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Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons

January 31, 2023

Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons is a growing field in semiconductor optics research, which exhibits spontaneous coherence similar to a laser, but through a different mechanism. A continuous transition from polariton condensation to lasing can be made similar to that of the crossover from a Bose–Einstein condensate to a BCS state in the context of Fermi gases.[1][2] Polariton condensation is sometimes called “lasing without inversion”.[3][4]

Overview

Polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles which can be thought of as dressed photons. In an optical cavity, photons have an effective mass, and when the optical resonance in a cavity is brought near in energy to an electronic resonance (typically an exciton) in a medium inside the cavity, the photons become strongly interacting, and repel each other. They therefore act like atoms which can approach equilibrium due to their collisions with each other, and can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) at high density or low temperature. The Bose condensate of polaritons then emits coherent light like a laser. Because the mechanism for the onset of coherence is the interactions between the polaritons, and not the optical gain that comes from inversion, the threshold density can be quite low.

History

The theory of polariton BEC was first proposed by Atac Imamoglu[5] and coauthors including Yoshihisa Yamamoto. These authors claimed observation of this effect in a subsequent paper,[6] but this was eventually shown to be standard lasing.[7][8] In later work in collaboration with the research group of Jacqueline Bloch, the structure was redesigned to include several quantum wells inside the cavity to prevent saturation of the exciton resonance, and in 2002 evidence for nonequilibrium condensation was reported[9] which included photon-photon correlations consistent with spontaneous coherence. Later experimental groups have used essentially the same design. In 2006, the group of Benoit Deveaud and coauthors reported the first widely accepted claim of nonequilibrium Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons[10] based on measurement of the momentum distribution of the polaritons. Although the system was not in equilibrium, a clear peak in the ground state of the system was seen, a canonical prediction of BEC. Both of these experiments created a polariton gas in an uncontrolled free expansion. In 2007, the experimental group of David Snoke demonstrated nonequilibrium Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons in a trap,[11] similar to the way atoms are confined in traps for Bose–Einstein condensation experiments. The observation of polariton condensation in a trap was significant because the polaritons were displaced from the laser excitation spot, so that the effect could not be attributed to a simple nonlinear effect of the laser light. Jaqueline Bloch and coworkers observed polariton condensation in 2009,[12] after which many other experimentalists reproduced the effect (for reviews see the bibliography). Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers,[13] based on the suppressed scattering of the polaritons during their motion. This effect has been seen more recently at room temperature,[14] which is the first evidence of room temperature superfluidity, albeit in a highly nonequilibrium system.

Equilibrium polariton condensation

The first clear demonstration of Bose–Einstein condensation of polaritons in equilibrium[15] was reported by a collaboration of David Snoke, Keith Nelson, and coworkers, using high quality structures fabricated by Loren Pfeiffer and Ken West at Princeton. Prior to this result, polariton condensates were always observed out of equilibrium.[16][17] All of the above studies used optical pumping to create the condensate. Electrical injection, which enables a polariton laser which could be a practical device, was shown in 2013 by two groups.[18][19]

Nonequilibrium condensation

Polariton condensates are an example, and the most well studied example, of Bose-Einstein condensation of quasiparticles. Because most of the experimental work on polariton condensates used structures with very short polariton lifetime, a large body of theory has addressed the properties of nonequilibrium condensation and superfluidity. In particular, Jonathan Keeling[20] and Iacopo Carusotto and C. Ciuti [21] have shown that although a condensate with dissipation is not a “true” superfluid, it still has a critical velocity for onset of superfluid effects.

