fbpx
Wikipedia

Brooks (1781 ship)

January 31, 2023

Brooks (or Brook, Brookes, or Bruz) was a British slave ship launched at Liverpool in 1781. She became infamous after prints of her were published in 1788. Between 1782 and 1804, she made 11 voyages in the triangular slave trade in enslaved people. During this period she spent some years as a West Indiaman. She also recaptured a British merchantman and captured a French merchantman. She was condemned as unseaworthy in November 1804.

Brooks
Brookes slave ship plan
History
→ Great Britain → United Kingdom
NameBrooks
Launched1781
FateCondemned and sold 1804
General characteristics
TypeSlave ship
Tons burthen297,[1] or 300,[2] or 319,[1] or 352,[1] or 353[1] (bm)
Length30 metres (98 ft)
Beam8.2 metres (27 ft)
Complement
Armament
  • 1781: 18 × 9&6-pounder guns[2]
  • 1794:12 × 6-pounder guns[1]
  • 1799:18 × 9-pounder guns[1]
  • 1800:18 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 18-pounder carronades
  • 1804:18 × 9-pounder guns + 2 × 18-pounder carronades

History

An engraving first published in Plymouth in 1788 by the Plymouth chapter of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade depicted the conditions on board Brookes,[3] and has become an iconic image of the inhumanity of the trade in enslaved people.

The image portrayed slaves arranged on the ship's lower deck and poop deck, in accordance with the Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788.[4]

Brookes was reportedly allowed to stow 454 African slaves, by allowing a space of 6 feet (1.8 m) by 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) to each man, 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) by 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) to each woman, and 5 feet (1.5 m) by 1 foot 2 inches (0.36 m) to each child. However, the poster's text alleges that a slave trader confessed that before the Act, the Brookes had carried as many as 609 slaves at one time.[5]

Other records indicate several other problems with the image. The image portrays 487 slaves while on the voyage prior to when the measurements were taken the ship held 638 persons, the next journey 744, and the journey following the measurements, 609. The ship's planking as depicted around the outside perimeter is disproportionately thick. Stowage of slaves on multiple layers of decks does not allow for the storage of water and provisions, which was the common practice. No deck hatches are illustrated, only small ladders. There would be no way for the ship to load and unload provisions, especially for the legs of the voyages with no slaves aboard. Despite these flaws this image has become the one most used to depict conditions on a slave ship.[6]

Other physical objects that also were part of slave ships are not depicted. Slave ships had security features to keep the crew safe from their human cargo, such as a barricade or wall to separate them while outside; nets alongside the ship to prevent slaves from jumping overboard; and armaments to keep the ship from being taken by pirates or, after 1793, privateers. Below deck bulkheads to separate women and children from men should be shown. Below deck, portholes were common to allow more ventilation, while outside of the ship sails positioned alongside funneled air below. These special sails made it easy to identify a slave ship at sea. Above deck, there would be a large cook stove to prepare the meals for the slaves, commonly rice and beans.[6]

Career

Brook first appeared in Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1781.[2]

Year Master Owner Trade Source
1781 C.Noble J. Brook Liverpool–Africa LR

1st slave trading voyage (1781–1783): Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 4 October 1781. Brooks arrived in Africa on 15 January 1782. She acquired slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu. She left Africa on 14 July and arrived at Kingston, Jamaica on 12 September. She had embarked 650 slaves and she arrived with 646. She left Kingston on 22 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 22 February 1783. She had left Liverpool with 58 crew members and she suffered eight crew death on her voyage.[7]

2nd slave trading voyage (1783–1784): Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 3 June 1783. She acquired her slaves at Anomabu and then touched at Cape Coast Castle before sailing for Jamaica. She left Africa on 19 April 1784 and arrived at Kingston on 3 June. She had embarked 619 slaves and she arrived with 586, for a 5% mortality rate. She sailed from Kingston on 18 July and arrived back at Liverpool on 28 August. She had left Liverpool with 46 crew members and she suffered three crew deaths on her journey.[8]

3rd slave trading voyage (1785–1786): Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 2 February 1785. Brooks arrived in Africa on 1 May. She acquired her slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu. She left Africa on 16 November and arrived at Kingston on 29 December. She had embarked 740 slaves and she arrived with 635, fr a 14% mortality rate. She actually landed 608. She left Kingston on 12 February 1786 and arrived back at Liverpool on 10 April.[9]

