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Bernabé Aráoz

Bernabé Aráoz (1776 – 24 March 1824) was a governor of Tucumán Province in what is now Argentina during the early nineteenth century, and President of the short-lived Republic of Tucumán.

Bernabé Aráoz
Portrait by Honorio Mossi (1861–1943)
Governor of Tucumán Province
In office
14 November 1814 – 6 October 1817
Preceded bynone
Succeeded byFeliciano de la Mota Botello
Governor of Tucumán Province
In office
November 1819 – February 1820
Preceded byFeliciano de la Mota Botello
Succeeded byself
President of the Republic of Tucumán
In office
February 1820 – 28 November 1821
Preceded byself
Succeeded byAbraham González
Governor of Tucumán Province
In office
October 1822 – August 1823
Succeeded byDiego Aráoz
Personal details
Born1776
Monteros
Died24 March 1824 (1824-03-25) (aged 47)
Trancas
NationalityArgentine
Political partyFederal
OccupationSoldier
Known forGovernor of Tucumán Province

Aráoz came from a wealthy and influential family in the northern province of Tucumán in the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, and was a leader of the local militia. In 1810 he supported the May Revolution in which the leaders in Buenos Aires declared independence from the Napoleonic regime in Spain. He played a decisive role in the crucial Battle of Tucumán fought in 1812 against the royalists, and was made governor of his province.

The political situation became confused by a violent dispute between the Unitarian and Federalist parties. The Unitarians wanted a centralized form of government while the Federalists, with whom Aráoz sided, wanted greater local autonomy. The conflict degenerated into chaotic factional fighting at the same time as the struggle for independence. During a period when the central government had broken down, Aráoz declared that his province was a republic with himself as President. The next year he was deposed, but later came back as governor for another term. He was deposed again, forced into exile, arrested, brought back and executed without trial by a firing squad.

Background edit

Bernabé Aráoz was born in Monteros,[a] Tucumán Province, in 1776.[2] His family was one of the most influential and wealthy in San Miguel de Tucumán.[3] He was one of six children of Juan Antonio Aráoz de La Madrid and Josefa de Córdoba Gutiérrez.[4] Bernabé Aráoz was closely related to the statesman and priest Pedro Miguel Aráoz, who represented Tucumán at the 1816 Congress of Tucumán in which the delegates declared the independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (today called Argentina). Pedro Miguel Aráoz later helped Bernabé Araoz in forming the Republic of Tucumán.[5] General Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid was his first cousin.[6]

In 1803 Aráoz was leader of the new "Disciplined Cavalry Militia Regiment of Tucumán Volunteers". In 1805 he married Teresa Velarde. They would have seven children. He supported the May Revolution in Buenos Aires in 1810 without hesitation.[4] In this movement the local leaders rejected the authority of the Spanish government after Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king. At first, the leaders professed loyalty to the deposed king Ferdinand VII of Spain of Spain. Later the movement would evolve into a fight for outright independence.[7] In 1810 Aráoz was elected Mayor of the Cabildo on the second vote.[4] Aráoz raised regular militiamen on behalf of the junta, making an important contribution to the roughly 3,000 soldiers stationed in the northern center of Tucumán.[8]

In August 1812 General Manuel Belgrano had been ordered to retreat from the Spanish to a strong position at Córdoba, abandoning places such as Tucumán that lay further to the north.[9] He sent Juan Ramón Balcarce to Tucumán with a request for money and 1,000 men. The people of Tucumán sent a delegation to Balcarce including Bernabé Aráoz, Rudecindo Alvarado and Pedro Miguel Aráoz that offered the money and 2,000 men if Belgrano would defend the town.[10] Belgrano accepted, and this led to the Battle of Tucumán (24–25 September 1812) in which Belgrano defeated the Spanish forces.[9] Bernabé Aráoz fought in this battle on the right wing as a subordinate to Balcarce.[11] The support that Aráoz gave with his militia was decisive.[12]

