Bonifacio Ondó Edú
Bonifacio Ondó Edú-Aguong (16 March 1922 – 5 March 1969) was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea from 1964 to 1968 while it was still under Spanish colonial rule, as Spanish Guinea. He played a leading role in the country's independence, and led the National Union Movement of Equatorial Guinea from 1959 until his death.
Bonifacio Ondó Edú | |
|---|---|
Presidential campaign photo, 1968 | |
| Prime Minister of Spanish Guinea | |
| In office 1 January 1964 – 12 October 1968 | |
| Deputy | Francisco Macías Nguema |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Cristino Seriche Bioko as Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea[a] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 16 March 1922 Evinayong, Spanish Guinea |
| Died | 5 March 1969 (aged 46) Black Beach, Equatorial Guinea |
| Political party | MUNGE (from 1963) |
| Other political affiliations | UPLGE (1959-1963) |
| Spouse | Edelvina Oyana[2] |
| Awards | Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella The Catholic (1968) |
He took office when the country gained autonomy in 1964, and ran in the country's first presidential election in 1968, losing in the run-off.[3] He handed power over to newly elected president Francisco Macías Nguema on 12 October 1968 (the day of independence). He was imprisoned and officially committed suicide only a few months later. Another account says he returned in 1969 from exile in Gabon and was killed.[3]
Biography edit
Early and personal life edit
Bonifacio Ondó Edú-Aguong,[4] a member of the Fang people,[5][6] was born in 1922,[1][b] in Evinayong, Spanish Guinea.[6] Ondó Edú married Edelvina Oyana, also a member of the Fang people,[2] and the two were the parents of a large family. Ondó Edú has been described as "of profound religious-Catholic convictions."[6]
During the 1950s, emerging groups of African nationalists began pushing for independence from Spain. However, after the murder of several independence leaders such as Acacio Mañé Ela and Enrique Nvo and the arrests of 24 others in 1959, many nationalists chose to flee into exile and continue the movement abroad, including Ondó Edú. He founded the party Unión Popular de Liberación de Guinea Ecuatorial (UPLGE) ("People's Liberation Movement of Equatorial Guinea") in Libreville, Gabon, in October 1959.[7]
On 15 December 1963, Spain held an autonomy referedum, with 62.5% of eligible Equatoguinean voters voting yes for autonomy.[8] [9] That same year, Spain began allowing open political activity in Equatorial Guinea, which led to several Equatoguinean political parties being formed.[10] Ondó Edú's UPLGE became the moderate Movimiento de Unión Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial (MUNGE) ("National Unity Movement of Equatorial Guinea"), in November of that year.[9]
Prime minister of Spanish Guinea edit
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| Autonomous government council of Spanish Guinea[11] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Office | Name | Term |
| Prime Minister | Bonifacio Ondó Edú | 1964 – 1968 |
| Deputy Prime Minister | Francisco Macías Nguema | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Public Works | Francisco Macías Nguema | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Forests | Rafael Nsue Nchama | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Information and Tourism | Antonio Cándido Nang Ondo | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Teaching | Luis Rondo Maguga Rolé | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Agriculture | Aurelio Nicolás Itoha | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of the Treasury | Luis Maho Sicachá | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Sanitation | Gustavo Watson Bueco | 1964 – 1968 |
| Minister of Industry and Commerce | Ramón Boricó Toichoa | 1964 – 1968 |
When Spanish Guinea was granted autonomy in 1964, a provisional council was created to govern the country. Ondó Edú became the Prime Minister (or President) of the council on 1 January 1964.[9] His Deputy (or Vice President) was Francisco Macías Nguema of the political party Idea Popular de Guinea Ecuatorial (IPGE).[3][9][12] The council included politicians from Spanish Guinea's various ethnic groups, including Fang, Bubi, and Ndowe people.[11]
In foreign policy, Ondó Edú established good relations with Gabon and its president Léon M'ba (also a Fang). He visited Libreville in May 1965, and was given a warm reception, being referred to as the "President of Equatorial Guinea" by the local press.[13]
Ondó Edú was his party's presidential candidate in the 1968 general election.[8] He campaigned as a moderate who supported continued ties with Spain after independence, while his main opponent, Macías Nguema, was vocally critical of further Spanish involvement in Equatoguinean affairs post-independence.[14] Ondó Edú had the support of then-Deputy Prime Minister of Spain Luis Carrero Blanco,[15] the wider Spanish government, businessmen, the middle class, and various local ethnic groups. His official symbol was a gazelle.[16] In the first round, he received 31,941 votes (34.84%). In the second round, he received 40,254 votes (37.08%). In both rounds, he came in second to Macías Nguema, who won 36,716 votes (40.05%) in the first round and 68,310 votes (62.92%) in the second round.[8] Macías Nguema ultimately won the elections.[17]
