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Bi'ina

April 10, 2024

Bi'ina or al-Bi'na[2] (also el-Baneh) (Arabic: البعنة) is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel. It is located east of Akko. In 2003, Bi'ina merged with Majd al-Krum and Deir al-Asad to form the city of Shaghur, but was reinstated as a local council in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved. Bi'ina has a mostly Muslim population (92%) with a small Christian minority (8%);[3] in 2022 its population was 8,629.[1]

Bi'ina
  • בענה‎
  • بعنة
Local council
Bi'ina
Bi'ina
Coordinates: 32°55′46″N 35°16′22″E / 32.92944°N 35.27278°E / 32.92944; 35.27278
Grid position175/259 PAL
Country Israel
DistrictNorthern
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total8,629

History edit

Classical antiquity edit

Main article: Beth-Anath

Along with several other sites, Bi'ina was proposed as the location of ancient Beth-Anath mentioned in Egyptian and biblical texts.[4][Note 1] Archaeological evidence suggests that Bi'ina, though perhaps occupied in the Early Bronze Age, was no longer occupied in the Late Bronze Age.[7]

The old site of Bi'ina is thought to have been at the mound of Jelamet el-Bi'ina, less than a mile southeast of the present site of Bi'ina.[8] The word jélameh, meaning "hill, mound," is sometimes employed instead of tell.

Ottoman Empire edit

In 1517, Bi'ina, with the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire after it was captured from the Mamluks, and by 1596 appeared in tax registers as belonging to the Nahiya of Akka, part of Safad Sanjak. It had a population of 61 households; 46 Muslim and 15 Christian. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, cotton, goats or beehives, in addition to for a press for grapes or olives; a total of 7,134 akçe.[9][10]

A map from Napoleon's invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place, named as "El Bena",[11] while in 1838, el Ba'neh was noted as Greek Christian village in the Esh-Shagur district, located between Safad, Acca and Tiberias.[12]

In 1875 Victor Guérin noted that the population was divided between Druze and Greek Orthodox Christians. He listed a mosque and a Greek church, both of which were built on the sites of older churches.[13] In the late 19th century, it was described as a village of 300 Muslims and 100 Christians, surrounded by olives and arable land. Water was supplied by a spring.[14] A sarcophagus was also seen lying outside the town.

Lieutenant Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the town under its name El-Baneh, and where he noted a spring and birket (reservoir).[14]

A population list from about 1887 showed that B'aneh had 620 inhabitants; slightly more Muslims than Greek Catholic Christians.[15]

British Mandate edit

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al Ba'na had a population of 518; 311 Muslims and 207 Christians,[16] where all the Christians were Orthodox.[17] By the 1931 census the population had increased to 651; 441 Muslims and 210 Christians, in a total of 133 houses.[18]

In the 1945 statistics, Bi'ina had 830 inhabitants; 530 Muslims and 300 Christians.[19] They owned 14,839 dunams of land, while 57 dunams were public.[19][20] 1,619 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 5,543 used for cereals,[19][21] while 57 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19][22]

Israel edit

During Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948, the village surrendered to the advancing Israeli army. Many of the villagers fled north but some remained and were not expelled.[23] The village remained under martial law until 1966.

In 1981, a Bedouin neighborhood was created in the village, populated by members of the Sawaed tribe from Rame. In 2001, the village was spread out over an area of some 30 dunams (7.4 acres).[24]

Notable people edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Those who dispute Albright's identification are Charles William Meredith van de Velde and Victor Guérin, who place the ancient site of Beth-anath in Ain Aata, Lebanon. Others place the ancient site in Bu'eine Nujeidat, while still others thought that Beth-anath ought to be identified with Safad el Batih in Lebanon.[5] Klein thought that Beth-anath was to be identified with Hinah.[6] Zvi Gal, in his article, "The Late Bronze Age in Galilee: A Reassessment," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 272 (Nov., 1988), pp. 79-84 writes: "Various sites have been suggested for this city: Bi'ina in the Beit Hakerem Valley, (Albright 1923: 19-20; Safrai & Safrai 1976), Ba'inah in the Beit Netophah Valley (Alt 1946: 55-57), Tel Roš (Amiran 1953: 125-26), and Tell el Ḥirbeh (Garstang 1931:244-45)."