Governor of Tucumán Province edit

On 4 April 1814, Bernabé Aráoz was made governor of the Province of Salta del Tucumán.[4] On 8 October 1814 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, the Supreme Director, divided the province into Salta Province and Tucumán Province. Tucumán Province included the former municipality of the same name and the adjoining municipalities of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero. Aráoz was designated governor of Tucumán Province.[13] On 4 September 1815, separatists in Santiago del Estero led by Francisco Borges launched a first bid for independence, but Aráoz suppressed the movement.[14]

After its disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sipe-Sipe (29 November 1815) the central government could provide little support to the northern provinces of Salta and Tucumán, which largely had to look after their own defense.[15] In 1816 Ferdinand VII was declared "absolute King" of Spain. Aráoz hosted the Congress of Tucumán, in which delegates from all the provinces met, and on 9 July 1816 declared full independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata from Spain. Many of the delegates were sympathetic to the monarchy, but in the end support for a republic prevailed. The struggle between those wanting strong central control and those favoring a looser federation would continue for many years.[16] Araoz arranged accommodations and meeting places for the deputies. He even provided the table on which the declaration was signed, and this later was held as a prize possession by his family.[17]

On 10 December 1816 Francisco Borges launched a second separatist movement in Santiago del Estero. General Belgrano suppressed the uprising and Borges was shot on 1 January 1817.[14] Aráoz fell out with Belgrano, and in September 1817 he was replaced by Feliciano de la Mota Botello, from Catamarca. For the next two years Aráoz stayed out of politics.[4] In November 1819 Feliciano de la Mota was deposed by Abraham González while General Belgrano was staying in Tucumán. Belgrano was also arrested, and was held until Bernabé Aráoz took control of the government of Tucumán three days later.[18]

President of the Republic of Tucumán edit

After the Battle of Cepeda on 1 February 1820 the central government was dissolved. Aráoz declared the Republic of Tucumán, made up of Tucumán, Catamarca and Santiago del Estero.[14] In March 1820 he received an urgent request for assistance from General José de San Martín, commander of the armies fighting the Spanish. He replied that he was sending 500 men, well-supplied with arms and ammunition.[19] A Congress of leading men was assembled, and on 6 September 1820 the Congress sanctioned the Republic's constitution. A First Court of Justice was established. Aráoz was named Supreme President.[20] The constitution set up a unicameral legislature and an executive branch headed by the President. It was influenced by the national constitution of 1819 and was unitarian and centralized in nature.[21]

The provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero both quickly moved towards separation.[21] Aráoz sent Juan Bautista Paz to Santiago del Estero to arrange for election of deputies, with a military force led by Juan Francisco Echauri. One of Echauri's first actions was to change the members of the municipality to one in favor of Tucumán. Next he tried to control the election of deputies for the Congress that would meet on 20 March 1820 in Tucumán. The people of Santiago del Estero rebelled, supported by armed forces led by Juan Felipe Ibarra, who defeated Echauri in an engagement on 31 March 1820 and forced him to retreat to Tucumán. Ibarra was appointed the first governor of the province of Santiago del Estero, and on 27 April 1820 issued a manifesto that declared the province's autonomy.[14]

Political turmoil edit

 
Martín Miguel de Güemes, Governor of Salta.

There was growing animosity between Bernabé Aráoz and the governor of Salta Province, Martín Miguel de Güemes.[22] Güemes took the side of Santiago del Estero, invaded the Republic of Tucumán and captured Catamarca, ousting Bernabé Aráoz's relative, Lieutenant Governor Juan José de la Madrid, in March 1821.[23] However, Güemes suffered a series of defeats and then was forced to return to Salta Province since the royalists had taken the opportunity to invade Jujuy.[24] Aráoz invaded Salta, defeated Güemes on 3 April 1821 and temporarily deposed him, although Güemes quickly regained power.[25] Soon after returning to the town of Salta, Güemes was assassinated, dying on 17 June 1821.[24] After his death, an aristocratic group with strong ties to Buenos Aires took power.[26] Eventually peace was settled between Tucumán and Santiago del Estero with a treaty of 5 June 1821.[14]