4th slave trading voyage (1786–1788): Captain Thomas Molyneux sailed from Liverpool on 17 October 1786 and arrived in Africa on 11 January 1787. Brooks acquired slaves at Anomabu, Cape Coast Castle, and lastly Dixcove. She sailed from Africa on 14 August and arrived at Kingston on 4 October. She had embarked 609 slaves and she arrived with 596, for a 2% mortality rate. She sailed from Kingston on 18 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 8 february 1788. She had left Liverpool with 45 crew members and suffered six crew deaths on her voyage.[10]

Brooks did not appear in LR in the 1791 volume; she returned in the 1792 volume. She had undergone repairs in 1791 and thereafter her burthen was given as 319 tons, up from 297–300.

Dolben's Act had imposed a cap on the number of slaves a slave ship was permitted to carry without facing a penalty. At 319 ton burthen, the cap for Brookes was 456. The Act also established a bonuses for low slave mortality. Masters received a bonus of £100 for a mortality rate of under 2%; the ship's surgeon received £50. For a mortality rate between two and three percent, the bonus was halved. There was no bonus if mortality exceeded 3%.[11]

Year Master Owner Trade Source & notes
1792 G.Hariot Harper & Co. Liverpool–Africa LR; repairs 1791.

5th slave trading voyage (1791–1792): Captain George Hault sailed from Liverpool on 29 July 1791 and arrived in Africa on 22 September. Brooks had gathered her slaves at Bonny and left Africa on 10 December. She delivered 408 slaves to Dominica on 26 January 1792. She left Dominica on 14 March and arrived back at Liverpool on 27 April. she had left Liverpool with 38 crew members and suffered one crew death on her voyage.[12]

6th slave trading voyage (1792–1793): Captain John Hewan sailed from Liverpool on 6 June 1792 and arrived in Africa on 24 September. She acquired her slaves at Bonny and left Africa on 15 November. She arrived at Montego Bay on 13 January 1793. She had embarked 450 slaves and arrived with 396, for a 12% mortality rate. She sailed from Montego Bay on 8 February and arrived back at Liverpool on 26 March. She had left Liverpool with 36 crew members and she suffered three crew deaths on her voyage.[13]

Next, Brooks became a West Indiaman for several years before resuming slaving.

Year Master Owner Trade Source
1793 G.Harriott
Roger Poosey 		Harper & Co. Liverpool–Africa LR; repairs 1791
1794 R.Poosey
T.Hawkins 		Harper & Co. Liverpool–Africa
Liverpool–Martinique 		LR; repairs 1791

War with France had broken out and Captain Thomas Hawkins acquired a letter of marque on 20 May 1794.[1]

Year Master Owner Trade Source
1795 T.Hawkins Harper & Co. Liverpool–Martinique LR; repairs 1791
1796 T.Hawkins
Richardson 		Harper & Co. Liverpool–Martinique
Liverpool–Africa 		LR; repairs 1791

7th slave trading voyage (1796–1797): Captain John Richards sailed from Liverpool on 8 July 1796 and arrived in Africa on 25 September. Brooks acquired her slaves at Loango and Ambriz. She sailed from Africa on 11 January 1797 and arrived at St Croix on 28 February. She had embarked 453 slaves and she arrived with 384, for a 15% mortality rate. She sailed from St Croix on 16 April and arrived back at Liverpool on 28 May. She had left Liverpool with 39 crew members and suffered two crew deaths on her voyage.[14]

8th slave trading voyage (1797–1798): Captain Richards sailed from Liverpool on 24 August 1797, bound for West Africa. Brooks arrived at Kingston on 7 May 1798 with 446 slaves. At Jamaica Captain John Williams replaced Richards. She sailed for Liverpool on 14 August.[15]

As Brooks, Williams, master, was leaving Jamaica she ran onshore at Port Antonio; she was gotten off with the loss of her rudder.[16] Brooks arrived back at Liverpool on 25 October.[15] She brought with her Clermont, Bartels, master. Clermont had been sailing from North Carolina when Brooks recaptured her.[17] The French privateer Gironde had captured Clermont near the Newfoundland Banks.[18][a]

