Roman Catholic Diocese of Sarsina

The Catholic diocese of Sarsina (Sassina, Saxena, Bobium^[1]) was a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, seated in Sarsina, in the province of Forlì, some 32 km south-southwest of Cesena. The diocese was founded in the 5th century, and was suffragan (subordinate) to the archbishop of Ravenna. The diocese existed until 1986, when it was united with the diocese of Cesena.^[2][3]

History

The patron of the city is Saint Vicinius,^[4] believed to have been bishop about the year 300.

In the bull "Dominici Gregis", of 1 September 1824, Pope Leo XII states that the diocese of Sarsina had existed since the 5th century.^[5]

In the tenth century the bishops obtained the temporal sovereignty of the city of Sarsina and the surrounding district. They were styled Counts of Bobio.^[6] From 1327 till 1400 it was disputed by the Ordelaffi of Forlì, the popes, and the bishops.

The archives of the diocese used to be kept in the castle of Ceola, but they were heavily damaged in the 16th century.^[7] Bishop Angelo Peruzzi (1581–1600) had the castle decorated with effigies of his predecessors, to each of which was affixed a short verse, giving no dates and generally vague as to episcopal accomplishments. The verses are nonetheless used as historical source material.^[8]

Bishop Giovanni Battista Braschi (1699–1718) reported in his Relatio of 1704 that the cathedral had once had a Chapter with three dignities (the Provost, the Archdeacon, and the Archpriest), but that the Archdeaconry survived. There had once been two Canones supernumerarii, but they too had lapsed.^[9] In 1749, there was one dignity, the Archdeacon, and fourteen Canons, though the population of Sarsina was about 600 persons.^[10]

In 1807 Napoleon, who was President of the Cisalpine Republic, suppressed the diocese, in accordance with policies originally established by the French Civil Constitution of the Clergy. The arrangement was ratified by Pope Pius VII on 16 September 1803.^[11] The diocese was re-established in 1817.

In 1824, the diocese was so poor that it was not able to support the bishop in proper style, and therefore it had to be united to the diocese of Bertinoro, with the bishop of Bertinoro acting as administrator of the diocese of Sarsina, whose episcopal throne was left vacant.^[12] The diocese of Sarsina was provided with a bishop by Pope Pius IX in 1872, ending the administratorship.

The diocese was suffragan of the archdiocese of Ravenna.

Consolidation of dioceses

The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses.^[13] These considerations applied to Cesena and Sarsina. In 1980, Cesena had estimated Catholic population of 152,000, with 201 priests. Sarsina, in 1980 had 13,200 Catholics, and 34 priests.

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of Normae was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Bishop Luigi Amaducci had governed both Cesena and Sarsina since 1977.

Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Cesena and Sarsina be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Caesenatensis-Sarsinatensis . The seat of the diocese was to be in Cesena, and the cathedral of Cesena was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedral in Sarsina was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapter was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be one diocesan Tribunal, in Cesena, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former diocese of Sarsina.^[14]

Bishops

to 1200

...

• Vicinius (4th cent.)^[15]

[Rufinus]^[16]

...

[Benno]^[17]

...

• Lupo (attested 879)^[18]

...

• Wido (Guido) (attested 967)^[19]
• Joannes (attested 969)^[20]

...

• Alboardus (997–1024)^[21]

...

• Divizo (1139?–1149?)^[22]

...

• Ubertus (attested 1055)^[23]

...

• Ubertus (attested 1154)^[24]

...

• Albericus (1176– ? )^[25]

1200 to 1500

• Joachim ( ? –1209)^[26]
• Albericus (attested 1209–1221)^[27]
• Albertus
• Rufinus (attested 1230–1257)^[28]
• Joannes
• Guido, O.Cist. (attested 1265)^[29]
• Gratia (1266–1271)^[30]
• Henricus
• Ugucius
• Franciscus Calboli (1327–1361?)^[31]
• Joannes de Nomayo (1361–1385)
• Benedictus Matteucci Accorselli, 0.S.B. (1386–1395)^[32]
• Jacobus da S. Severino (1395–1398)
• Joannes Philippi Negusanti (1398–1445)^[33]
• Daniele di Arluno, C.R.S.A. (1445–1449)^[34]
• Mariano Farinata (1449–1451)^[35]
• Fortunato Pellicani (1451–1474)
• Antonio Monaldo (1474–1503)