On 28 November 1821 Aráoz was ousted from office by General Abraham González, who had helped him assume power in November 1819. The government of the province of Tucumán descended into chaos for the next year with endless coups and counter-coups. Colonel Diego Aráoz, a distant relative of Bernabé Aráoz, General Javier López and Bernabé Aráoz engaged in a three-way struggle for power. Bernabé Aráoz briefly held office twice during this period. In October 1822 he became governor yet again, this time holding office for almost a year, and managed to stabilize the situation. He was forced from office by Diego Aráoz in August 1823 and took refuge in Salta. In February 1824 the head of the provincial forces, Javier López, was appointed governor. The government of Salta withdrew asylum from Aráoz and escorted him to the Tucumán border.[4]

Death edit

Aráoz was arrested by Tucumán forces on 7 March 1824 at the border in Trancas, held there and executed on 24 March 1824. The colonel who ordered the execution said he had been trying to subvert the men.[4] It is said that his final act before facing the firing squad was to smoke a cigarette. Knocking away the last ashes, he said philosophically "Human existence is like these ashes." He then calmly faced his death.[27] His remains lie in the Trancas church to the right of the altar.[28] His portrait by the Italian artist Honorio Mossi hangs in the Museo Casa Histórica de la Independencia in San Miguel de Tucumán.[3]

After the Battle of Tucumán, General José de San Martín wrote of him that he doubted that there were ten men in the Americas who united so many virtues.[12] Belgrano said he could not find high enough praise for men of Aráoz's command. General José María Paz knew Aráoz well. He said he did not know of anyone seeing him angry; he was always cool and unflappable. His manner and way of speaking was more suitable to a monk than a soldier. He made many promises, but was always careful to keep his word. He wanted only to rule, and if he deserves the name caudillo,[b] it was as a mild caudillo with no inclination to cruelty.[4]

References edit

Notes

  1. ^ The Plaza Bernabé Aráoz in Monteros is named after the town's famous son.[1]
  2. ^ caudillo may be translated "leader" or "military strongman"

Citations

Sources

  • Belgrano, Mario (1944). Hombres representativos de la Historia Argentina: Belgrano (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: National Academy of History of Argentina.
  • Belgrano, Mario (1944b). Historia de Belgrano. Espasa-Calpe argentina, s.a. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • "Bernabé Aráoz en un retrato". La Gaceta. 24 September 2010. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • "Bernabé Aráoz : Un tucumano visionario". Taringa!. 17 May 2008. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Carranza, Adolfo P.; Rosa, Alejandro; Biedma, José Juan; Pillado, José Antonio; Belgrano, Carlos Vega; Carranza, Rodolfo W. (1895). Revista nacional. J. Canter. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Cisneros, Andrés; Escudé, Carlos (2000). "La posición de Santiago del Estero". Historia General de las Relacines de la Republica Argentina. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • Cornet, Fernand M. (2011). Cosas de familia. Historia genealógica de los Cornet del Tucumán. Editrice UNI Service. ISBN 978-88-6178-767-4. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Crow, John A. (1992-01-17). The Epic of Latin America, Fourth edition. University of California Press. p. 464. ISBN 978-0-520-07723-2. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • "Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz (1759–1832)". Todo Argentina. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Fernández, Jorge; Rondina, Julio César (2004-01-01). Historia Argentina: 1810–1930. Universidad Nac. del Litoral. ISBN 978-987-508-331-8. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Galasso, Norberto (2000-01-01). Seamos Libres y lo Demás No Importa Nada: Vida de San Martín. Ediciones Colihue SRL. p. 322. ISBN 978-950-581-779-5. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  • Hamilton, Jose Garcia (2011-04-01). DON JOSE. SUDAMERICANA. p. 100. ISBN 978-987-566-687-0. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  • Hernández, Antonio María (2011). Sub-National Constitutional Law in Argentina. Kluwer Law International. ISBN 978-90-411-3619-0. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • . Honorable Legislatura de Tucumán. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • Leitner, Gerry (2001-01-01). Argentina Travel Companion. Hunter Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9587498-1-7. Retrieved 2012-10-26.
  • López, Vicente F. (1910). La gran semana de 1810: Crónica de la Revolución de Mayo. Talls de la Casa Jacobo Peuser. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Mato, Omar R. Lopez (2012-02-01). PATRIA ENFERMA, LA (EBOOK). SUDAMERICANA. ISBN 978-950-07-3761-6. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • O'Connor d'Arlach, Eduardo Trigo (2009). Tarija en la Independencia del Virreinato del Río de La Plata. Plural editores. p. 114. ISBN 978-99954-1-224-1. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Olmos, Ramón Rosa (1957). Historia de Catamarca. Editorial "La Unión,". Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Páez de la Torre, Carlos (September 9, 2012). "La azarosa época de Bernabé Aráoz". La Gaceta. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Perazzo, Alberto Ruben (2006). Nuestras banderas: vexilología argentina. Editorial Dunken. ISBN 978-987-02-1809-8. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  • Pigna, Felipe (2012). . El Historiador. Archived from the original on 2012-12-20. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  • Sala, Rodolfo (9 July 2011). "Mi tío Bernabé Aráoz y el 9 de julio de 1816". Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Santiago Ottonello, Tulio (2004-01-01). Nueva Historia de Monteros(Desde Su Origen Hasta 1900). Ediciones del Rectorado, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. ISBN 978-950-554-394-6. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Serrano, Mario Arturo (1996). "Tercera Expedición al Alto Perú". Revisionistas. Retrieved 2012-10-30.
  • Terán, Marta; Serrano Ortega, José Antonio (2002). Las Guerras de Independencia en la América Española. El Colegio de Michoacán A.C. ISBN 978-970-679-069-9. Retrieved 2012-10-29.

