A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance (phenotype), homogeneous behavior, and/or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species. In literature, there exist several slightly deviating definitions.[2] Breeds are formed through genetic isolation and either natural adaptation to the environment or selective breeding, or a combination of the two. Despite the centrality of the idea of "breeds" to animal husbandry and agriculture, no single, scientifically accepted definition of the term exists.[3]: 340 A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a term of art amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset.[4]
Another point of view is that a breed is consistent enough in type to be logically grouped together and when mated within the group produce the same type.[5] When bred together, individuals of the same breed pass on these predictable traits to their offspring, and this ability – known as "breeding true" – is a requirement for a breed. Plant breeds are more commonly known as cultivars. The offspring produced as a result of breeding animals of one breed with other animals of another breed are known as crossbreeds or mixed breeds. Crosses between animal or plant variants above the level of breed/cultivar (i.e. between species, subspecies, botanical variety, even different genera) are referred to as hybrids.[6]
This example shows three different breeds of the domestic pig, which all vary widely in appearance.
The breeder (or group of breeders) who initially establishes a breed does so by selecting individual animals from within a gene pool that they see as having the necessary qualities needed to enhance the breed model they are aiming for. These animals are referred to as foundation stock. Furthermore, the breeder mates the most desirable representatives of the breed from his or her point of view, aiming to pass such characteristics to their progeny. This process is known as selective breeding. A written description of desirable and undesirable breed representatives is referred to as a breed standard.
Breed characteristics
Breed specific characteristics, also known as breed traits, are inherited, and purebred animals pass such traits from generation to generation. Thus, all specimens of the same breed carry several genetic characteristics of the original foundation animal(s). In order to maintain the breed, a breeder would select those animals with the most desirable traits to achieve further maintenance and developing of such traits. At the same time, the breed would avoid animals carrying characteristics undesirable or not typical for the breed, including faults or genetic defects. The population within the same breed should consist of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within the specified parameters without the necessity of forced inbreeding.
Domestic animal breeds commonly differ from country to country, and from nation to nation. Breeds originating in a certain country are known as "native breeds" of that country.
^The Cattle Site: Breeds Brown Swiss Retrieved 22 February 2021
^S. J. G. Hall, D. G. Bradley (1995), "Conserving livestock breed biodiversity", TREE, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 267–70, doi:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90005-5, PMID 21237034
^Barbara Rischkowsky, Dafydd Pilling (editors) (2007). . Rome: Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN9789251057629. Archived 10 January 2017.
^Lush, Jay Laurence (1994). Chapman, A B; Shrode, Robert R; Crow, James F (eds.). The Genetics of Populations. Ames, Iowa, USA: Iowa State College. p. 381. OCLC 31073249. Cited in: Rischkowsky & Pilling 2007 page 340.
^Clutton-Brock, Juliet. 1987 A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals, Cambridge University Press and the Museum of Natural History, page 40.
^Banga, Surinder S. (November 25, 1998). Hybrid Cultivar Development, p. 119. Springer-Verlag. ISBN3-540-63523-8
Further reading
FAO. 2007. The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration. Rome.
FAO. 2012. Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 11. Rome.
FAO. 2015. The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome.
Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources
Breeds of Livestock - Oklahoma State University
January 26, 2023
breed, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar. For other uses see Breed disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Breed news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message A breed is a specific group of domestic animals having homogeneous appearance phenotype homogeneous behavior and or other characteristics that distinguish it from other organisms of the same species In literature there exist several slightly deviating definitions 2 Breeds are formed through genetic isolation and either natural adaptation to the environment or selective breeding or a combination of the two Despite the centrality of the idea of breeds to animal husbandry and agriculture no single scientifically accepted definition of the term exists 3 340 A breed is therefore not an objective or biologically verifiable classification but is instead a term of art amongst groups of breeders who share a consensus around what qualities make some members of a given species members of a nameable subset 4 Braunvieh a dairy breed 1 with high milk production and little milk fat Another point of view is that a breed is consistent enough in type to be logically grouped together and when mated within the group produce the same type 5 When bred together individuals of the same breed pass on these predictable traits to their offspring and this ability known as breeding true is a requirement for a breed Plant breeds are more commonly known as cultivars The offspring produced as a result of breeding animals of one breed with other animals of another breed are known as crossbreeds or mixed breeds Crosses between animal or plant variants above the level of breed cultivar i e between species subspecies botanical variety even different genera are referred to as hybrids 6 Contents 1 Breeding selection by breeders 2 Breed characteristics 3 Lists of breeds 3 1 Mammals 3 2 Insects 3 3 Birds 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksBreeding selection by breeders EditMain article Animal breeding This example shows three different breeds of the domestic pig which all vary widely in appearance The breeder or group of breeders who initially establishes a breed does so by selecting individual animals from within a gene pool that they see as having the necessary qualities needed to enhance the breed model they are aiming for These animals are referred to as foundation stock Furthermore the breeder mates the most desirable representatives of the breed from his or her point of view aiming to pass such characteristics to their progeny This process is known as selective breeding A written description of desirable and undesirable breed representatives is referred to as a breed standard Breed characteristics EditBreed specific characteristics also known as breed traits are inherited and purebred animals pass such traits from generation to generation Thus all specimens of the same breed carry several genetic characteristics of the original foundation animal s In order to maintain the breed a breeder would select those animals with the most desirable traits to achieve further maintenance and developing of such traits At the same time the breed would avoid animals carrying characteristics undesirable or not typical for the breed including faults or genetic defects The population within the same breed should consist of a sufficient number of animals to maintain the breed within the specified parameters without the necessity of forced inbreeding Domestic animal breeds commonly differ from country to country and from nation to nation Breeds originating in a certain country are known as native breeds of that country Lists of breeds EditMain article Lists of breeds Mammals Edit List of cat breeds List of cattle breeds List of dog breeds List of dog fighting breeds List of extinct dog breeds List of police dog breeds List of domestic pig breeds List of donkey breeds List of goat breeds List of guinea pig breeds List of horse breeds List of rabbit breeds List of fancy rat varieties List of laboratory rat strains List of sheep breeds List of water buffalo breeds Insects Edit List of Apis mellifera subspecies Birds Edit List of chicken breeds List of duck breeds List of goose breeds List of pigeon breeds List of turkey breedsSee also EditCultivar Landrace Plant variety disambiguation Purebred Race biology Selective breeding Subspecies Strain biology Animal Genetic Resources for Food and AgricultureReferences Edit The Cattle Site Breeds Brown Swiss Retrieved 22 February 2021 S J G Hall D G Bradley 1995 Conserving livestock breed biodiversity TREE vol 10 no 7 pp 267 70 doi 10 1016 0169 5347 95 90005 5 PMID 21237034 Barbara Rischkowsky Dafydd Pilling editors 2007 The State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Rome Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ISBN 9789251057629 Archived 10 January 2017 Lush Jay Laurence 1994 Chapman A B Shrode Robert R Crow James F eds The Genetics of Populations Ames Iowa USA Iowa State College p 381 OCLC 31073249 Cited in Rischkowsky amp Pilling 2007 page 340 Clutton Brock Juliet 1987 A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals Cambridge University Press and the Museum of Natural History page 40 Banga Surinder S November 25 1998 Hybrid Cultivar Development p 119 Springer Verlag ISBN 3 540 63523 8Further reading EditFAO 2007 The Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources and the Interlaken Declaration Rome FAO 2012 Phenotypic characterization of animal genetic resources FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No 11 Rome FAO 2015 The Second Report on the State of the World s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Rome External links EditCommission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Domestic Animal Diversity Information System Implementing the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources Breeds of Livestock Oklahoma State University Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Breed amp oldid 1081946532, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