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ from personal name, according to Palmer, 1881, p. 41
  3. ^ בענה 2014
  4. ^ W.F. Albright was a major proponent of this view (AASOR - 1921/1922, pp. 19–20). As for the Egyptian texts that mention Beth-Anath, see the Zenon Papyri. Cf. Stephen G. Wilson & Michel Desjardins, Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity: Essays in honour of Peter Richardson, Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo Ontario 2000, p. 121, ISBN 0-88920-356-3
  5. ^ Shmuel Ahituv, Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents, Magnes Press: Jerusalem 1984 ISBN 9652235644, citing Aharoni (1957:70-74).
  6. ^ Klein, S. (1934), pp. 5–7
  7. ^ Gal, 1988, pp. 80–83
  8. ^ Albright (1923), p. 19
  9. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 191
  10. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
  11. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 166 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133
  13. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 445, as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 150
  14. ^ a b Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 150
  15. ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 174
  16. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. 36
  17. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 50
  18. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 100
  19. ^ a b c d Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
  20. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
  21. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
  22. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
  23. ^ Morris, 1987, p. 226
  24. ^ Frankel, et al. (2001), p. 22

Bibliography edit

  • Aharoni, Y. (1957). The Settlement of the Tribes of Israel in the Upper Galilee. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
  • Albright, W.F. (1922). "Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 2–3: 1–46.
  • Albright, W.F. (1923). Warren J. Moulton (ed.). "Beth Anath". The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research (AASOR). 2–3. New Haven: Yale University Press. JSTOR 3768450.
  • Barron, J.B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
  • Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 153)
  • Frankel, Rafael; Getzov, Nimrod; Aviam, Mordechai; Degani, Avi (2001). "Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee (Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee)". Israel Antiquities Authority. 14.
  • Gal, Zvi (1988). "The Late Bronze Age in Galilee: A Reassessment". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 272 (272): 79–84. doi:10.2307/1356788. JSTOR 1356788. S2CID 164010807.
  • Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
  • Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 1. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. (Deir al-Asad: p. 446, Majd al-Kurum: pp 437, 444)
  • Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
  • Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-920405-41-4.
  • Karmon, Y. (1960). (PDF). Israel Exploration Journal. 10 (3, 4): 155–173, 244–253. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-22. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  • Klein, S. (1934). "Notes on History of Large Estates in Palestine". Yediot - Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society. 1: 18–34.
  • Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
  • Morris, B. (1987). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33028-2.
  • Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
  • Pringle, D. (1993). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A-K (excluding Acre and Jerusalem). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521390361. (p.80 -92 )
  • Rhode, H. (1979). (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
  • Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
  • Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana. (p. 188 no 674; p. 248 no 934; p. 256 no 974; p. 308 no 1175)
  • Safrai, Z. (1976). "Beth-Anath". Sinai. 78: 18–34.
  • Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.

External links edit

  • Welcome To Bi'na
  • Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3: IAA, Wikimedia commons