bernabé, aráoz, 1776, march, 1824, governor, tucumán, province, what, argentina, during, early, nineteenth, century, president, short, lived, republic, tucumán, portrait, honorio, mossi, 1861, 1943, governor, tucumán, provincein, office, november, 1814, octobe. Bernabe Araoz 1776 24 March 1824 was a governor of Tucuman Province in what is now Argentina during the early nineteenth century and President of the short lived Republic of Tucuman Bernabe AraozPortrait by Honorio Mossi 1861 1943 Governor of Tucuman ProvinceIn office 14 November 1814 6 October 1817Preceded bynoneSucceeded byFeliciano de la Mota BotelloGovernor of Tucuman ProvinceIn office November 1819 February 1820Preceded byFeliciano de la Mota BotelloSucceeded byselfPresident of the Republic of TucumanIn office February 1820 28 November 1821Preceded byselfSucceeded byAbraham GonzalezGovernor of Tucuman ProvinceIn office October 1822 August 1823Succeeded byDiego AraozPersonal detailsBorn1776MonterosDied24 March 1824 1824 03 25 aged 47 TrancasNationalityArgentinePolitical partyFederalOccupationSoldierKnown forGovernor of Tucuman ProvinceAraoz came from a wealthy and influential family in the northern province of Tucuman in the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata and was a leader of the local militia In 1810 he supported the May Revolution in which the leaders in Buenos Aires declared independence from the Napoleonic regime in Spain He played a decisive role in the crucial Battle of Tucuman fought in 1812 against the royalists and was made governor of his province The political situation became confused by a violent dispute between the Unitarian and Federalist parties The Unitarians wanted a centralized form of government while the Federalists with whom Araoz sided wanted greater local autonomy The conflict degenerated into chaotic factional fighting at the same time as the struggle for independence During a period when the central government had broken down Araoz declared that his province was a republic with himself as President The next year he was deposed but later came back as governor for another term He was deposed again forced into exile arrested brought back and executed without trial by a firing squad Contents 1 Background 2 Governor of Tucuman Province 3 President of the Republic of Tucuman 4 Political turmoil 5 Death 6 ReferencesBackground editBernabe Araoz was born in Monteros a Tucuman Province in 1776 2 His family was one of the most influential and wealthy in San Miguel de Tucuman 3 He was one of six children of Juan Antonio Araoz de La Madrid and Josefa de Cordoba Gutierrez 4 Bernabe Araoz was closely related to the statesman and priest Pedro Miguel Araoz who represented Tucuman at the 1816 Congress of Tucuman in which the delegates declared the independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata today called Argentina Pedro Miguel Araoz later helped Bernabe Araoz in forming the Republic of Tucuman 5 General Gregorio Araoz de Lamadrid was his first cousin 6 In 1803 Araoz was leader of the new Disciplined Cavalry Militia Regiment of Tucuman Volunteers In 1805 he married Teresa Velarde They would have seven children He supported the May Revolution in Buenos Aires in 1810 without hesitation 4 In this movement the local leaders rejected the authority of the Spanish government after Napoleon had installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte as king At first the leaders professed loyalty to the deposed king Ferdinand VII of Spain of Spain Later the movement would evolve into a fight for outright independence 7 In 1810 Araoz was elected Mayor of the Cabildo on the second vote 4 Araoz raised regular militiamen on behalf of the junta making an important contribution to the roughly 3 000 soldiers stationed in the northern center of Tucuman 8 In August 1812 General Manuel Belgrano had been ordered to retreat from the Spanish to a strong position at Cordoba abandoning