The sound's source was roughly triangulated to 50°S100°W / 50°S 100°W / -50; -100, a remote point in the South Pacific Ocean west of the southern tip of South America. The sound was detected by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array,[1] a system of hydrophones primarily used to monitor undersea seismicity, ice noise, and marine mammal population and migration.[5]: 284 This is a stand-alone system designed and built by NOAA's Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) to augment NOAA's use of the U.S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which was equipment originally designed to detect Sovietsubmarines.[5]: 255–256
Bloop
Bloop at 16x the original speed, from the NOAA website.
According to the NOAA description, the sound "rose" in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard on multiple sensors, at a range of over 5,000 km (3,000 mi).
Ice quake originedit
The NOAA Vents Program has attributed the sound to that of a large cryoseism (also known as an ice quake).[4] Numerous ice quakes share similar spectrograms with Bloop, as well as the amplitude necessary to detect them despite ranges exceeding 5,000 km (3,000 mi). This was found during the tracking of iceberg A53a as it disintegrated near South Georgia Island in early 2008. The iceberg(s) involved in generating the sound were most likely between Bransfield Strait and the Ross Sea; or possibly at Cape Adare, a well-known source of cryogenic signals.[1] Sounds generated by ice quakes are easily determined through the use of hydrophones since seawater, an excellent sound channel, allows the ambient sounds generated through ice activities to travel great distances.[6]: 5
Ice calvingedit
In ice calving, variations result from a sound source's motion.[6]: 55 As oceanographer Yunbo Xie explains, the alteration of waveforms from a detected sound "can also be caused by so-called angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of the ice cover."[6]: 59
Rubbing and ridging events within an ice floeedit
Two processes known as rubbing and ridging are responsible for acoustical emissions similar to those from ice calving.[7] Rubbing involves two or more areas of compacted glacial ice floes which are being forced together, inducing shear deformation at its edges and triggering horizontally-polarized shear waves, i. e. SH waves.[6]: 137 Ridging occurs when that ice bends or slides at the ridges.[6]: 121 According to Xie, both events will produce sound in the failure sequence (breakup) of an ice floe:
"A wave equation resulting from shear deformation will be defined in an ice floe with the rubbing effect coupled to the floe through its boundary with the adjacent ice,"[6]: 137 while "ridging deformation(s) revealed by this event indicate that the failure process is associated with a crushing process that seals air or vacuous gaps between ice floes. The acoustical signals emitted by this failure process are similar to those emitted from a collapsing air bubble in a fluid."[6]: 121
Animal originedit
NOAA's Christopher Fox, in an interview with CNN in 2001, stated that he believed Bloop to be ice calving in Antarctica.[8] In 2002, Fox was interviewed by David Wolman for an article in New Scientist, where he stated that he did not believe its origin was man-made, such as a submarine or bomb. Fox also stated that while the audio profile of Bloop does resemble that of a living creature,[2] the source was a mystery because it would be "far more powerful than the calls made by any animal on Earth."[9] Wolman reported in his article the following:
Fox's hunch is that the sound nicknamed Bloop is the most likely (out of the other recorded unidentified sounds) to come from some sort of animal, because its signature is a rapid variation in frequency similar to that of sounds known to be made by marine beasts. There's one crucial difference, however: in 1997 Bloop was detected by sensors up to 4,800 km (3,000 mi) apart. That means it must be far louder than any whale noise, or any other animal noise for that matter. Is it even remotely possible that some creature bigger than any whale is lurking in the ocean depths? Or, perhaps more likely, something that is much more efficient at making sound?[10]: 174–175
— David Wolman
According to author Philip Hayward, Wolman's speculations "amplified Fox's 'hunch' and—through the use of the word 'likely'—opened the door for subsequent speculation as to what such an 'efficient' noise-making entity might be. Over the last decade, consensus has supported the argument that the noise is produced by ice fracturing processes."[10]: 175
^ abDavid Wolman (June 15, 2002). . New Scientist. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
^Steadman, Ian (November 29, 2012). "The Bloop Mystery Has Been Solved: It Was Never A Giant Sea Monster". WIRED UK. Conde Nast Publications.