1500 to 1800

• Galeazzo Corvara (1503–1524)^[36]

Giovanni Antonio Corvara (1523–1524)^[37]

• Raffaele Alessandrini, O.F.M. Obs. (1524–1530)^[38]
• Lelio Garuffi Rotelli de Piis (1530–1580)
• Leandro Garuffi Rotelli de Piis (1580–1581)^[39]
• Angelo Peruzzi (1581–1600 Died)^[40]
• Nicolas Braverio (1602–1632)^[41]
• Amico Panici (1632–1634)^[42]
• Carlo Bovi (1635–1646)^[43]
• Caesar Reghini (1646–1658)^[44]
• Francesco Caetani (1658–1659)^[45]
• Federico Martinotti (Martinozzi) (1661–1677)^[46]
• Francesco Crisolini (1678–1682)^[47]
• Bernardin Marchese (1683–1699)^[48]
• Giovanni Battista Braschi (1699–1718 Resigned)^[49]
• Giovanni Bernardino Vendemini (1733–1749)^[50]
• Giovanni Paolo Calbetti (1749–1760)^[51]
• Giovanni Battista Mami (1760–1787)^[52]
• Nicola Casali (1787–1814)^[53]

since 1800

• Carlo Monti (1817–1818)^[54]
• Pietro Balducci, C.M. (1818–1822)^[55]
• Pietro Balducci, C.M. (1818–1822 Appointed, Bishop of Fabriano e Matelica)
• Federico Bencivenni, O.F.M. Cap. (1824–1829 Died)

Sede vacante (1822-1872)^[56]

Federico Bencivenni, O.F.M. Cap. (1824–1829) Administrator^[57]

Giambattista Guerra (15 Mar 1830 - 4 Jul 1857) Administrator^[58]

Pietro Buffetti (3 Aug 1857- 23 Feb 1872) Administrator^[59]

• Tobia Masacci (1872–1880)^[60]
• Pietro Balducci, C.M. (1818–1822 Appointed, Bishop of Fabriano e Matelica)
• Federico Bencivenni, O.F.M. Cap. (1824–1829 Died)
• Tobia Masacci (1872–1880)
• Dario Mattei-Gentili (1880–1891 Appointed, Bishop of Città di Castello)
• Henricus Gratiani (1892–1897)
• Domenico Riccardi (1898–1910)

Luigi Ermini (1910– Did Not Take Effect)

• Eugenio Giambro (1911–1916 Appointed, Bishop of Nicastro)
• Ambrogio Riccardi (1916–1922 Died)
• Antonio Scarante (1922–1930 Appointed, Bishop of Faenza)
• Teodoro Pallaroni (1931–1944 Died)
• Carlo Stoppa (1945–1948 Appointed, Bishop of Alba)
• Emilio Biancheri (1949–1953 Appointed, Bishop of Rimini)
• Carlo Bandini (1953–1976 Retired)
• Augusto Gianfranceschi (1976–1977 Retired)
• Luigi Amaducci (1977–1986 Appointed, Bishop of Cesena-Sarsina)

