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Polariton

May 02, 2024

Not to be confused with Polaron.

In physics, polaritons /pəˈlærɪtɒnz, poʊ-/[1] are quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation.[example needed] They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion, also known as the avoided crossing principle. Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance. To this extent polaritons can also be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. The polariton is a bosonic quasiparticle, and should not be confused with the polaron (a fermionic quasiparticle), which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud.

Dispersion relation of phonon polaritons in GaP. Red curves are the uncoupled phonon and photon dispersion relations, black curves are the result of coupling (from top to bottom: upper polariton, LO phonon, lower polariton).

Whenever the polariton picture is valid (i.e., when the weak coupling limit is an invalid approximation), the model of photons propagating freely in crystals is insufficient. A major feature of polaritons is a strong dependency of the propagation speed of light through the crystal on the frequency of the photon. For exciton-polaritons, a wealth of experimental results on various aspects have been gained in the case of copper(I) oxide.

History edit

Oscillations in ionized gases were observed by Lewi Tonks and Irving Langmuir in 1929.[2] Polaritons were first considered theoretically by Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo.[3][4] They were termed light-excitons in Soviet scientific literature. That name was suggested by Solomon Isaakovich Pekar, but the term polariton, proposed by John Hopfield, was adopted. Coupled states of electromagnetic waves and phonons in ionic crystals and their dispersion relation, now known as phonon polaritons, were obtained by Tolpygo in 1950[3][4] and, independently, by Huang Kun in 1951.[5][6] Collective interactions were published by David Pines and David Bohm in 1952, and plasmons were described in silver by Herbert Fröhlich and H. Pelzer in 1955. R.H Ritchie predicted surface plasmons in 1957, then Ritchie and H.B. Eldridge published experiments and predictions of emitted photons from irradiated metal foils in 1962. Otto first published on surface plasmon-polaritons in 1968.[7] Room-temperature superfluidity of polaritons was observed[8] in 2016 by Giovanni Lerario et al., at CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, using an organic microcavity supporting stable Frenkel exciton-polaritons at room temperature. In February 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a new three-photon form of light, which may involve polaritons, that could be useful in the development of quantum computers.[9][10]

Types edit

A polariton is the result of the combination of a photon with a polar excitation in a material. The following are types of polaritons:

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2021-01-17.
  2. ^ Tonks, Lewi; Langmuir, Irving (1929-02-01). "Oscillations in Ionized Gases". Physical Review. 33 (2): 195–210. Bibcode:1929PhRv...33..195T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.33.195. PMC 1085653.
  3. ^ a b Tolpygo, K.B. (1950). "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions". Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (J. Exp. Theor. Phys.). 20 (6): 497–509, in Russian.
  4. ^ a b K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions", Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: Ukrainian Journal of Physics, vol. 53, special issue (2008); (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-10-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  5. ^ Huang, Kun (1951). "Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals". Nature. 167 (4254): 779–780. Bibcode:1951Natur.167..779H. doi:10.1038/167779b0. S2CID 30926099.
  6. ^ Huang, Kun (1951). "On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. 208 (1094): 352–365. Bibcode:1951RSPSA.208..352H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1951.0166. S2CID 97746500.
  7. ^ Otto, A. (1968). "Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection". Z. Phys. 216 (4): 398–410. Bibcode:1968ZPhy..216..398O. doi:10.1007/BF01391532. S2CID 119934323.
  8. ^ Lerario, Giovanni; Fieramosca, Antonio; Barachati, Fábio; Ballarini, Dario; Daskalakis, Konstantinos S.; Dominici, Lorenzo; De Giorgi, Milena; Maier, Stefan A.; Gigli, Giuseppe; Kéna-Cohen, Stéphane; Sanvitto, Daniele (2017). "Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate". Nature Physics. 13 (9): 837–841. arXiv:1609.03153. Bibcode:2017NatPh..13..837L. doi:10.1038/nphys4147. S2CID 119298251.
  9. ^ Hignett, Katherine (16 February 2018). "Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  10. ^ Liang, Qi-Yu; et al. (16 February 2018). "Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium". Science. 359 (6377): 783–786. arXiv:1709.01478. Bibcode:2018Sci...359..783L. doi:10.1126/science.aao7293. PMC 6467536. PMID 29449489.
  11. ^ Fox, Mark (2010). Optical Properties of Solids (2 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0199573370.
  12. ^ Eradat, N.; et al. (2002). "Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes". Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 (19): 3491. arXiv:cond-mat/0105205. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..80.3491E. doi:10.1063/1.1479197. S2CID 119077076.
  13. ^ Yuen-Zhou, Joel; Saikin, Semion K.; Zhu, Tony; Onbasli, Mehmet C.; Ross, Caroline A.; Bulovic, Vladimir; Baldo, Marc A. (2016-06-09). "Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes". Nature Communications. 7: 11783. arXiv:1509.03687. Bibcode:2016NatCo...711783Y. doi:10.1038/ncomms11783. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4906226. PMID 27278258.
  14. ^ Kauch, A.; et al. (2020). "Generic Optical Excitations of Correlated Systems: pi-tons". Phys. Rev. Lett. 124 (4): 047401. arXiv:1902.09342. Bibcode:2020PhRvL.124d7401K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.047401. PMID 32058776. S2CID 119215630.
  15. ^ Klingshirn, Claus F. (2012-07-06). Semiconductor Optics (4 ed.). Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-364228362-8.