places such as Tucuman that lay further to the north 9 He sent Juan Ramon Balcarce to Tucuman with a request for money and 1 000 men The people of Tucuman sent a delegation to Balcarce including Bernabe Araoz Rudecindo Alvarado and Pedro Miguel Araoz that offered the money and 2 000 men if Belgrano would defend the town 10 Belgrano accepted and this led to the Battle of Tucuman 24 25 September 1812 in which Belgrano defeated the Spanish forces 9 Bernabe Araoz fought in this battle on the right wing as a subordinate to Balcarce 11 The support that Araoz gave with his militia was decisive 12 Governor of Tucuman Province editOn 4 April 1814 Bernabe Araoz was made governor of the Province of Salta del Tucuman 4 On 8 October 1814 Gervasio Antonio de Posadas the Supreme Director divided the province into Salta Province and Tucuman Province Tucuman Province included the former municipality of the same name and the adjoining municipalities of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero Araoz was designated governor of Tucuman Province 13 On 4 September 1815 separatists in Santiago del Estero led by Francisco Borges launched a first bid for independence but Araoz suppressed the movement 14 After its disastrous defeat at the Battle of Sipe Sipe 29 November 1815 the central government could provide little support to the northern provinces of Salta and Tucuman which largely had to look after their own defense 15 In 1816 Ferdinand VII was declared absolute King of Spain Araoz hosted the Congress of Tucuman in which delegates from all the provinces met and on 9 July 1816 declared full independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata from Spain Many of the delegates were sympathetic to the monarchy but in the end support for a republic prevailed The struggle between those wanting strong central control and those favoring a looser federation would continue for many years 16 Araoz arranged accommodations and meeting places for the deputies He even provided the table on which the declaration was signed and this later was held as a prize possession by his family 17 On 10 December 1816 Francisco Borges launched a second separatist movement in Santiago del Estero General Belgrano suppressed the uprising and Borges was shot on 1 January 1817 14 Araoz fell out with Belgrano and in September 1817 he was replaced by Feliciano de la Mota Botello from Catamarca For the next two years Araoz stayed out of politics 4 In November 1819 Feliciano de la Mota was deposed by Abraham Gonzalez while General Belgrano was staying in Tucuman Belgrano was also arrested and was held until Bernabe Araoz took control of the government of Tucuman three days later 18 President of the Republic of Tucuman editAfter the Battle of Cepeda on 1 February 1820 the central government was dissolved Araoz declared the Republic of Tucuman made up of Tucuman Catamarca and Santiago del Estero 14 In March 1820 he received an urgent request for assistance from General Jose de San Martin commander of the armies fighting the Spanish He replied that he was sending 500 men well supplied with arms and ammunition 19 A Congress of leading men was assembled and on 6 September 1820 the Congress sanctioned the Republic s constitution A First Court of Justice was established Araoz was named Supreme President 20 The constitution set up a unicameral legislature and an executive branch headed by the President It was influenced by the national constitution of 1819 and was unitarian and centralized in nature 21 The provinces of Catamarca and Santiago del Estero both quickly moved towards separation 21 Araoz sent Juan Bautista Paz to Santiago del Estero to arrange for election of deputies with a military force led by Juan Francisco Echauri One of Echauri s first actions was to change the members of the municipality to one in favor of Tucuman Next he tried to control the election of deputies for the Congress that would meet