Notes and references

1. Girolamo Zattoni, "Indipendenza del vescovo di Bobbio dalla giuridizione metropolitica di Ravenna," in: Rivista di scienze storiche (in Italian). Vol. Anno II, fasc. 1. Pavia: Tip. Cajo Rossetti. 1905. pp. 345–351.
2. "Diocese of Sarsina" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved October 7, 2016.^{[self-published source]}
3. "Diocese of Sarsina" GCatholic.org. Gabriel Chow. Retrieved October 7, 2016.^{[self-published source]}
4. Santi e Beati: San Vicinio di Sarsina
5. Leo XII (1854). Bullarii Romani continuatio (in Latin). Vol. Tomus decimus sextus. Romae. p. 113.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "Nosque pariter peculiarem habendam esse rationem censemus hujusce antiquissimae sedis Sarsinatensis, cujus episcoporum usque a saeculo quinto extat memoria...."
6. Braschi, Relatio, p. 7.
7. Kehr, Italia pontificia V, p. 117.
8. Ughelli II, p. 652. Cappelletti II, pp. 483-484.
9. Braschi, Relatio, p. 8.
10. Ritzler and Sefrin VI, p. 368, note 1.
11. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica Vol. LXI (Venice: Tipografia Emiliana 1853), p. 211.
12. Leo XII (1854). Bullarii Romani continuatio (in Latin). Vol. Tomus decimus sextus. Romae. pp. 113–115.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "Nos mente reputavimus, cum statum accepimus Sarsinatensis episcopalis ecclesiae, cujus mensa perexiguum nunc exhibit redditum annuum scutorum circiter sexcentum; quae nullo modo satis esse possunt ad episcopalem sustinendam dignitatem."
13. In its decree Christus Dominus, section 22, it stated: "Concerning diocesan boundaries, therefore, this sacred synod decrees that, to the extent required by the good of souls, a fitting revision of diocesan boundaries be undertaken prudently and as soon as possible. This can be done by dividing dismembering or uniting them, or by changing their boundaries, or by determining a better place for the episcopal see or, finally, especially in the case of dioceses having larger cities, by providing them with a new internal organization.... At the same time the natural population units of people, together with the civil jurisdictions and social institutions that compose their organic structure, should be preserved as far as possible as units. For this reason, obviously, the territory of each diocese should be continuous."
14. Acta Apostolicae Sedis 79 (1987), pp. 671-673. (in Latin).
15. Vicinius is the first bishop of Sarsina, according to his hagiographical "Life" found in a local prayer book (lectionary), written in the 11th century. Cappelletti II, pp. 484-486, quoting the "Life" from a manuscript in the Vatican Library. Lanzoni, p. 503-504.
16. Rufinus (426) and his seven successors, Valerius (430) Faustus (457), Probus (460), Laurentius (501), Adeodatus (515), Felix (532), and Sergius (550), are known only from a locally produced poem. The dates are unverifiable in the absence of other evidence. The Laurentius who attended the Roman synods of Pope Symmachus (498–502), in fact, was Bishop of Boviano (Bobianum) not Sarsina (Bobium), and should be excluded from even the unverified local list. Ughelli II, p. 654. Lanzoni, p. 504.
17. Benno is known only from his effigy and verses in the Rocca di Ciola. And yet, he is credited with forty-five years in the diocese. Ughelli II, p. 654, admits that his dates are unknown. Gams, p. 724, puts him in 770, and credits him with changing the name of the cathedral from S. Vicinius to the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary. Cappelletti II, p. 488.
18. Pope John VIII ordered the archbishop of Ravenna to consecrate Lupo as Bishop of Sarsina in 879. Kehr, Italia pontificia V, p. 117, nos. 1 and 2.
19. Bishop Wido subscribed a document of Pope John XIII in April 967. Schwartz, p. 179.
20. Bishop Joannes was present at the Roman synod of Pope John XIII on 26 May 969. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XIX (Venice: A. Zatta 1774), p. 21. Schwartz, p. 179.
21. Alboardus: Gams, p. 724, column 1 (who names him Alexander, following Cappelletti II, p. 490). Schwartz, p. 179.
22. Divizo: Ughelli II, p. 657. Cappelletti II, p. 496.
23. Pope Adrian IV took the Church of Sarsina under papal protection and confirmed its possessions. Kehr V, p. 118, no. 3.
24. Bishop Ubertus took part in the consecration of the cathedral of Rimini. Ughelli II, p. 657, no. 19. Cappelletti II, p. 497.
25. Bishop Albericus (Alericus) was present at the Third Lateran Council of Pope Alexander III in March 1179. J. D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, editio novissima, Tomus XXII (Venice: A. Zatta 1778), p. 463. Cappelletti II, pp. 497-498. It was assumed that Bishop Albericus served until the appointment of his successor in 1221, but it has been shown that he was succeeded by Joachim, who was transferred from Sarsina to the diocese of Faenza on 10 February 1209 by Pope Innocent III. Eubel I, pp. 245, 436.
26. Bishop Joachim was transferred from Sarsina to the diocese of Faenza by Pope Innocent III on 10 February 1209. Eubel I, pp. 245 with note 1; 436 with note 1.
27. Albericus: Gams, p. 724. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 436.
28. On 9 January 1232, Pope Gregory IX wrote to the Emperor Frederick II, commending Rufinus and the Church of Sarsina to the emperor's attention. The pope wrote to the nobles, soldiers, and people of Sarsina on 1 December 1234, to obey the bishop in his temporal jurisdiction which he derived from several emperors. Ughelli II, pp. 659-660. Cappelletti II, pp. 498-500.
29. Guido, who was bishop-elect was murdered toward the end of 1265. Pope Clement IV wrote a long letter on 31 December 1265 to the archbishop of Ravenna, instructing him to cooperate with Cardinal Simon Paltineri, the papal legate, in ejecting any intruder and preserving the property of the diocese. Ughelli II, pp. 661-662. Eubel I, p. 436 (where the date of death is manifestly incorrect).
