Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies, particularly in the United States. Black separatism stems from the idea of racial solidarity, and it also implies that black people should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color, their race, culture, and African heritage.[1] There were a total of 255 black separatist groups recorded in the United States as of 2019.[2][3]
In his discussion of black nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the historian Wilson Jeremiah Moses observes that "black separatism, or self-containment, which in its extreme form advocated the perpetual physical separation of the races, usually referred only to a simple institutional separatism, or the desire to see black people making independent efforts to sustain themselves in a proven hostile environment."[7]
Scholars Talmadge Anderson and James Stewart further make a distinction between the "classical version of Black separatism advocated by Booker T. Washington" and "modern separatist ideology". They observe that "Washington's accommodationist advice" at the end of the nineteenth century "was for Blacks not to agitate for social, intellectual, and professional equality with Whites". By contrast, they observe, "contemporary separatists exhort Blacks not only to equal Whites but to surpass them as a tribute to and redemption of their African heritage."[8] Anderson and Stewart add, moreover, that in general "modern black separatism is difficult to define because of its similarity to black nationalism."[8]
Indeed, black separatism's specific goals were historically in flux and they also varied from group to group. Martin Delany in the 19th century and Marcus Garvey in the 1920s outspokenly called for African Americans to return to Africa, by moving to Liberia. Benjamin "Pap" Singleton looked to form separatist colonies in the American West. The Nation of Islam calls for several independent black states on American soil. More mainstream views within black separatism hold that black people would be better served by schools and businesses that are exclusively for black people, as well as by local black politicians and police.[9]
Similarity to black nationalismedit
There are similarities between black nationalism and black separatism, mainly that they both advocate for the civil rights of black people. There are a few differences between them, however. Black separatists believe that black people should be physically separated from other races, primarily whites; black separatists would for example want a separate nation for black people. Examples of black separatist organizations include the Nation of Islam and the New Black Panther Party.[10]
This is slightly different from black nationalists because black nationalists do not always believe in a physical separation of black people. In some form, black nationalists do believe in separation, but not physical separation. Black nationalists focus more on Black pride, justice, and identity. Their belief is that black people should be proud of their own skin, heritage, and beauty. They also believe that there should be justice for black people, especially in the United States.
The term "Black separatism" has been used by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American civil rights advocacy group, to categorize several groups in the United States promoting antisemitic, anti-LGBTQ and male supremacist views.[11] However, in October 2020, the SPLC announced that they would no longer use the category of "Black separatism", saying this was done to avoid creating a false equivalence between Black separatism and White supremacist extremism.[11]
^"Back to Africa movement gathers pace". New African Magazine. January 4, 2019. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^"Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association, The Twentieth Century, Divining America: Religion in American History, TeacherServe, National Humanities Center". nationalhumanitiescenter.org. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^M.R. Delany; Robert Campbell (1971) [1969]. Search for a place: Black separatism and Africa, 1860. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN0-472-06179-8. OCLC 2907368.
^"New Black Panther Party". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
^ abHodges, Raven (October 8, 2020). "Equity Through Accuracy: Changes to Our Hate Map". Southern Poverty Law Center. from the original on October 16, 2020.
Referencesedit
Anderson, Talmadge; Stewart, James B. (2007), Introduction to African American studies: Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications, Baltimore: Inprint, ISBN978-1-58073-039-6.
Hall, Raymond L. (1978), Black Separatism in the United States, University Press of New England.
Malcolm X (1964), The Ballot or the Bullet, April 4, 1964.
Moses, Wilson Jeremiah (1988), The Golden Age of Black Nationalism, 1850-1925, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN978-0-19-520639-5.
Further readingedit
Jenkins, B. L., & Phillis, S. (1976). Black separatism: a bibliography. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Hall, R. L. (1977). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason. New York: Pergamon Press.
Hall, R. L. (1978). Black separatism in the United States. Hanover, N.H.: Published for Dartmouth College by the University Press of New England.
Bell, H. H., Holly, J. T., & Harris, J. D. (1970). Black separatism and the Caribbean, 1860. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Browne, R. S., & Vernon, R. (1968). On black separatism. New York: Pathfinder Press.