on 20 March 1820 in Tucuman The people of Santiago del Estero rebelled supported by armed forces led by Juan Felipe Ibarra who defeated Echauri in an engagement on 31 March 1820 and forced him to retreat to Tucuman Ibarra was appointed the first governor of the province of Santiago del Estero and on 27 April 1820 issued a manifesto that declared the province s autonomy 14 Political turmoil edit nbsp Martin Miguel de Guemes Governor of Salta There was growing animosity between Bernabe Araoz and the governor of Salta Province Martin Miguel de Guemes 22 Guemes took the side of Santiago del Estero invaded the Republic of Tucuman and captured Catamarca ousting Bernabe Araoz s relative Lieutenant Governor Juan Jose de la Madrid in March 1821 23 However Guemes suffered a series of defeats and then was forced to return to Salta Province since the royalists had taken the opportunity to invade Jujuy 24 Araoz invaded Salta defeated Guemes on 3 April 1821 and temporarily deposed him although Guemes quickly regained power 25 Soon after returning to the town of Salta Guemes was assassinated dying on 17 June 1821 24 After his death an aristocratic group with strong ties to Buenos Aires took power 26 Eventually peace was settled between Tucuman and Santiago del Estero with a treaty of 5 June 1821 14 On 28 November 1821 Araoz was ousted from office by General Abraham Gonzalez who had helped him assume power in November 1819 The government of the province of Tucuman descended into chaos for the next year with endless coups and counter coups Colonel Diego Araoz a distant relative of Bernabe Araoz General Javier Lopez and Bernabe Araoz engaged in a three way struggle for power Bernabe Araoz briefly held office twice during this period In October 1822 he became governor yet again this time holding office for almost a year and managed to stabilize the situation He was forced from office by Diego Araoz in August 1823 and took refuge in Salta In February 1824 the head of the provincial forces Javier Lopez was appointed governor The government of Salta withdrew asylum from Araoz and escorted him to the Tucuman border 4 Death editAraoz was arrested by Tucuman forces on 7 March 1824 at the border in Trancas held there and executed on 24 March 1824 The colonel who ordered the execution said he had been trying to subvert the men 4 It is said that his final act before facing the firing squad was to smoke a cigarette Knocking away the last ashes he said philosophically Human existence is like these ashes He then calmly faced his death 27 His remains lie in the Trancas church to the right of the altar 28 His portrait by the Italian artist Honorio Mossi hangs in the Museo Casa Historica de la Independencia in San Miguel de Tucuman 3 After the Battle of Tucuman General Jose de San Martin wrote of him that he doubted that there were ten men in the Americas who united so many virtues 12 Belgrano said he could not find high enough praise for men of Araoz s command General Jose Maria Paz knew Araoz well He said he did not know of anyone seeing him angry he was always cool and unflappable His manner and way of speaking was more suitable to a monk than a soldier He made many promises but was always careful to keep his word He wanted only to rule and if he deserves the name caudillo b it was as a mild caudillo with no inclination to cruelty 4 References editNotes The Plaza Bernabe Araoz in Monteros is named after the town s famous son 1 caudillo may be translated leader or military strongman Citations Santiago Ottonello 2004 p 67 Santiago Ottonello 2004 p 48 a b Bernabe Araoz en un retrato a b c d e f g h Paez de la Torre 2012 Dr Pedro Miguel Araoz Cornet 2011 p 204 Lopez 1910 pp 30ff Teran amp Serrano Ortega 2002 p 356 a b O Connor d Arlach 2009 p 114ff Belgrano 1944b p 179 Carranza et al 1895 p 183 a b Hamilton 2011 p 100 Perazzo 2006 p 125 a b c d e Cisneros amp Escude 2000 Serrano 1996 Crow 1992 pp 464ff Sala 2011 