9th slave trading voyage (1799): Captain Moses Joynson acquired a letter of marque on 16 January 1799.[1] Brooks sailed from Liverpool on 8 February.[20] However she soon ran into difficulties. She was driven from her moorings on to the Cheshire shore. She was full of water.[21]

Brooks was rebuilt in 1799 and returned with a burthen of 353 or 359 tons. LR showed her master as J. Slothart,[22] but the slave-trade voyage data reports her master on her 10th voyage as Joynson. The ship arrival and departure data in Lloyd's List confirms that her master was Joynson, not Slothart or Stothart.[b]

10th slave trading voyage (1800–1801): Captain Joynson sailed from Liverpool on 18 November 1800. Brooks acquired her slaves at Malembo and delivered them to Demerara. She arrived there on 9 June 1801 with 324 slaves.[24] Lloyd's List reported on 3 March 1801 that a schooner, bound for St Domingo from Bordeaux, had come into Dominica. The schooner was a prize to Brooks and William Heathcote, of Liverpool.[25]

Brooks returned to Liverpool on 16 September. She had left Liverpool with 45 crew members and she suffered 11 crew deaths on her voyage.[24]

Captain William Murdock acquired a letter of marque on 2 April 1804.[1]

11th slave trading voyage (1804): Captain Murdock sailed from Liverpool on 3 May 1804. Brooks acquired her slaves in the Congo and then in Cabinda. She sailed from Africa on 19 September. She arrived at Montevideo on 14 November. She had embarked 322 slaves and she arrived with 320, for a mortality rate of 1%, a result that would have qualified her master and surgeon for the full bonus.. She had left Liverpool with 54 crew members and she suffered two crew deaths on her voyage.[26]

Fate

Brooks was condemned at Montevideo as unseaworthy.[26]

Legacy

In July 2007, students and staff at Durham University in northeast England re-created the image of the Brookes print to draw attention to the atrocities of the Middle Passage, in an exercise that involved lying on the ground in a manner similar to the slaves arranged on the Brookes.[27][3]

Further reading

  • Cheryl Finley: Committed to memory : the art of the slave ship icon, Princeton ; Oxford : Princeton University Press, 2022, ISBN 978-0-691-24106-7

Notes

  1. ^ Clermont, of 242 tons (bm), had been launched in South Carolina in 1786. She was owned by an American.[19]
  2. ^ John Stothart was master of the slave ship William Heathcote and sailing on a slave trading voyage in 1801-1802.[23]

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  2. ^ a b c LR (1781), Seq.No.B396.
  3. ^ a b "The Brookes – visualising the transatlantic slave trade". 1807 Commemorated: The abolition of the slave trade. Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past. 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  4. ^ "Stowage of the British slave ship "Brookes" under the regulated slave trade act of 1788. [n. p. n. d.]. – Piece 1 of 1". An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera. The Library of Congress. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  5. ^ "Stowage of the British slave ship "Brookes" under the regulated slave trade act of 1789. [n. p. n. d.]". Hdl.loc.gov. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b Glickman, Jessica A. (2015). A War at the Heart of Man: The Structure and Construction of Ships Bound for Africa (MA thesis). University of Rhode Island. doi:10.23860/thesis-glickman-jessica-2015.
  7. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80663.
  8. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80664.
  9. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80665.
  10. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80666.
  11. ^ Howley (2008), p. 151.
  12. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80667.
  13. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80668.
  14. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80669.
  15. ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80670 .
  16. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 3035. 5 October 1798. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049069. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  17. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 3040. 30 October 1798. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049069.
  18. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 3042. 6 November 1798. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049069.
  19. ^ LR (1798), Seq.no.C3118.
  20. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80671.
  21. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 3055. 19 February 1799. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049070.
  22. ^ LR (1801), Seq.No.B370.
  23. ^ Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – William Heathcote voyage #884069 .
  24. ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80672.
  25. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 4130. 3 March 1801. hdl:2027/uc1.c2735020.
  26. ^ a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Brooks voyage #80673.
  27. ^ "Palace Green transformed into a slave ship". Durham First. Durham University. Retrieved 17 July 2011.

References

  • Howley, Frank (2008). Slavers, Traders and Privateers: Liverpool, the African Trade and Revolution, 1773-1808. Countyvise. ISBN 9781901231984.