black, separatism, separatist, political, movement, that, seeks, separate, economic, cultural, development, those, african, descent, societies, particularly, united, states, stems, from, idea, racial, solidarity, also, implies, that, black, people, should, org. Black separatism is a separatist political movement that seeks separate economic and cultural development for those of African descent in societies particularly in the United States Black separatism stems from the idea of racial solidarity and it also implies that black people should organize themselves on the basis of their common skin color their race culture and African heritage 1 There were a total of 255 black separatist groups recorded in the United States as of 2019 2 3 Black separatism in its purest form asserts that blacks and whites ideally should form two independent nations 4 Additionally black separatists often seek to return to their original cultural homeland of Africa 5 This sentiment was spearheaded by Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the 1920s 6 Black separatists generally think that black people are hindered in a white dominated society Contents 1 Concepts 1 1 Similarity to black nationalism 2 Usage by the Southern Poverty Law Center 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksConcepts edit nbsp Conceptual Breakdown of Black SeparatismIn his discussion of black nationalism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the historian Wilson Jeremiah Moses observes that black separatism or self containment which in its extreme form advocated the perpetual physical separation of the races usually referred only to a simple institutional separatism or the desire to see black people making independent efforts to sustain themselves in a proven hostile environment 7 Scholars Talmadge Anderson and James Stewart further make a distinction between the classical version of Black separatism advocated by Booker T Washington and modern separatist ideology They observe that Washington s accommodationist advice at the end of the nineteenth century was for Blacks not to agitate for social intellectual and professional equality with Whites By contrast they observe contemporary separatists exhort Blacks not only to equal Whites but to surpass them as a tribute to and redemption of their African heritage 8 Anderson and Stewart add moreover that in general modern black separatism is difficult to define because of its similarity to black nationalism 8 Indeed black separatism s specific goals were historically in flux and they also varied from group to group Martin Delany in the 19th century and Marcus Garvey in the 1920s outspokenly called for African Americans to return to Africa by moving to Liberia Benjamin Pap Singleton looked to form separatist colonies in the American West The Nation of Islam calls for several independent black states on American soil More mainstream views within black separatism hold that black people would be better served by schools and businesses that are exclusively for black people as well as by local black politicians and police 9 Similarity to black nationalism edit There are similarities between black nationalism and black separatism mainly that they both advocate for the civil rights of black people There are a few differences between them however Black separatists believe that black people should be physically separated from other races primarily whites black separatists would for example want a separate nation for black people Examples of black separatist organizations include the Nation of Islam and the New Black Panther Party 10 This is slightly different from black nationalists because black nationalists do not always believe in a physical separation of black people In some form black nationalists do believe in separation but not physical separation Black nationalists focus more on Black pride justice and identity Their belief is that black people should be proud of their own skin heritage and beauty They also believe that there should be justice for black people especially in the United States Usage by the Southern Poverty Law Center editFurther information List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups Black separatist and black nationalist The term Black separatism has been used by the Southern Poverty Law Center SPLC an American civil rights advocacy group to categorize several groups in the United States promoting antisemitic anti LGBTQ and male supremacist views 11 However in October 2020 the SPLC announced that they would no longer use the category of Black separatism saying this was done to avoid creating a false equivalence between Black separatism and White supremacist extremism 11 See also editBlack owned businesses Afrocentric education Black genocide Black supremacy Cultural nationalism Economic nationalism Religious nationalism Back to Africa movement White separatismNotes edit Hall 1978 p 1 United States active hate groups by type 2019 Statista Retrieved September 26 2020 Black Separatist Southern Poverty Law Center Archived from the original on February 17 2021 Hall 1978 p 3 Back to Africa movement gathers pace New African Magazine January 4 2019 Retrieved September 17 2021 Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association The Twentieth Century Divining America Religion in American History TeacherServe National Humanities Center nationalhumanitiescenter org Retrieved September 17 2021 Moses 1988 p 23 a b Anderson amp Stewart 2007 p 203 M R Delany Robert Campbell 1971 1969 Search for a place Black separatism and Africa 1860 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press ISBN 0 472 06179 8 OCLC 2907368 New Black Panther Party Southern Poverty Law Center Retrieved May 30 2022 a b Hodges Raven October 8 2020 Equity Through Accuracy Changes to Our Hate Map Southern Poverty Law Center Archived from the original on October 16 2020 References editAnderson Talmadge Stewart James B 2007 Introduction to African American studies Transdisciplinary Approaches and Implications Baltimore Inprint ISBN 978 1 58073 039 6 Hall Raymond L 1978 Black Separatism in the United States University Press of New England Malcolm X 1964 The Ballot or the Bullet April 4 1964 Moses Wilson Jeremiah 1988 The Golden Age of Black Nationalism 1850 1925 Oxford Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 520639 5 Further reading editJenkins B L amp Phillis S 1976 Black separatism a bibliography Westport Conn Greenwood Press Hall R L 1977 Black separatism and social reality rhetoric and reason New York Pergamon Press Hall R L 1978 Black separatism in the United States Hanover N H Published for Dartmouth College by the University Press of New England Bell H H Holly J T amp Harris J D 1970 Black separatism and the Caribbean 1860 Ann Arbor University of Michigan Press Browne R S amp Vernon R 1968 On black separatism New York Pathfinder Press External links editFranklin Foer Racial Integration Slate Magazine Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black separatism amp oldid 1172930550, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