See also

References

  1. ^ Universal Themes of Bose-Einstein Condensation, published by Cambridge University Press (2017). ISBN 978-1107085695, ISBN 1107085691 This book reviews much of the work on polariton condensation, and compares and contrasts these condensates to atomic condensates.
  2. ^ Deng, Hui; Haug, Hartmut; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa (2010-05-12). "Exciton-polariton Bose-Einstein condensation". Reviews of Modern Physics. American Physical Society (APS). 82 (2): 1489–1537. Bibcode:2010RvMP...82.1489D. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.1489. ISSN 0034-6861.
  3. ^ Carusotto, Iacopo; Ciuti, Cristiano (2013-02-21). "Quantum fluids of light". Reviews of Modern Physics. 85 (1): 299–366. arXiv:1205.6500. Bibcode:2013RvMP...85..299C. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.85.299. ISSN 0034-6861. S2CID 9675458.
  4. ^ D. Snoke and J. Keeling, “Polariton condensates come of age,” Physics Today, in press.
  5. ^ Imamog¯lu, A.; Ram, R. J.; Pau, S.; Yamamoto, Y. (1996-06-01). "Nonequilibrium condensates and lasers without inversion: Exciton-polariton lasers". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 53 (6): 4250–4253. Bibcode:1996PhRvA..53.4250I. doi:10.1103/physreva.53.4250. ISSN 1050-2947. PMID 9913395.
  6. ^ Pau, Stanley; Cao, Hui; Jacobson, Joseph; Björk, Gunnar; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa; Imamoğlu, Atac (1996-09-01). "Observation of a laserlike transition in a microcavity exciton polariton system". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 54 (3): R1789–R1792. Bibcode:1996PhRvA..54.1789P. doi:10.1103/physreva.54.r1789. ISSN 1050-2947. PMID 9913765.
  7. ^ Kira, M.; Jahnke, F.; Koch, S. W.; Berger, J. D.; Wick, D. V.; Nelson, T. R.; Khitrova, G.; Gibbs, H. M. (1997-12-22). "Quantum Theory of Nonlinear Semiconductor Microcavity Luminescence Explaining "Boser" Experiments". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 79 (25): 5170–5173. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.5170K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.79.5170. ISSN 0031-9007.
  8. ^ Cao, H.; Pau, S.; Jacobson, J. M.; Björk, G.; Yamamoto, Y.; Imamŏglu, A. (1997-06-01). "Transition from a microcavity exciton polariton to a photon laser". Physical Review A. American Physical Society (APS). 55 (6): 4632–4635. Bibcode:1997PhRvA..55.4632C. doi:10.1103/physreva.55.4632. ISSN 1050-2947.
  9. ^ Deng, Hui; Weihs, Gregor; Santori, Charles; Bloch, Jacqueline; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa (2002-10-04). "Condensation of Semiconductor Microcavity Exciton Polaritons". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 298 (5591): 199–202. Bibcode:2002Sci...298..199D. doi:10.1126/science.1074464. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 12364801. S2CID 21366048.
  10. ^ Kasprzak, J.; Richard, M.; Kundermann, S.; Baas, A.; Jeambrun, P.; et al. (2006). "Bose–Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons". Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 443 (7110): 409–414. Bibcode:2006Natur.443..409K. doi:10.1038/nature05131. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17006506. S2CID 854066.
  11. ^ Balili, R.; Hartwell, V.; Snoke, D.; Pfeiffer, L.; West, K. (2007-05-18). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons in a Trap". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 316 (5827): 1007–1010. Bibcode:2007Sci...316.1007B. doi:10.1126/science.1140990. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17510360. S2CID 2682022.