April 10, 2024
also, baneh, arabic, البعنة, arab, town, northern, district, israel, located, east, akko, 2003, merged, with, majd, krum, deir, asad, form, city, shaghur, reinstated, local, council, 2008, after, shaghur, dissolved, mostly, muslim, population, with, small, chr. Bi ina or al Bi na 2 also el Baneh Arabic البعنة is an Arab town in the Northern District of Israel It is located east of Akko In 2003 Bi ina merged with Majd al Krum and Deir al Asad to form the city of Shaghur but was reinstated as a local council in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved Bi ina has a mostly Muslim population 92 with a small Christian minority 8 3 in 2022 its population was 8 629 1 Bi ina בענה بعنةLocal councilBi inaShow map of Northwest IsraelBi inaShow map of IsraelCoordinates 32 55 46 N 35 16 22 E 32 92944 N 35 27278 E 32 92944 35 27278Grid position175 259 PALCountry IsraelDistrictNorthernPopulation 2022 1 Total8 629 Contents 1 History 1 1 Classical antiquity 1 2 Ottoman Empire 1 3 British Mandate 1 4 Israel 2 Notable people 3 Notes 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory editClassical antiquity edit Main article Beth Anath Along with several other sites Bi ina was proposed as the location of ancient Beth Anath mentioned in Egyptian and biblical texts 4 Note 1 Archaeological evidence suggests that Bi ina though perhaps occupied in the Early Bronze Age was no longer occupied in the Late Bronze Age 7 The old site of Bi ina is thought to have been at the mound of Jelamet el Bi ina less than a mile southeast of the present site of Bi ina 8 The word jelameh meaning hill mound is sometimes employed instead of tell Ottoman Empire edit In 1517 Bi ina with the rest of Palestine was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire after it was captured from the Mamluks and by 1596 appeared in tax registers as belonging to the Nahiya of Akka part of Safad Sanjak It had a population of 61 households 46 Muslim and 15 Christian The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25 on various agricultural products including wheat barley olives cotton goats or beehives in addition to for a press for grapes or olives a total of 7 134 akce 9 10 A map from Napoleon s invasion of 1799 by Pierre Jacotin showed the place named as El Bena 11 while in 1838 el Ba neh was noted as Greek Christian village in the Esh Shagur district located between Safad Acca and Tiberias 12 In 1875 Victor Guerin noted that the population was divided between Druze and Greek Orthodox Christians He listed a mosque and a Greek church both of which were built on the sites of older churches 13 In the late 19th century it was described as a village of 300 Muslims and 100 Christians surrounded by olives and arable land Water was supplied by a spring 14 A sarcophagus was also seen lying outside the town Lieutenant Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the town under its name El Baneh and where he noted a spring and birket reservoir 14 A population list from about 1887 showed that B aneh had 620 inhabitants slightly more Muslims than Greek Catholic Christians 15 British Mandate edit In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities Al Ba na had a population of 518 311 Muslims and 207 Christians 16 where all the Christians were Orthodox 17 By the 1931 census the population had increased to 651 441 Muslims and 210 Christians in a total of 133 houses 18 In the 1945 statistics Bi ina had 830 inhabitants 530 Muslims and 300 Christians 19 They owned 14 839 dunams of land while 57 dunams were public 19 20 1 619 dunams were plantations and irrigable land 5 543 used for cereals 19 21 while 57 dunams were built up urban land 19 22 Israel edit During Operation Hiram 29 31 October 1948 the village surrendered to the advancing Israeli army Many of the villagers fled north but some remained and were not expelled 23 The village remained under martial law until 1966 In 1981 a Bedouin neighborhood was created in the village populated by members of the Sawaed tribe from Rame In 2001 the village was spread out over an area of some 30 dunams 7 4 acres 24 Notable people editMohammad Bakri Salim DawNotes edit Those who dispute Albright s identification are Charles William Meredith van de Velde and Victor Guerin who place the ancient site of Beth anath in Ain Aata Lebanon Others place the ancient site in Bu eine Nujeidat while still others thought that Beth anath ought to be identified with Safad el Batih in Lebanon 5 Klein thought that Beth anath was to be identified with Hinah 6 Zvi Gal in his article The Late Bronze Age in Galilee A Reassessment Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No 272 Nov 1988 pp 79 84 writes Various sites have been suggested for this city Bi ina in the Beit Hakerem Valley Albright 1923 19 20 Safrai amp Safrai 1976 Ba inah in the Beit Netophah Valley Alt 1946 55 57 Tel Ros Amiran 1953 125 26 and Tell el Ḥirbeh Garstang 1931 244 45 References edit a b Regional Statistics Israel Central Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 21 March 2024 from personal name according to Palmer 1881 p 41 בענה 