Anthropogenic and natural sources of bromine. The major sources include sea spray, salt lakes, marshes, volcanos, anthropogenic sources. Sinks include exchange of brominated compounds with the stratospheric and troposphere.Bromine's chemistry is linked to other halogens such as chlorine and iodine amplify atmospheric cycling that contributes to troposphere and stratosphere ozone layer destruction.[1] Figure modified from[2]
Bromine is present naturally as bromide salts in evaporite deposits. Bromine is also present in soils and in marine algae that synthesize organic bromine compounds. Other natural sources of bromine come from polar regions, salt lakes, and volcanoes.
The primary natural source of bromine to the atmosphere is sea spray aerosols. Smaller fluxes originate from volcanic emissions and biomass burning.[1] The primary atmospheric sinks are sea spray deposition and photochemical reactions, which release gaseous bromine.
Anthropogenic sourcesedit
Bromine is used in flame retardants, pesticides, lighter fuel, antiknocking agents, and for water purification. The organic form of this element is used as flame retardants commercially and in pesticides. These chemicals have led to an increase in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. Some countries use bromine to treat drinking water, similar to chlorination. Bromine is also present as impurities emitted from cooling towers.[1]
Reactions with ozoneedit
Winter sea ice is a significant atmospheric contribution of bromine.[3] Organic bromine gases such as CH3Br, CH2Br2, CH2IBr are emitted by microorganisms in sea ice and snow at ten-fold higher rates than from other environments. In polar areas, decreasing sea ice releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer, bromine is released in the spring when the ice melts.
Inorganic bromine is found in the atmosphere and is quickly cycled between its gas and its particulate phase. Bromine gas (Br2) undergoes an autocatalytic cycle known as the 'bromine explosion', which occurs in the ocean and salt lakes such as the Dead Sea, where a high quantity of salts are exposed to the atmosphere. Bromine contributes to 5-15% of tropospheric ozone layer losses.[1]
Referencesedit
^ abcdvon Glasow, R.; Hughes, C. (2015), "Bromine", in North, Gerald R.; Pyle, John; Zhang, Fuqing (eds.), Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 194–200, ISBN978-0-12-382225-3
^Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso; Glasow, Roland von (2012). "Reactive halogen chemistry in the troposphere". Chemical Society Reviews. 41 (19): 6448–6472. doi:10.1039/C2CS35208G. ISSN 1460-4744. PMID 22940700.
^Abrahamsson, Katarina; Granfors, Anna; Ahnoff, Martin; Cuevas, Carlos A.; Saiz-Lopez, Alfonso (2018). "Organic bromine compounds produced in sea ice in Antarctic winter". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 5291. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5291A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07062-8. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC6290016. PMID 30538229.
April 14, 2024
bromine, cycle, bromine, cycle, biogeochemical, cycle, bromine, through, atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, anthropogenic, natural, sources, bromine, major, sources, include, spray, salt, lakes, marshes, volcanos, anthropogenic, sources, sinks, include, excha. The bromine cycle is a biogeochemical cycle of bromine through the atmosphere biosphere and hydrosphere Anthropogenic and natural sources of bromine The major sources include sea spray salt lakes marshes volcanos anthropogenic sources Sinks include exchange of brominated compounds with the stratospheric and troposphere Bromine s chemistry is linked to other halogens such as chlorine and iodine amplify atmospheric cycling that contributes to troposphere and stratosphere ozone layer destruction 1 Figure modified from 2 Contents 1 Sources 1 1 Natural sources 1 2 Anthropogenic sources 1 3 Reactions with ozone 2 ReferencesSources editNatural sources edit Bromine is present naturally as bromide salts in evaporite deposits Bromine is also present in soils and in marine algae that synthesize organic bromine compounds Other natural sources of bromine come from polar regions salt lakes and volcanoes The primary natural source of bromine to the atmosphere is sea spray aerosols Smaller fluxes originate from volcanic emissions and biomass burning 1 The primary atmospheric sinks are sea spray deposition and photochemical reactions which release gaseous bromine Anthropogenic sources edit Bromine is used in flame retardants pesticides lighter fuel antiknocking agents and for water purification The organic form of this element is used as flame retardants commercially and in pesticides These chemicals have led to an increase in the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer Some countries use bromine to treat drinking water similar to chlorination Bromine is also present as impurities emitted from cooling towers 1 Reactions with ozone edit Winter sea ice is a significant atmospheric contribution of bromine 3 Organic bromine gases such as CH3Br CH2Br2 CH2IBr are emitted by microorganisms in sea ice and snow at ten fold higher rates than from other environments In polar areas decreasing sea ice releases bromine and at the Arctic and Antarctic boundary layer bromine is released in the spring when the ice melts Inorganic bromine is found in the atmosphere and is quickly cycled between its gas and its particulate phase Bromine gas Br2 undergoes an autocatalytic cycle known as the bromine explosion which occurs in the ocean and salt lakes such as the Dead Sea where a high quantity of salts are exposed to the atmosphere Bromine contributes to 5 15 of tropospheric ozone layer losses 1 References edit a b c d von Glasow R Hughes C 2015 Bromine in North Gerald R Pyle John Zhang Fuqing eds Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences Second Edition Oxford Academic Press pp 194 200 ISBN 978 0 12 382225 3 Saiz Lopez Alfonso Glasow Roland von 2012 Reactive halogen chemistry in the troposphere Chemical Society Reviews 41 19 6448 6472 doi 10 1039 C2CS35208G ISSN 1460 4744 PMID 22940700 Abrahamsson Katarina Granfors Anna Ahnoff Martin Cuevas Carlos A Saiz Lopez Alfonso 2018 Organic bromine compounds produced in sea ice in Antarctic winter Nature Communications 9 1 5291 Bibcode 2018NatCo 9 5291A doi 10 1038 s41467 018 07062 8 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 6290016 PMID 30538229 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bromine cycle amp oldid 1164215006, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