  12. ^ Wertz, Esther; Ferrier, Lydie; Solnyshkov, Dmitry D.; Senellart, Pascale; Bajoni, Daniele; Miard, Audrey; Lemaître, Aristide; Malpuech, Guillaume; Bloch, Jacqueline (2009-08-03). "Spontaneous formation of a polariton condensate in a planar GaAs microcavity". Applied Physics Letters. AIP Publishing. 95 (5): 051108. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..95e1108W. doi:10.1063/1.3192408. ISSN 0003-6951.
  13. ^ Amo, Alberto; Lefrère, Jérôme; Pigeon, Simon; Adrados, Claire; Ciuti, Cristiano; et al. (2009-09-20). "Superfluidity of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities". Nature Physics. 5 (11): 805–810. arXiv:0812.2748. Bibcode:2009NatPh...5..805A. doi:10.1038/nphys1364. ISSN 1745-2473.
  14. ^ Lerario, Giovanni; Fieramosca, Antonio; Barachati, Fábio; Ballarini, Dario; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; et al. (2017-06-05). "Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate". Nature Physics. 13 (9): 837–841. arXiv:1609.03153. Bibcode:2017NatPh..13..837L. doi:10.1038/nphys4147. ISSN 1745-2473. S2CID 119298251.
  15. ^ Sun, Yongbao; Wen, Patrick; Yoon, Yoseob; Liu, Gangqiang; Steger, Mark; et al. (2017-01-05). "Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium". Physical Review Letters. 118 (1): 016602. arXiv:1601.02581. Bibcode:2017PhRvL.118a6602S. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.016602. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 28106443.
  16. ^ Byrnes, Tim; Kim, Na Young; Yamamoto, Yoshihisa (2014-10-31). "Exciton–polariton condensates". Nature Physics. 10 (11): 803–813. arXiv:1411.6822. Bibcode:2014NatPh..10..803B. doi:10.1038/nphys3143. ISSN 1745-2473. S2CID 118545281.
  17. ^ Sanvitto, Daniele; Kéna-Cohen, Stéphane (2016-07-18). "The road towards polaritonic devices". Nature Materials. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 15 (10): 1061–1073. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15.1061S. doi:10.1038/nmat4668. ISSN 1476-1122. PMID 27429208.
  18. ^ Bhattacharya, Pallab; Xiao, Bo; Das, Ayan; Bhowmick, Sishir; Heo, Junseok (2013-05-15). "Solid State Electrically Injected Exciton-Polariton Laser". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 110 (20): 206403. Bibcode:2013PhRvL.110t6403B. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.206403. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 25167434.
  19. ^ Schneider, Christian; Rahimi-Iman, Arash; Kim, Na Young; Fischer, Julian; Savenko, Ivan G.; et al. (2013). "An electrically pumped polariton laser". Nature. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 497 (7449): 348–352. Bibcode:2013Natur.497..348S. doi:10.1038/nature12036. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 23676752. S2CID 205233384.
  20. ^ Keeling, Jonathan (2011-08-16). "Superfluid Density of an Open Dissipative Condensate". Physical Review Letters. 107 (8): 080402. arXiv:1106.0682. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107h0402K. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.080402. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 21929148. S2CID 20120656.
  21. ^ Carusotto, Iacopo; Ciuti, Cristiano (2004-10-13). "Probing Microcavity Polariton Superfluidity through Resonant Rayleigh Scattering". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society (APS). 93 (16): 166401. arXiv:cond-mat/0404573. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93p6401C. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.93.166401. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 15525014. S2CID 119063597.