Belgrano 1944 pp 341 360 Galasso 2000 p 322 Historia del Poder Legislativo a b Hernandez 2011 p 21 Galasso 2000 p 343 Olmos 1957 p 130 a b Mato 2012 pp 75 76 Pigna 2012 Fernandez amp Rondina 2004 p 110 Bernabe Araoz Un tucumano visionario Leitner 2001 p 776 Sources Belgrano Mario 1944 Hombres representativos de la Historia Argentina Belgrano in Spanish Buenos Aires National Academy of History of Argentina Belgrano Mario 1944b Historia de Belgrano Espasa Calpe argentina s a Retrieved 2012 10 30 Bernabe Araoz en un retrato La Gaceta 24 September 2010 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Bernabe Araoz Un tucumano visionario Taringa 17 May 2008 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Carranza Adolfo P Rosa Alejandro Biedma Jose Juan Pillado Jose Antonio Belgrano Carlos Vega Carranza Rodolfo W 1895 Revista nacional J Canter Retrieved 2012 10 30 Cisneros Andres Escude Carlos 2000 La posicion de Santiago del Estero Historia General de las Relacines de la Republica Argentina Retrieved 2012 10 26 Cornet Fernand M 2011 Cosas de familia Historia genealogica de los Cornet del Tucuman Editrice UNI Service ISBN 978 88 6178 767 4 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Crow John A 1992 01 17 The Epic of Latin America Fourth edition University of California Press p 464 ISBN 978 0 520 07723 2 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Dr Pedro Miguel Araoz 1759 1832 Todo Argentina Retrieved 2012 10 30 Fernandez Jorge Rondina Julio Cesar 2004 01 01 Historia Argentina 1810 1930 Universidad Nac del Litoral ISBN 978 987 508 331 8 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Galasso Norberto 2000 01 01 Seamos Libres y lo Demas No Importa Nada Vida de San Martin Ediciones Colihue SRL p 322 ISBN 978 950 581 779 5 Retrieved 2012 10 29 Hamilton Jose Garcia 2011 04 01 DON JOSE SUDAMERICANA p 100 ISBN 978 987 566 687 0 Retrieved 2012 10 29 Hernandez Antonio Maria 2011 Sub National Constitutional Law in Argentina Kluwer Law International ISBN 978 90 411 3619 0 Retrieved 2012 10 26 Historia del Poder Legislativo Honorable Legislatura de Tucuman Archived from the original on 2012 10 11 Retrieved 2012 10 26 Leitner Gerry 2001 01 01 Argentina Travel Companion Hunter Publishing Inc ISBN 978 0 9587498 1 7 Retrieved 2012 10 26 Lopez Vicente F 1910 La gran semana de 1810 Cronica de la Revolucion de Mayo Talls de la Casa Jacobo Peuser Retrieved 2012 10 30 Mato Omar R Lopez 2012 02 01 PATRIA ENFERMA LA EBOOK SUDAMERICANA ISBN 978 950 07 3761 6 Retrieved 2012 10 30 O Connor d Arlach Eduardo Trigo 2009 Tarija en la Independencia del Virreinato del Rio de La Plata Plural editores p 114 ISBN 978 99954 1 224 1 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Olmos Ramon Rosa 1957 Historia de Catamarca Editorial La Union Retrieved 2012 10 30 Paez de la Torre Carlos September 9 2012 La azarosa epoca de Bernabe Araoz La Gaceta Retrieved 2012 10 30 Perazzo Alberto Ruben 2006 Nuestras banderas vexilologia argentina Editorial Dunken ISBN 978 987 02 1809 8 Retrieved 28 October 2012 Pigna Felipe 2012 Martin Miguel de Guemes 1785 1821 El Historiador Archived from the original on 2012 12 20 Retrieved 2012 10 29 Sala Rodolfo 9 July 2011 Mi tio Bernabe Araoz y el 9 de julio de 1816 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Santiago Ottonello Tulio 2004 01 01 Nueva Historia de Monteros Desde Su Origen Hasta 1900 Ediciones del Rectorado Universidad Nacional de Tucuman ISBN 978 950 554 394 6 Retrieved 2012 10 30 Serrano Mario Arturo 1996 Tercera Expedicion al Alto Peru Revisionistas Retrieved 2012 10 30 Teran Marta Serrano Ortega Jose Antonio 2002 Las Guerras de Independencia en la America Espanola El Colegio de Michoacan A C ISBN 978 970 679 069 9 Retrieved 2012 10 29 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bernabe Araoz amp oldid 1183527442, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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