January 31, 2023
brooks, 1781, ship, brooks, brook, brookes, bruz, british, slave, ship, launched, liverpool, 1781, became, infamous, after, prints, were, published, 1788, between, 1782, 1804, made, voyages, triangular, slave, trade, enslaved, people, during, this, period, spe. Brooks or Brook Brookes or Bruz was a British slave ship launched at Liverpool in 1781 She became infamous after prints of her were published in 1788 Between 1782 and 1804 she made 11 voyages in the triangular slave trade in enslaved people During this period she spent some years as a West Indiaman She also recaptured a British merchantman and captured a French merchantman She was condemned as unseaworthy in November 1804 Brooks Brookes slave ship planHistory Great Britain United KingdomNameBrooksLaunched1781FateCondemned and sold 1804General characteristicsTypeSlave shipTons burthen297 1 or 300 2 or 319 1 or 352 1 or 353 1 bm Length30 metres 98 ft Beam8 2 metres 27 ft Complement1794 15 1 1799 25 1 1804 50 1 Armament1781 18 9 amp 6 pounder guns 2 1794 12 6 pounder guns 1 1799 18 9 pounder guns 1 1800 18 9 pounder guns 2 18 pounder carronades 1804 18 9 pounder guns 2 18 pounder carronades Contents 1 History 2 Career 3 Fate 4 Legacy 5 Further reading 6 Notes 7 Citations 8 ReferencesHistory EditAn engraving first published in Plymouth in 1788 by the Plymouth chapter of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade depicted the conditions on board Brookes 3 and has become an iconic image of the inhumanity of the trade in enslaved people The image portrayed slaves arranged on the ship s lower deck and poop deck in accordance with the Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788 4 Brookes was reportedly allowed to stow 454 African slaves by allowing a space of 6 feet 1 8 m by 1 foot 4 inches 0 41 m to each man 5 feet 10 inches 1 78 m by 1 foot 4 inches 0 41 m to each woman and 5 feet 1 5 m by 1 foot 2 inches 0 36 m to each child However the poster s text alleges that a slave trader confessed that before the Act the Brookes had carried as many as 609 slaves at one time 5 Other records indicate several other problems with the image The image portrays 487 slaves while on the voyage prior to when the measurements were taken the ship held 638 persons the next journey 744 and the journey following the measurements 609 The ship s planking as depicted around the outside perimeter is disproportionately thick Stowage of slaves on multiple layers of decks does not allow for the storage of water and provisions which was the common practice No deck hatches are illustrated only small ladders There would be no way for the ship to load and unload provisions especially for the legs of the voyages with no slaves aboard Despite these flaws this image has become the one most used to depict conditions on a slave ship 6 Other physical objects that also were part of slave ships are not depicted Slave ships had security features to keep the crew safe from their human cargo such as a barricade or wall to separate them while outside nets alongside the ship to prevent slaves from jumping overboard and armaments to keep the ship from being taken by pirates or after 1793 privateers Below deck bulkheads to separate women and children from men should be shown Below deck portholes were common to allow more ventilation while outside of the ship sails positioned alongside funneled air below These special sails made it easy to identify a slave ship at sea Above deck there would be a large cook stove to prepare the meals for the slaves commonly rice and beans 6 Career EditBrook first appeared in Lloyd s Register LR in 1781 2 Year Master Owner Trade Source1781 C Noble J Brook Liverpool Africa LR1st slave trading voyage 1781 1783 Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 4 October 1781 Brooks arrived in Africa on 15 January 1782 She acquired slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu She left Africa on 14 July and arrived at Kingston Jamaica on 12 September She had embarked 650 slaves and she arrived with 646 She left Kingston on 22 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 22 February 1783 She had left Liverpool with 58 crew members and she suffered eight crew death on her voyage 7 2nd slave trading voyage 1783 1784 Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 3 June 1783 She acquired her slaves at Anomabu and then touched at Cape Coast Castle before sailing for Jamaica She left Africa on 19 April 1784 and arrived at Kingston on 3 June She had embarked 619 slaves and she arrived with 586 for a 5 mortality rate She sailed from Kingston on 18 July and arrived back at Liverpool on 28 August She had left Liverpool