30. Gratia was elected by the archbishop of Ravenna, acting as compromisor chosen by the Chapter, and approved by Pope Clement IV on 20 February 1266. Pope Clement also excommunicated the podestà, magistrates, and men of the city of Cesena for taking advantage of the disorders and seizing the territory of the diocese of Sarsina. Bishop Gratia died in 1271. Ughelli II, p. 663. Eubel I, p. 436.
31. Francesco Calboli had to defend the city by force of arms against Francesco Ordelaffi.
32. Accorselli was the last bishop to exercise temporal sovereignty. Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica Vol. LXI (Venezia 1856), p. 209.
33. Negusanti was a native of Fano. He was appointed Bishop of Sarsina on 26 October 1398 by Pope Boniface IX (Roman Obedience). On 25 February 1401, he was absolved from ecclesiastical censures which he had incurred because he had not been consecrated a bishop within the canonical time of six months. He died in 1445. Eubel I, 438 with note 6.
34. Daniele de Arnulo (Alunno) had been Bishop of Forlì, according to the chronology of the bishops of Sarsina, and exchanged episcopal thrones with Mariano Farinata on 27 January 1445; after four years, he was transferred back to Forlì, and Mariano Farinata was transferred to Sarsina. Cappelletti II, p. 507. However, Eubel II, p. 230, following Ughelli II, p. 671, does not consider him to have been Bishop of Forlì before his appointment to Sarsina. by Pope Nicholas V.
35. Fantana was a native of Siena and a Canon of its cathedral. He held the degree of doctor of Canon Law. He was appointed Bishop of Forlì on 4 November 1446 by Pope Eugenius IV. He was transferred to the diocese of Sarsina on 27 October 1449. He died in 1451 (his successor being appointed on 5 July). Eubel II, pp. 155, 230.
36. Galeazzo Corvara was appointed on 4 Decembneer 1503, by the newly elected Pope Julius II. Cappelletti II, p. 509. Eubel III, p. 293 with note 5.
37. Giovanni Antonio was apparently his uncle's coadjutor, though he was too young, at 25 years of age, to be consecrated a bishop. His provision as Galeazzo Corvara's successor was ratified by Pope Clement VII, who was elected on 19 November 1523. Giovanni Antonio never succeeded to the episcopal throne, however; Cappelletti conjectures that he died. Cappelletti II, p. 509. Eubel III, p. 293 with notes 3 and 4.
38. Cappelletti II, p. 509. Eubel III, p. 293 with note 5.
39. Leandro: Cappelletti II, pp. 510-511.
40. Peruzzi held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure. He had been Auxiliary Bishop of Bologna, and for that purpose named titular Bishop of Caesarea Palastinae (1572–1581). He was transferred to the diocese of Sarsina by Pope Gregory XIII on 3 April 1581. He died Eubel III, pp. 144 with note 4; 293 with note 7.
41. Braverio (Nicolo Branzi was imprisoned in the Castle of Sant'Angelo but was liberated later. Gauchat, Hierarchia catholica IV, p. 306 with note 2.
42. A native of Macerata, Panici held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure. He was Provost of the collegiate church of S. Salvatore in Macerata. He was named Bishop of Sarsina on 24 November 1632 by Pope Urban VIII. He was appointed Bishop of Recanati e Loreto on 4 December 1634. He died c.1663. Gauchat IV, pp. 293 with note 4; 306 with note 3.
43. A native of Bologna, Bovi held the degree of Doctor in utroque iure, and was a Canon of the cathedral of Bologna. He had previously been Bishop of Bagnoregio (1622–1635). He was transferred to the diocese of Sarsina on 29 January 1635, by Pope Urban VIII. He died in June 1646. Ughelli II, p. 676 (who says that he died in Bologna on 24 May 1646). Cappelletti II, p. 515 (who says that he died on 24 March 1646). Gauchat IV, pp. 108 with note 4; 306 with note 4 (who gives the date of death in June).
44. Reghini: Gauchat IV, p. 306 with note 5.
45. Caetani: Gauchat IV, p. 306 with note 6.
46. Martinozzi died in Sarsina in 1677. Gauchat IV, p. 306 with note 7. Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 346 with note 2.
47. Crisolini: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 346 with note 3.
48. Marchese: Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 346 with note 4.
49. Braschi: Ritzler and Sefrin V, p. 346 with note 5.
50. Vendemini: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 368 with note 2.
51. Calbetti: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 368 with note 3.
52. Mami: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 369 with note 4.
53. Casali: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 369 with note 5.
54. A native of Imola, Monti was appointed Bishop of Sarsina on 14 April 1817. He was transferred to the diocese of Cagli by Pope Pius VII on 25 May 1818. He died on 7 January 1842. Cappelletti II, p. 517. Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, pp. 127, 335.
55. A native of Forlì, Balducci was appointed Bishop of Sarsina on 25 May 1818. On 27 September 1822, Balducci was transferred to the diocese of Fabriano e Matelica. He died in 1837. Cappelletti II, p. 517. Ritzler and Sefrin VII, pp. 191, 335.
56. Bishop Balducci was transferred by Pope Pius VII to the diocese of Fabriano e Matelica. Eleven months later, the pope died suddenly, without having filled the vacancy. Cappelletti II, p. 517.
57. Bishop Bencivenni had already been Bishop of Bertinoro since 1817. He was also appointed Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Sarsina, holding both positions simultaneously. Cappelletti II, p. 521.
58. Bishop Guerra: Cappelletti II, p. 521. Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VII, p. 118.
59. Buffetti: Ritzler and Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, p. 157.
60. Masacci was appointed Bishop of Sarsina by Pope Pius IX on 23 February 1872, ending the long Sede vacante. Annuario Pontificio 1872 (Roma: Monaldi 1872), p. 170.