Further reading

January 31, 2023
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Bose Einstein condensation of polaritons is a growing field in semiconductor optics research which exhibits spontaneous coherence similar to a laser but through a different mechanism A continuous transition from polariton condensation to lasing can be made similar to that of the crossover from a Bose Einstein condensate to a BCS state in the context of Fermi gases 1 2 Polariton condensation is sometimes called lasing without inversion 3 4 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Equilibrium polariton condensation 4 Nonequilibrium condensation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingOverview EditPolaritons are bosonic quasiparticles which can be thought of as dressed photons In an optical cavity photons have an effective mass and when the optical resonance in a cavity is brought near in energy to an electronic resonance typically an exciton in a medium inside the cavity the photons become strongly interacting and repel each other They therefore act like atoms which can approach equilibrium due to their collisions with each other and can undergo Bose Einstein condensation BEC at high density or low temperature The Bose condensate of polaritons then emits coherent light like a laser Because the mechanism for the onset of coherence is the interactions between the polaritons and not the optical gain that comes from inversion the threshold density can be quite low History EditThe theory of polariton BEC was first proposed by Atac Imamoglu 5 and coauthors including Yoshihisa Yamamoto These authors claimed observation of this effect in a subsequent paper 6 but this was eventually shown to be standard lasing 7 8 In later work in collaboration with the research group of Jacqueline Bloch the structure was redesigned to include several quantum wells inside the cavity to prevent saturation of the exciton resonance and in 2002 evidence for nonequilibrium condensation was reported 9 which included photon photon correlations consistent with spontaneous coherence Later experimental groups have used essentially the same design In 2006 the group of Benoit Deveaud and coauthors reported the first widely accepted claim of nonequilibrium Bose Einstein condensation of polaritons 10 based on measurement of the momentum distribution of the polaritons Although the system was not in equilibrium a clear peak in the ground state of the system was seen a canonical prediction of BEC Both of these experiments created a polariton gas in an uncontrolled free expansion In 2007 the experimental group of David Snoke demonstrated nonequilibrium Bose Einstein condensation of polaritons in a trap 11 similar to the way atoms are confined in traps for Bose Einstein condensation experiments The observation of polariton condensation in a trap was significant because the polaritons were displaced from the laser excitation spot so that the effect could not be attributed to a simple nonlinear effect of the laser light Jaqueline Bloch and coworkers observed polariton condensation in 2009 12 after which many other experimentalists reproduced the effect for reviews see the bibliography Evidence for polariton superfluidity was reported in by Alberto Amo and coworkers 13 based on the suppressed scattering of the polaritons during their motion This effect has been seen more recently at room temperature 14 which is the first evidence of room temperature superfluidity albeit in a highly nonequilibrium system Equilibrium polariton condensation EditThe first clear demonstration of Bose Einstein condensation of polaritons in equilibrium 15 was reported by a collaboration of David Snoke Keith Nelson and coworkers using high quality structures fabricated by Loren Pfeiffer and Ken West at Princeton Prior to this result polariton condensates were always observed out of equilibrium 16 17 All of the above studies used optical pumping to create the condensate Electrical injection which enables a polariton laser which could be a practical device was shown in 2013 by two groups 18 19 Nonequilibrium condensation EditPolariton condensates are an example and the most well studied example of Bose Einstein condensation of quasiparticles Because most of the experimental work on polariton condensates used structures with very short polariton lifetime a large body of theory has addressed the properties of nonequilibrium condensation and superfluidity In particular Jonathan Keeling 20 and Iacopo Carusotto and C Ciuti 21 have shown that although a condensate with dissipation is not a true superfluid it still has a critical velocity for onset of superfluid effects See also EditBose Einstein condensation of quasiparticlesReferences Edit Universal Themes of Bose Einstein Condensation published by Cambridge University Press 2017 ISBN 978 1107085695 ISBN 1107085691 This book reviews much of the work on polariton condensation and compares and contrasts these condensates to atomic condensates Deng Hui Haug Hartmut Yamamoto Yoshihisa 2010 05 12 Exciton polariton Bose Einstein condensation Reviews of Modern Physics American Physical Society APS 82 2 1489 1537 Bibcode 2010RvMP 82 1489D doi 10 1103 revmodphys 82 1489 ISSN 0034 6861 Carusotto Iacopo Ciuti Cristiano 2013 02 21 Quantum fluids of light Reviews of Modern Physics 85 1 299 366 arXiv 1205 6500 Bibcode 2013RvMP 85 299C doi 10 1103 revmodphys 85 299 ISSN 0034 6861 S2CID 9675458 D Snoke and J Keeling Polariton condensates come of age Physics Today in press Imamog lu A Ram R J Pau S Yamamoto Y 1996 06 01 Nonequilibrium