2014 W F Albright was a major proponent of this view AASOR 1921 1922 pp 19 20 As for the Egyptian texts that mention Beth Anath see the Zenon Papyri Cf Stephen G Wilson amp Michel Desjardins Text and Artifact in the Religions of Mediterranean Antiquity Essays in honour of Peter Richardson Canadian Corporation for Studies in Religion Wilfrid Laurier University Press Waterloo Ontario 2000 p 121 ISBN 0 88920 356 3 Shmuel Ahituv Canaanite Toponyms in Ancient Egyptian Documents Magnes Press Jerusalem 1984 ISBN 9652235644 citing Aharoni 1957 70 74 Klein S 1934 pp 5 7 Gal 1988 pp 80 83 Albright 1923 p 19 Hutteroth and Abdulfattah 1977 p 191 Note that Rhode 1979 p 6 Archived 2019 04 20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hutteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad district was not from 1595 6 but from 1548 9 Karmon 1960 p 166 Archived 2019 12 22 at the Wayback Machine Robinson and Smith 1841 vol 3 2nd appendix p 133 Guerin 1880 p 445 as translated by Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 150 a b Conder and Kitchener 1881 SWP I p 150 Schumacher 1888 p 174 Barron 1923 Table XI Sub district of Acre p 36 Barron 1923 Table XVI p 50 Mills 1932 p 100 a b c d Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 p 4 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 40 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 80 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics Village Statistics April 1945 Quoted in Hadawi 1970 p 130 Morris 1987 p 226 Frankel et al 2001 p 22Bibliography editAharoni Y 1957 The Settlement of the Tribes of Israel in the Upper Galilee Jerusalem Magnes Press Albright W F 1922 Contribution to the Historical Geography of Palestine The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 2 3 1 46 Albright W F 1923 Warren J Moulton ed Beth Anath The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research AASOR 2 3 New Haven Yale University Press JSTOR 3768450 Barron J B ed 1923 Palestine Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 Government of Palestine Conder C R Kitchener H H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Memoirs of the Topography Orography Hydrography and Archaeology Vol 1 London Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund p 153 Frankel Rafael Getzov Nimrod Aviam Mordechai Degani Avi 2001 Settlement Dynamics and Regional Diversity in Ancient Upper Galilee Archaeological Survey of Upper Galilee Israel Antiquities Authority 14 Gal Zvi 1988 The Late Bronze Age in Galilee A Reassessment Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 272 272 79 84 doi 10 2307 1356788 JSTOR 1356788 S2CID 164010807 Government of Palestine Department of Statistics 1945 Village Statistics April 1945 Guerin V 1880 Description Geographique Historique et Archeologique de la Palestine in French Vol 3 Galilee pt 1 Paris L Imprimerie Nationale Deir al Asad p 446 Majd al Kurum pp 437 444 Hadawi S 1970 Village Statistics of 1945 A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center Hutteroth Wolf Dieter Abdulfattah Kamal 1977 Historical Geography of Palestine Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten Sonderband 5 Erlangen Germany Vorstand der Frankischen Geographischen Gesellschaft ISBN 978 3 920405 41 4 Karmon Y 1960 An Analysis of Jacotin s Map of Palestine PDF Israel Exploration Journal 10 3 4 155 173 244 253 Archived from the original PDF on 2019 12 22 Retrieved 2015 04 18 Klein S 1934 Notes on History of Large Estates in Palestine Yediot Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine Exploration Society 1 18 34 Mills E ed 1932 Census of Palestine 1931 Population of Villages Towns and Administrative Areas Jerusalem Government of Palestine Morris B 1987 The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 33028 2 Palmer E H 1881 The Survey of Western Palestine Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener R E Transliterated and Explained by E H Palmer Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund Pringle D 1993 The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem A K excluding Acre and Jerusalem Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521390361 p 80 92 Rhode H 1979 Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century PhD Columbia University Archived from the original on 2020 03 01 Retrieved 2017 12 02 Robinson E Smith E 1841 Biblical Researches in Palestine Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea A Journal of Travels in the year 1838 Vol 3 Boston Crocker amp Brewster Rohricht R 1893 RRH Regesta regni Hierosolymitani MXCVII MCCXCI in Latin Berlin Libraria Academica Wageriana p 188 no 674 p 248 no 934 p 256 no 974 p 308 no 1175 Safrai Z 1976 Beth Anath Sinai 78 18 34 Schumacher G 1888 Population list of the Liwa of Akka Quarterly Statement Palestine Exploration Fund 20 169 191 External links editWelcome To Bi na Survey of Western Palestine Map 3 IAA Wikimedia commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bi 27ina amp oldid 1202232229, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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