Books

Episcopal lists

• Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo. Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 724–725. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin)
• Eubel, Conradus (ed.); Gulik, Guilelmus (1923). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. {{cite book}}: |first1= has generic name (help) (in Latin)
• Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica. Vol. Tomus IV (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana. Retrieved 2016-07-06. (in Latin)
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi. Vol. Tomus VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio. Retrieved 2016-07-06. (in Latin)
• Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series... A pontificatu Pii PP. VII (1800) usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. XVI (1846) (in Latin). Vol. VII. Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana.
• Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi... A Pontificatu PII PP. IX (1846) usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. XIII (1903) (in Latin). Vol. VIII. Il Messaggero di S. Antonio.
• Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi... A pontificatu Pii PP. X (1903) usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. XV (1922) (in Latin). Vol. IX. Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8.

Studies

• Antonini, Filippo (1769). Delle antichità di Sarsina (in Italian). Faenza: G. Archi.
• Braschi, Giovanni Battista (1704). Relatio status ecclesiae Sarsinatensis, ac exerciti pastoralis officii a r.p.d. Joanne Baptista Braschio episcopo apostolorum Petri & Pauli sacra limina visitante anno 1703. . (in Latin). Roma: typis Lucae Antonii Chracas.
• Cappelletti, Giuseppei (1844). Le chiese d'Italia (in Italian). Vol. secondo. Venezia: Antonelli. pp. 481–523.
• Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1906). Italia Pontificia Vol. V: Aemilia, sive Provincia Ravennas. Berlin: Weidmann. (in Latin).
• Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 503–504; 723; 763. (in Italian)
• Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. pp. 179–181. (in German)
• Ughelli, Ferdinando; Coleti, Niccolò (1717). Italia sacra sive De Episcopis Italiae, et insularum adjacentium (in Italian). Vol. Tomus secundus (2). Venice: apud Sebastianum Coleti. pp. 651–676. [very unreliable for Sarsina]

External links

• Benigni, Umberto. "Sarsina." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved: 2 December 2020.