condensates and lasers without inversion Exciton polariton lasers Physical Review A American Physical Society APS 53 6 4250 4253 Bibcode 1996PhRvA 53 4250I doi 10 1103 physreva 53 4250 ISSN 1050 2947 PMID 9913395 Pau Stanley Cao Hui Jacobson Joseph Bjork Gunnar Yamamoto Yoshihisa Imamoglu Atac 1996 09 01 Observation of a laserlike transition in a microcavity exciton polariton system Physical Review A American Physical Society APS 54 3 R1789 R1792 Bibcode 1996PhRvA 54 1789P doi 10 1103 physreva 54 r1789 ISSN 1050 2947 PMID 9913765 Kira M Jahnke F Koch S W Berger J D Wick D V Nelson T R Khitrova G Gibbs H M 1997 12 22 Quantum Theory of Nonlinear Semiconductor Microcavity Luminescence Explaining Boser Experiments Physical Review Letters American Physical Society APS 79 25 5170 5173 Bibcode 1997PhRvL 79 5170K doi 10 1103 physrevlett 79 5170 ISSN 0031 9007 Cao H Pau S Jacobson J M Bjork G Yamamoto Y Imamŏglu A 1997 06 01 Transition from a microcavity exciton polariton to a photon laser Physical Review A American Physical Society APS 55 6 4632 4635 Bibcode 1997PhRvA 55 4632C doi 10 1103 physreva 55 4632 ISSN 1050 2947 Deng Hui Weihs Gregor Santori Charles Bloch Jacqueline Yamamoto Yoshihisa 2002 10 04 Condensation of Semiconductor Microcavity Exciton Polaritons Science American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS 298 5591 199 202 Bibcode 2002Sci 298 199D doi 10 1126 science 1074464 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 12364801 S2CID 21366048 Kasprzak J Richard M Kundermann S Baas A Jeambrun P et al 2006 Bose Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 443 7110 409 414 Bibcode 2006Natur 443 409K doi 10 1038 nature05131 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 17006506 S2CID 854066 Balili R Hartwell V Snoke D Pfeiffer L West K 2007 05 18 Bose Einstein Condensation of Microcavity Polaritons in a Trap Science American Association for the Advancement of Science AAAS 316 5827 1007 1010 Bibcode 2007Sci 316 1007B doi 10 1126 science 1140990 ISSN 0036 8075 PMID 17510360 S2CID 2682022 Wertz Esther Ferrier Lydie Solnyshkov Dmitry D Senellart Pascale Bajoni Daniele Miard Audrey Lemaitre Aristide Malpuech Guillaume Bloch Jacqueline 2009 08 03 Spontaneous formation of a polariton condensate in a planar GaAs microcavity Applied Physics Letters AIP Publishing 95 5 051108 Bibcode 2009ApPhL 95e1108W doi 10 1063 1 3192408 ISSN 0003 6951 Amo Alberto Lefrere Jerome Pigeon Simon Adrados Claire Ciuti Cristiano et al 2009 09 20 Superfluidity of polaritons in semiconductor microcavities Nature Physics 5 11 805 810 arXiv 0812 2748 Bibcode 2009NatPh 5 805A doi 10 1038 nphys1364 ISSN 1745 2473 Lerario Giovanni Fieramosca Antonio Barachati Fabio Ballarini Dario Daskalakis Konstantinos S et al 2017 06 05 Room temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate Nature Physics 13 9 837 841 arXiv 1609 03153 Bibcode 2017NatPh 13 837L doi 10 1038 nphys4147 ISSN 1745 2473 S2CID 119298251 Sun Yongbao Wen Patrick Yoon Yoseob Liu Gangqiang Steger Mark et al 2017 01 05 Bose Einstein Condensation of Long Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium Physical Review Letters 118 1 016602 arXiv 1601 02581 Bibcode 2017PhRvL 118a6602S doi 10 1103 physrevlett 118 016602 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 28106443 Byrnes Tim Kim Na Young Yamamoto Yoshihisa 2014 10 31 Exciton polariton condensates Nature Physics 10 11 803 813 arXiv 1411 6822 Bibcode 2014NatPh 10 803B doi 10 1038 nphys3143 ISSN 1745 2473 S2CID 118545281 Sanvitto Daniele Kena Cohen Stephane 2016 07 18 The road towards polaritonic devices Nature Materials Springer Science and Business Media LLC 15 10 1061 1073 Bibcode 2016NatMa 15 1061S doi 10 1038 nmat4668 ISSN 1476 1122 PMID 27429208 Bhattacharya Pallab Xiao Bo Das Ayan Bhowmick Sishir Heo Junseok 2013 05 15 Solid State Electrically Injected Exciton Polariton Laser Physical Review Letters American Physical Society APS 110 20 206403 Bibcode 2013PhRvL 110t6403B doi 10 1103 physrevlett 110 206403 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 25167434 Schneider Christian Rahimi Iman Arash Kim Na Young Fischer Julian Savenko Ivan G et al 2013 An electrically pumped polariton laser Nature Springer Science and Business Media LLC 497 7449 348 352 Bibcode 2013Natur 497 348S doi 10 1038 nature12036 ISSN 0028 0836 PMID 23676752 S2CID 205233384 Keeling Jonathan 2011 08 16 Superfluid Density of an Open Dissipative Condensate Physical Review Letters 107 8 080402 arXiv 1106 0682 Bibcode 2011PhRvL 107h0402K doi 10 1103 physrevlett 107 080402 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 21929148 S2CID 20120656 Carusotto Iacopo Ciuti Cristiano 2004 10 13 Probing Microcavity Polariton Superfluidity through Resonant Rayleigh Scattering Physical Review Letters American Physical Society APS 93 16 166401 arXiv cond mat 0404573 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 93p6401C doi 10 1103 physrevlett 93 166401 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 15525014 S2CID 119063597 Further reading EditUniversal Themes of Bose Einstein Condensation published by Cambridge University Press 2017 ISBN 978 1107085695 ISBN 1107085691 John Robert Schrieffer Theory of Superconductivity 1964 ISBN 0 7382 0120 0 Bose Einstein Condensation published by Cambridge University Press 1996 ISBN 978 0 521 58990 1 ISBN 0 521 58990 8 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bose Einstein condensation of polaritons amp oldid 1119080508, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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