^ abUS Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (June 25, 2018). . oceanservice.noaa.gov. Archived from the original on May 7, 2019.
^ abDi Mento, John Mark (December 2006). "Environmental Challenges to Post-Cold War Naval Operations: The Browning of the Blue Water Battlespace". Beyond the Water's Edge: United States National Security & the Ocean Environment (Ph.D. thesis). Medford, MA: Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University. Document No. 3262885 ProQuest 304741876 – via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
^ abcdefgXie, Yunbo (1991). An Acoustical Study of the Properties and Behaviour of Sea Ice (Ph.D. thesis). Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0053256. Document No. NN69775 – via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
^Pettit, Erin C. (2012). "Passive Underwater Acoustic Evolution of a Calving Event". Annals of Glaciology. 53 (60): 113–122. Bibcode:2012AnGla..53..113P. doi:10.3189/2012aog60a137.
^"Scientists tune in to sounds of the sea". CNN. September 7, 2001. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
^"Tuning in to a deep sea monster". CNN.com. June 13, 2002.
^ abHayward, Philip (2017). Making a Splash: Mermaids (and Mer-Men) in 20th and 21st Century Audiovisual Media. Indiana University Press. ISBN9780861969258. OCLC 1020857723.
bloop, other, uses, disambiguation, ultra, frequency, high, amplitude, underwater, sound, detected, national, oceanic, atmospheric, administration, noaa, 1997, 2012, earlier, speculation, that, sound, originated, from, marine, animal, replaced, noaa, descripti. For other uses see Bloop disambiguation Bloop was an ultra low frequency high amplitude underwater sound detected by the U S National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA in 1997 1 By 2012 earlier speculation that the sound originated from a marine animal 2 was replaced by NOAA s description of the sound as being consistent with noises generated via non tectonic cryoseisms originating from glacial movements such as ice calving or through seabed gouging by ice 1 3 4 A spectrogram of Bloop Contents 1 Sound profile 2 Ice quake origin 2 1 Ice calving 2 2 Rubbing and ridging events within an ice floe 3 Animal origin 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksSound profile editThe sound s source was roughly triangulated to 50 S 100 W 50 S 100 W 50 100 a remote point in the South Pacific Ocean west of the southern tip of South America The sound was detected by the Equatorial Pacific Ocean autonomous hydrophone array 1 a system of hydrophones primarily used to monitor undersea seismicity ice noise and marine mammal population and migration 5 284 This is a stand alone system designed and built by NOAA s Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory PMEL to augment NOAA s use of the U S Navy Sound Surveillance System SOSUS which was equipment originally designed to detect Soviet submarines 5 255 256 nbsp Bloop source source track track track Bloop at 16x the original speed from the NOAA website Problems playing this file See media help According to the NOAA description the sound rose in frequency over about one minute and was of sufficient amplitude to be heard on multiple sensors at a range of over 5 000 km 3 000 mi Ice quake origin editThe NOAA Vents Program has attributed the sound to that of a large cryoseism also known as an ice quake 4 Numerous ice quakes share similar spectrograms with Bloop as well as the amplitude necessary to detect them despite ranges exceeding 5 000 km 3 000 mi This was found during the tracking of iceberg A53a as it disintegrated near South Georgia Island in early 2008 The iceberg s involved in generating the sound were most likely between Bransfield Strait and the Ross Sea or possibly at Cape Adare a well known source of cryogenic signals 1 Sounds generated by ice quakes are easily determined through the use of hydrophones since seawater an excellent sound channel allows the ambient sounds generated through ice activities to travel great distances 6 5 Ice calving edit In ice calving variations result from a sound source s motion 6 55 As oceanographer Yunbo Xie explains the alteration of waveforms from a detected sound can also be caused by so called angular frequency dependent radiation patterns associated with antisymmetric mode motion of the ice cover 6 59 Rubbing and ridging events within an ice floe edit Two processes known as rubbing and ridging are responsible for acoustical emissions similar to those from ice calving 7 Rubbing involves two or more areas