with 46 crew members and she suffered three crew deaths on her journey 8 3rd slave trading voyage 1785 1786 Captain Clement Noble sailed from Liverpool on 2 February 1785 Brooks arrived in Africa on 1 May She acquired her slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu She left Africa on 16 November and arrived at Kingston on 29 December She had embarked 740 slaves and she arrived with 635 fr a 14 mortality rate She actually landed 608 She left Kingston on 12 February 1786 and arrived back at Liverpool on 10 April 9 4th slave trading voyage 1786 1788 Captain Thomas Molyneux sailed from Liverpool on 17 October 1786 and arrived in Africa on 11 January 1787 Brooks acquired slaves at Anomabu Cape Coast Castle and lastly Dixcove She sailed from Africa on 14 August and arrived at Kingston on 4 October She had embarked 609 slaves and she arrived with 596 for a 2 mortality rate She sailed from Kingston on 18 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 8 february 1788 She had left Liverpool with 45 crew members and suffered six crew deaths on her voyage 10 Brooks did not appear in LR in the 1791 volume she returned in the 1792 volume She had undergone repairs in 1791 and thereafter her burthen was given as 319 tons up from 297 300 Dolben s Act had imposed a cap on the number of slaves a slave ship was permitted to carry without facing a penalty At 319 ton burthen the cap for Brookes was 456 The Act also established a bonuses for low slave mortality Masters received a bonus of 100 for a mortality rate of under 2 the ship s surgeon received 50 For a mortality rate between two and three percent the bonus was halved There was no bonus if mortality exceeded 3 11 Year Master Owner Trade Source amp notes1792 G Hariot Harper amp Co Liverpool Africa LR repairs 1791 5th slave trading voyage 1791 1792 Captain George Hault sailed from Liverpool on 29 July 1791 and arrived in Africa on 22 September Brooks had gathered her slaves at Bonny and left Africa on 10 December She delivered 408 slaves to Dominica on 26 January 1792 She left Dominica on 14 March and arrived back at Liverpool on 27 April she had left Liverpool with 38 crew members and suffered one crew death on her voyage 12 6th slave trading voyage 1792 1793 Captain John Hewan sailed from Liverpool on 6 June 1792 and arrived in Africa on 24 September She acquired her slaves at Bonny and left Africa on 15 November She arrived at Montego Bay on 13 January 1793 She had embarked 450 slaves and arrived with 396 for a 12 mortality rate She sailed from Montego Bay on 8 February and arrived back at Liverpool on 26 March She had left Liverpool with 36 crew members and she suffered three crew deaths on her voyage 13 Next Brooks became a West Indiaman for several years before resuming slaving Year Master Owner Trade Source1793 G HarriottRoger Poosey Harper amp Co Liverpool Africa LR repairs 17911794 R PooseyT Hawkins Harper amp Co Liverpool AfricaLiverpool Martinique LR repairs 1791War with France had broken out and Captain Thomas Hawkins acquired a letter of marque on 20 May 1794 1 Year Master Owner Trade Source1795 T Hawkins Harper amp Co Liverpool Martinique LR repairs 17911796 T HawkinsRichardson Harper amp Co Liverpool MartiniqueLiverpool Africa LR repairs 17917th slave trading voyage 1796 1797 Captain John Richards sailed from Liverpool on 8 July 1796 and arrived in Africa on 25 September Brooks acquired her slaves at Loango and Ambriz She sailed from Africa on 11 January 1797 and arrived at St Croix on 28 February She had embarked 453 slaves and she arrived with 384 for a 15 mortality rate She sailed from St Croix on 16 April and arrived back at Liverpool on 28 May She had left Liverpool with 39 crew members and suffered two crew deaths on her voyage 14 8th slave trading voyage 1797 1798 Captain Richards sailed from Liverpool on 24 August 1797 bound for West Africa Brooks arrived at Kingston on 7 May 1798 with 446 slaves At Jamaica Captain John Williams replaced Richards She sailed for Liverpool on 14 August 15 As Brooks Williams master was leaving Jamaica she ran onshore at Port Antonio she was gotten off with the loss of her rudder 16 Brooks arrived back at Liverpool on 25 October 15 She brought with her Clermont Bartels master Clermont had been sailing from North Carolina when Brooks recaptured her 17 The French privateer Gironde had captured Clermont near the Newfoundland Banks 18 a 9th slave trading voyage 1799 Captain Moses Joynson acquired a letter of marque on 16 January 1799 1 Brooks sailed from Liverpool on 8 February 20 However she soon ran into difficulties She was driven from her moorings on to the Cheshire shore She was full of water 21 Brooks