M e phayrei occurring from northwestern Thailand to northeastern India The latter was named after Sir Arthur Purves Phayre 1812 1885 British Army officer in India who became Commissioner of British Burma 3 Based on a variety of phylogenetic characteristics the genus Manouria is regarded as comparatively primitive and basal to other Testudinidae 4 Description editThis section may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details April 2019 Learn how and when to remove this message nbsp Illustration by George Henry Ford The Asian forest tortoise is the largest tortoise in mainland Asia The largest adults of the northern subspecies Manouria emys phayrei can reach 25 kg 55 lb in the wild and much more than that in captivity The carapace is considerably depressed its depth not half its length anterior and posterior margins reverted more or less strongly serrated nuchal present two supracaudal shields dorsal shields concentrically striated often concave vertebrals much broader than long and at least as broad as costals The plastron is large gular region somewhat produced and usually notched hind lobe deeply notched the pectoral shields may be widely separated from each other or from a short median suture axillary shield very small inguinal large The head is moderate in size two large prefrontal shields and a large frontal beak not hooked jaws feebly denticulated the alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a strong median ridge The forelimbs anteriorly have very large bony pointed imbricate tubercles forming four or five longitudinal series The hind limbs have very large bony tubercles on the plantar surface with others larger conical and spur like on the heel and a group of still larger conical tubercles on each side on the back of the thighs Adults are dark brown or blackish The carapace of juveniles is yellowish brown with dark brown markings 5 nbsp Carapace from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand nbsp Plastron from Kaeng Krachan National Park in Thailand Distribution editThe Asian forest tortoise occurs in Bangladesh Cambodia India Indonesia Malaysia Myanmar Thailand and Vietnam 1 Diet editManouria emys has been observed in the wild to consume whole fungi shoots of koster s curse Miconia crenata leaves and petioles of elephant ears Alocasia sarawakensis and Alocasia scabriuscula shoots of Begonia sp shoots of Phrynium sp shoots of vegetable fern Diplazium esculentum and flowers of wild ginger Etlingera coccinea Most commonly eaten were plants of the genus Alocasia with individuals observed standing nearly vertical to reach leaves In captivity individuals have accepted a wide variety of food predominantly being herbivorous but occasionally consuming frogs snails or carrion when presented 6 Reproduction editManouria emys is the only tortoise which lays its eggs above ground in a nest which the female constructs of leaf litter The female uses both front and rear legs to gather material for the nest and lays up to 50 eggs deep inside it She then sits on and near the nest to protect it and will chase predators and intruders away 7 Preliminary research has been conducted into Temperature Dependent Sex Determination TSD in Manouria Emys Emys and an estimated pivotal temperature of 29 29 C was determined Incubation temperatures higher than this produce high rates of female hatchlings and lower than this produce high rates of males A correlation was also seen between temperature and incubation time with higher temperatures resulting in a shorter incubation time and lower temperatures resulting in a longer incubation time Incubation time ranged from 60 to 90 days 7 Cited references edit a b Choudhury B C Cota M McCormack T Platt K Das I Ahmed M F Timmins R J Rahman S C Singh S 2019 Manouria emys IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019 e T12774A152052098 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2019 1 RLTS T12774A152052098 en Retrieved 13 November 2021 Fritz Uwe Havas Peter 2007 Checklist of Chelonians of the World Vertebrate Zoology 57 2 288 doi 10 3897 vz 57 e30895 ISSN 1864 5755 S2CID 87809001 Beolens Bo Watkins Michael Grayson Michael 2011 The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press xiii 296 pp ISBN 978 1 4214 0135 5 Manouria emys phayrei p 205 Le M Raxworthy CJ in French McCord WP Mertz L 2006 A molecular phylogeny of tortoises Testudines Testudinidae based on mitochondrial and nuclear genes Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 2 517 531 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 03 003 PMID 16678445 Boulenger GA 1890 The Fauna of British India Including Ceylon and Burma Reptilia and Batrachia London Secretary of State for India in Council Taylor and Francis printers xviii 541 pp Testudo emys p 22 Hoybye Mortensen K 2004 M Sc Thesis University of South Denmark p 100 a b Emer Sherri 2007 05 04 Temperature Dependent Sex Determination in Manouria Emys Emys The Asian Forest Tortoise Biology Theses doi 10 57709 1059206 Further reading editAnderson J 1871 On Testudo Phayrei Theob amp Dr Gray Ann Mag Nat Hist Fourth Series 8 47 324 330 doi 10 1080 00222937108696497 Blyth E 1854 Notices and Descriptions of Various Reptiles New or Little known Part I J Asiatic Soc Bengal 22 1853 639 655 Schlegel H Muller S 1844 Over de Schildpadden van den Indischen Archipel In Temminck CJ 1839 1847 Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen door de leden der Natuurkundige Commisie in Oost Indie en andere schrijvers Leijden folio Afd 1 Zoologie in 12 afleveringen met 45 gekl pl Vitg door C J Temminck Leiden Leuchtmans u Hoeck in comm 29 36 Testudo emys new species p 34 Plate IV in Dutch Stoliczka F 1871 Note on Testudo Phayrei Ann Mag Nat Hist Fourth Series 8 45 212 doi 10 1080 00222937108696469 External links editManouria emys at the Reptarium cz Reptile Database http www tortoise org archives manouria html Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Asian forest tortoise amp oldid 1220140393, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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