Further reading edit

  • Baker-Jarvis, J. (2012). "The Interaction of Radio-Frequency Fields With Dielectric Materials at Macroscopic to Mesoscopic Scales". Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 117. National Institute of Science and Technology: 1–60. doi:10.6028/jres.117.001. PMC 4553869. PMID 26900513.
  • Fano, U. (1956). "Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials". Physical Review. 103 (5): 1202–1218. Bibcode:1956PhRv..103.1202F. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.103.1202.
  • Hopfield, J. J. (1958). "Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals". Physical Review. 112 (5): 1555–1567. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1555H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555.
  • "New type of supercomputer could be based on 'magic dust' combination of light and matter". University of Cambridge. 25 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

External links edit

  • YouTube animation explaining what is polariton in a semiconductor micro-resonator.
  • Description of the experimental research on polariton fluids at the Institute of Nanotechnologies.

May 02, 2024
polariton, confused, with, polaron, this, article, technical, most, readers, understand, please, help, improve, make, understandable, experts, without, removing, technical, details, april, 2018, learn, when, remove, this, message, physics, polaritons, quasipar. Not to be confused with Polaron This article may be too technical for most readers to understand Please help improve it to make it understandable to non experts without removing the technical details April 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message In physics polaritons p e ˈ l aer ɪ t ɒ n z p oʊ 1 are quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves with an electric or magnetic dipole carrying excitation example needed They are an expression of the common quantum phenomenon known as level repulsion also known as the avoided crossing principle Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance To this extent polaritons can also be thought of as the new normal modes of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation The polariton is a bosonic quasiparticle and should not be confused with the polaron a fermionic quasiparticle which is an electron plus an attached phonon cloud Dispersion relation of phonon polaritons in GaP Red curves are the uncoupled phonon and photon dispersion relations black curves are the result of coupling from top to bottom upper polariton LO phonon lower polariton Whenever the polariton picture is valid i e when the weak coupling limit is an invalid approximation the model of photons propagating freely in crystals is insufficient A major feature of polaritons is a strong dependency of the propagation speed of light through the crystal on the frequency of the photon For exciton polaritons a wealth of experimental results on various aspects have been gained in the case of copper I oxide Contents 1 History 2 Types 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory editOscillations in ionized gases were observed by Lewi Tonks and Irving Langmuir in 1929 2 Polaritons were first considered theoretically by Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo 3 4 They were termed light excitons in Soviet scientific literature That name was suggested by Solomon Isaakovich Pekar but the term polariton proposed by John Hopfield was adopted Coupled states of electromagnetic waves and phonons in ionic crystals and their dispersion relation now known as phonon polaritons were obtained by Tolpygo in 1950 3 4 and independently by Huang Kun in 1951 5 6 Collective interactions were published by David Pines and David Bohm in 1952 and plasmons were described in silver by Herbert Frohlich and H Pelzer in 1955 R H Ritchie predicted surface plasmons in 1957 then Ritchie and H B Eldridge published experiments and predictions of emitted photons from irradiated metal foils in 1962 Otto first published on surface plasmon polaritons in 1968 7 Room temperature superfluidity of polaritons was observed 8 in 2016 by Giovanni Lerario et al at CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology using an organic microcavity supporting stable Frenkel exciton polaritons at room temperature In February 2018 scientists reported the discovery of a new three photon form of light which may involve polaritons that could be useful in the development of quantum computers 9 10 Types editA polariton is the result of the combination of a photon with a polar excitation in a material The following are types of polaritons Phonon polaritons result from coupling of an infrared photon with an optical phonon Exciton polaritons result from coupling of visible light with