was rebuilt in 1799 and returned with a burthen of 353 or 359 tons LR showed her master as J Slothart 22 but the slave trade voyage data reports her master on her 10th voyage as Joynson The ship arrival and departure data in Lloyd s List confirms that her master was Joynson not Slothart or Stothart b 10th slave trading voyage 1800 1801 Captain Joynson sailed from Liverpool on 18 November 1800 Brooks acquired her slaves at Malembo and delivered them to Demerara She arrived there on 9 June 1801 with 324 slaves 24 Lloyd s List reported on 3 March 1801 that a schooner bound for St Domingo from Bordeaux had come into Dominica The schooner was a prize to Brooks and William Heathcote of Liverpool 25 Brooks returned to Liverpool on 16 September She had left Liverpool with 45 crew members and she suffered 11 crew deaths on her voyage 24 Captain William Murdock acquired a letter of marque on 2 April 1804 1 11th slave trading voyage 1804 Captain Murdock sailed from Liverpool on 3 May 1804 Brooks acquired her slaves in the Congo and then in Cabinda She sailed from Africa on 19 September She arrived at Montevideo on 14 November She had embarked 322 slaves and she arrived with 320 for a mortality rate of 1 a result that would have qualified her master and surgeon for the full bonus She had left Liverpool with 54 crew members and she suffered two crew deaths on her voyage 26 Fate EditBrooks was condemned at Montevideo as unseaworthy 26 Legacy EditIn July 2007 students and staff at Durham University in northeast England re created the image of the Brookes print to draw attention to the atrocities of the Middle Passage in an exercise that involved lying on the ground in a manner similar to the slaves arranged on the Brookes 27 3 Further reading EditCheryl Finley Committed to memory the art of the slave ship icon Princeton Oxford Princeton University Press 2022 ISBN 978 0 691 24106 7Notes Edit Clermont of 242 tons bm had been launched in South Carolina in 1786 She was owned by an American 19 John Stothart was master of the slave ship William Heathcote and sailing on a slave trading voyage in 1801 1802 23 Citations Edit a b c d e f g h i j k l Letter of Marque p 54 accessed 25 July 2017 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 20 October 2016 Retrieved 27 October 2018 a b c LR 1781 Seq No B396 a b The Brookes visualising the transatlantic slave trade 1807 Commemorated The abolition of the slave trade Institute for the Public Understanding of the Past 2007 Retrieved 11 March 2016 Stowage of the British slave ship Brookes under the regulated slave trade act of 1788 n p n d Piece 1 of 1 An American Time Capsule Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera The Library of Congress Retrieved 10 March 2016 Stowage of the British slave ship Brookes under the regulated slave trade act of 1789 n p n d Hdl loc gov Retrieved 11 March 2016 a b Glickman Jessica A 2015 A War at the Heart of Man The Structure and Construction of Ships Bound for Africa MA thesis University of Rhode Island doi 10 23860 thesis glickman jessica 2015 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80663 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80664 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80665 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80666 Howley 2008 p 151 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80667 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80668 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80669 a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80670 The Marine List Lloyd s List No 3035 5 October 1798 hdl 2027 uc1 c3049069 Retrieved 14 September 2020 The Marine List Lloyd s List No 3040 30 October 1798 hdl 2027 uc1 c3049069 The Marine List Lloyd s List No 3042 6 November 1798 hdl 2027 uc1 c3049069 LR 1798 Seq no C3118 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80671 The Marine List Lloyd s List No 3055 19 February 1799 hdl 2027 uc1 c3049070 LR 1801 Seq No B370 Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database William Heathcote voyage 884069 a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80672 The Marine List Lloyd s List No 4130 3 March 1801 hdl 2027 uc1 c2735020 a b Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database Brooks voyage 80673 Palace Green transformed into a slave ship Durham First Durham University Retrieved 17 July 2011 References EditHowley Frank 2008 Slavers Traders and Privateers Liverpool the African Trade and Revolution 1773 1808 Countyvise ISBN 9781901231984 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Brooks 1781 ship amp oldid 1136196231, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.