of compacted glacial ice floes which are being forced together inducing shear deformation at its edges and triggering horizontally polarized shear waves i e SH waves 6 137 Ridging occurs when that ice bends or slides at the ridges 6 121 According to Xie both events will produce sound in the failure sequence breakup of an ice floe A wave equation resulting from shear deformation will be defined in an ice floe with the rubbing effect coupled to the floe through its boundary with the adjacent ice 6 137 while ridging deformation s revealed by this event indicate that the failure process is associated with a crushing process that seals air or vacuous gaps between ice floes The acoustical signals emitted by this failure process are similar to those emitted from a collapsing air bubble in a fluid 6 121 Animal origin editNOAA s Christopher Fox in an interview with CNN in 2001 stated that he believed Bloop to be ice calving in Antarctica 8 In 2002 Fox was interviewed by David Wolman for an article in New Scientist where he stated that he did not believe its origin was man made such as a submarine or bomb Fox also stated that while the audio profile of Bloop does resemble that of a living creature 2 the source was a mystery because it would be far more powerful than the calls made by any animal on Earth 9 Wolman reported in his article the following Fox s hunch is that the sound nicknamed Bloop is the most likely out of the other recorded unidentified sounds to come from some sort of animal because its signature is a rapid variation in frequency similar to that of sounds known to be made by marine beasts There s one crucial difference however in 1997 Bloop was detected by sensors up to 4 800 km 3 000 mi apart That means it must be far louder than any whale noise or any other animal noise for that matter Is it even remotely possible that some creature bigger than any whale is lurking in the ocean depths Or perhaps more likely something that is much more efficient at making sound 10 174 175 David Wolman According to author Philip Hayward Wolman s speculations amplified Fox s hunch and through the use of the word likely opened the door for subsequent speculation as to what such an efficient noise making entity might be Over the last decade consensus has supported the argument that the noise is produced by ice fracturing processes 10 175 See also editList of formerly unidentified soundsReferences edit a b c d Acoustics Monitoring Program Icequakes Bloop NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of Commerce Archived from the original on February 25 2020 Retrieved August 28 2017 a b David Wolman June 15 2002 Calls from the deep New Scientist Archived from the original on January 6 2013 Retrieved January 16 2012 Steadman Ian November 29 2012 The Bloop Mystery Has Been Solved It Was Never A Giant Sea Monster WIRED UK Conde Nast Publications a b US Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration June 25 2018 What is the Bloop oceanservice noaa gov Archived from the original on May 7 2019 a b Di Mento John Mark December 2006 Environmental Challenges to Post Cold War Naval Operations The Browning of the Blue Water Battlespace Beyond the Water s Edge United States National Security amp the Ocean Environment Ph D thesis Medford MA Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy Tufts University Document No 3262885 ProQuest 304741876 via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing a b c d e f g Xie Yunbo 1991 An Acoustical Study of the Properties and Behaviour of Sea Ice Ph D thesis Vancouver B C University of British Columbia doi 10 14288 1 0053256 Document No NN69775 via ProQuest Dissertations Publishing nbsp Pettit Erin C 2012 Passive Underwater Acoustic Evolution of a Calving Event Annals of Glaciology 53 60 113 122 Bibcode 2012AnGla 53 113P doi 10 3189 2012aog60a137 Scientists tune in to sounds of the sea CNN September 7 2001 Retrieved January 16 2012 Tuning in to a deep sea monster CNN com June 13 2002 a b Hayward Philip 2017 Making a Splash Mermaids and Mer Men in 20th and 21st Century Audiovisual Media Indiana University Press ISBN 9780861969258 OCLC 1020857723 External links editNOAA s PMEL Acoustics Program on Icequakes Bloop Dunning Brian October 27 2009 Skeptoid 177 The Bloop Skeptoid Kayleigh Rogers April 25 2017 Science Solved It A Call From the Deep Vice Podcast Motherboard Event occurs at 13 45 nbsp Earth sciences portal nbsp Water portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bloop amp oldid 1213803310, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