an exciton 11 Intersubband polaritons result from coupling of an infrared or terahertz photon with an intersubband excitation Surface plasmon polaritons result from coupling of surface plasmons with light the wavelength depends on the substance and its geometry Bragg polaritons Braggoritons result from coupling of Bragg photon modes with bulk excitons 12 Plexcitons result from coupling plasmons with excitons 13 Magnon polaritons result from coupling of magnon with light pi tons result from coupling of alternating charge or spin fluctuations with light distinctly different from magnon or exciton polaritons 14 Cavity polaritons 15 See also editAtomic coherence Polariton laser Polariton superfluid PolaritonicsReferences edit Polariton Lexico UK English Dictionary Oxford University Press Archived from the original on 2021 01 17 Tonks Lewi Langmuir Irving 1929 02 01 Oscillations in Ionized Gases Physical Review 33 2 195 210 Bibcode 1929PhRv 33 195T doi 10 1103 PhysRev 33 195 PMC 1085653 a b Tolpygo K B 1950 Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki J Exp Theor Phys 20 6 497 509 in Russian a b K B Tolpygo Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions Zh Eks Teor Fiz vol 20 No 6 pp 497 509 1950 English translation Ukrainian Journal of Physics vol 53 special issue 2008 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2015 12 08 Retrieved 2015 10 15 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Huang Kun 1951 Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals Nature 167 4254 779 780 Bibcode 1951Natur 167 779H doi 10 1038 167779b0 S2CID 30926099 Huang Kun 1951 On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A 208 1094 352 365 Bibcode 1951RSPSA 208 352H doi 10 1098 rspa 1951 0166 S2CID 97746500 Otto A 1968 Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection Z Phys 216 4 398 410 Bibcode 1968ZPhy 216 398O doi 10 1007 BF01391532 S2CID 119934323 Lerario Giovanni Fieramosca Antonio Barachati Fabio Ballarini Dario Daskalakis Konstantinos S Dominici Lorenzo De Giorgi Milena Maier Stefan A Gigli Giuseppe Kena Cohen Stephane Sanvitto Daniele 2017 Room temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate Nature Physics 13 9 837 841 arXiv 1609 03153 Bibcode 2017NatPh 13 837L doi 10 1038 nphys4147 S2CID 119298251 Hignett Katherine 16 February 2018 Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution Newsweek Retrieved 17 February 2018 Liang Qi Yu et al 16 February 2018 Observation of three photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium Science 359 6377 783 786 arXiv 1709 01478 Bibcode 2018Sci 359 783L doi 10 1126 science aao7293 PMC 6467536 PMID 29449489 Fox Mark 2010 Optical Properties of Solids 2 ed Oxford University Press p 107 ISBN 978 0199573370 Eradat N et al 2002 Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes Appl Phys Lett 80 19 3491 arXiv cond mat 0105205 Bibcode 2002ApPhL 80 3491E doi 10 1063 1 1479197 S2CID 119077076 Yuen Zhou Joel Saikin Semion K Zhu Tony Onbasli Mehmet C Ross Caroline A Bulovic Vladimir Baldo Marc A 2016 06 09 Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes Nature Communications 7 11783 arXiv 1509 03687 Bibcode 2016NatCo 711783Y doi 10 1038 ncomms11783 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 4906226 PMID 27278258 Kauch A et al 2020 Generic Optical Excitations of Correlated Systems pi tons Phys Rev Lett 124 4 047401 arXiv 1902 09342 Bibcode 2020PhRvL 124d7401K doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 124 047401 PMID 32058776 S2CID 119215630 Klingshirn Claus F 2012 07 06 Semiconductor Optics 4 ed Springer p 105 ISBN 978 364228362 8 Further reading editBaker Jarvis J 2012 The Interaction of Radio Frequency Fields With Dielectric Materials at Macroscopic to Mesoscopic Scales Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 117 National Institute of Science and Technology 1 60 doi 10 6028 jres 117 001 PMC 4553869 PMID 26900513 Fano U 1956 Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials Physical Review 103 5 1202 1218 Bibcode 1956PhRv 103 1202F doi 10 1103 PhysRev 103 1202 Hopfield J J 1958 Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals Physical Review 112 5 1555 1567 Bibcode 1958PhRv 112 1555H doi 10 1103 PhysRev 112 1555 New type of supercomputer could be based on magic dust combination of light and matter University of Cambridge 25 September 2017 Retrieved 28 September 2017 External links editYouTube animation explaining what is polariton in a semiconductor micro resonator Description of the experimental research on polariton fluids at the Institute of Nanotechnologies Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Polariton amp oldid 1194804502, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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