On 11 October 1968, Ondó Edú was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella The Catholic by Minister of Information and Tourism Manuel Fraga on behalf of the Spanish government.[18]
On October 12 1968, Ondó Edu transferred power to president-elect Macías Nguema.[19] Fraga signed Equatorial Guinea's Declaration of Independence later that day, officially making the country independent from Spanish rule.[20][21] Equatorial Guinea became the 44th independent African nation.[22]
Exile and death edit
After the end of his term, Ondó Edú, fearing for his life, once again fled into exile in Gabon.[15] Macías Nguema, who quickly began establishing a dictatorship, requested that Gabonese President Omar Bongo extradite Ondó Edú back to Equatorial Guinea, but Bongo refused. However, the Spanish government complied, and forcibly returned Ondó Edú to the country.[23] He was arrested upon his return, and according the Equatoguinean government's official account, he committed suicide on March 5, 1969.[15] However, according to one account, Ondó Edú was tortured in Black Beach prison for ten days by Mariano Mdemendongo, a member of the national guard, before finally being executed.[24] His wife was also reportedly killed on Macías Nguema's orders the same year he was.[25][26]
Notes edit
- ^ Following the independence of Spanish Guinea in 1968 and the presidential election that year, the country was renamed and the position of prime minister was abolished. President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo reestablished the office in 1982 as Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea, with Seriche Bioko in the position.[1]
- ^ Some sources say 1920.[5]
References edit
- ^ a b "Estas son las personalidades que han ostentado el cargo de Primer Ministro en Guinea Ecuatorial" (in Spanish). AhoraEG. 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ a b Liniger-Goumaz 1979, p. 203
- ^ a b c Lipschutz & Rasmussen 1986, p. 272
- ^ Delmas, Bonacci & Argyriadis 2020, p. 71
- ^ a b Alarcón, Julio Martín (2016-12-01). "Españoles en Guinea Ecuatorial: descolonización a punta de pistola" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 2023-09-16.
- ^ a b c Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 315
- ^ Scafidi 2015, p. 24
- ^ a b c "Elections in Equatorial Guinea". African Elections Database. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
- ^ a b c d Scafidi 2015, p. 25
- ^ Mitchell, Morrison & Paden 1989, p. 437
- ^ a b Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 362
- ^ "Francisco Macias Nguema, el rey loco de Guinea Ecuatorial. Kribios Universal" (in Spanish). Asodegue Segunda Etapa. 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2023-10-10.
- ^ Cronjé, Suzanne (1976). Equatorial Guinea, the Forgotten Dictatorship: Forced Labour and Political Murder in Central Africa. Anti-Slavery Society. p. 10. ISBN 9780900918056.
- ^ "Central Intelligence Bulletin" (PDF). Central Intelligence Agency. 1968-09-27. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
- ^ a b c Alarcón, Julio Martín. "Guinea por Gibraltar: el plan que partió al régimen de Franco en dos" (in Spanish). El Confidencial. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 396
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 321
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 401
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, pp. 316, 398
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 404
- ^ "Fraga regresa a Guinea cuatro décadas después de firmar su acta de independencia" (in Spanish). El Mundo. 2009-09-07. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
- ^ Iyanga Pendi 2021, p. 406
- ^ Acta Africana: Vol. 20-21 (in French). Institut Africain de Genève. 1982. p. 115.
- ^ Liniger-Goumaz 1979, p. 381
- ^ Liniger-Goumaz 1979, p. 387
- ^ Uwechue 1991, p. 599
Bibliography edit
- Delmas, Adrien; Bonacci, Giulia; Argyriadis, Kali (2020). Cuba and Africa, 1959-1994: Writing an Alternative Atlantic History. Wits University Press. ISBN 9781776146338.
- Iyanga Pendi, Augusto (2021). Historia de Guinea Ecuatorial (in Spanish). Nau Libres. ISBN 9788418047411.
- Liniger-Goumaz, Max (1979). La Guinée équatoriale: un pays méconnu (in French). L'Harmattan. ISBN 9782858021321.
- Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1986). Dictionary of African Historical Biography (2nd ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0520066111.
- Mitchell, Robert C.; Morrison, Donald G.; Paden, John (1989). Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781349110230.
- Scafidi, Oscar (2015). Equatorial Guinea. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841629254.
- Uwechue, Ralph (1991). Makers Of Modern Africa: Profiles in History (2nd ed.). Africa Books Limited. ISBN 0-903274-18-3.