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Belle experiment

November 15, 2023

Not to be confused with Bell experiments, which demonstrate some of the counterintuitive features of quantum physics.

The Belle experiment was a particle physics experiment conducted by the Belle Collaboration, an international collaboration of more than 400 physicists and engineers, at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation (KEK) in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. The experiment ran from 1999 to 2010.[1]

The Belle detector in Tsukuba Hall, KEK

The Belle detector was located at the collision point of the asymmetric-energy electron–positron collider, KEKB. Belle at KEKB together with the BaBar experiment at the PEP-II accelerator at SLAC were known as the B-factories as they collided electrons with positrons at the center-of-momentum energy equal to the mass of the
ϒ
(4S) resonance which decays to pairs of B mesons.

The Belle detector was a hermetic multilayer particle detector with large solid angle coverage, vertex location with precision on the order of tens of micrometres (provided by a silicon vertex detector), good distinction between pions and kaons in the momenta range from 100 MeV/c to few GeV/c (provided by a Cherenkov detector), and a few-percent precision electromagnetic calorimeter (made of CsI(Tl) scintillating crystals).

The Belle II experiment is an upgrade of Belle that was approved in June 2010.[2] It is currently being commissioned,[3] and is anticipated to start operation in 2018.[4] Belle II is located at SuperKEKB (an upgraded KEKB accelerator) which is intended to provide a factor 40 larger integrated luminosity.[5]

Results edit

 
The retired central drift tracking chamber from Belle, now exhibited at the National Museum of Nature and Science.

The experiment was motivated by the search for CP-violation.[6] However the experiment also performed extensive studies of rare decays, searches for exotic particles and precision measurements of the properties of D mesons, and tau particles.[1] The experiment has resulted in almost 300 publications in physics journals.

Highlights of the Belle experiment include

  • an observation of large CP-violation in the neutral B meson system[7]
  • measurement of the branching fraction of inclusive   decays[8]
  • observation of the   transition with  [9] and  [10]
  • measurement of   using the   Dalitz plot[1]
  • measurement of the CKM quark mixing matrix elements   and  [1]
  • observation of direct CP-violation in  [11] and  [12]
  • observation of   transitions[13]
  • evidence for  [14]
  • observations of a number of new particles including the X(3872)[15]

Data samples edit

The KEKB accelerator was the world's highest luminosity machine at the time.[citation needed] A large fraction of the data was collected at the
ϒ
(4S). The instantaneous luminosity exceeded 2.11×1034 cm−2·s−1. The integrated luminosity collected at the
ϒ
(4S) mass was about 710 fb−1 (corresponding to 771 million
B

B
 meson pairs). About 10% of the data was recorded below the
ϒ
(4S) resonance in order to study backgrounds. In addition, KEKB carried out special runs at the
ϒ
(5S) resonance to study
B
s mesons as well as on the
ϒ
(1S),
ϒ
(2S) and
ϒ
(3S) resonances to search for evidence of Dark Matter and the Higgs Boson. The samples of
ϒ
(1S),
ϒ
(2S) and
ϒ
(5S) collected by Belle are the world largest samples available.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Bevan, A. J.; Golob, B.; Mannel, Th; Prell, S.; Yabsley, B. D.; Aihara, H.; Anulli, F.; Arnaud, N.; Aushev, T. (2014-11-01). "The Physics of the B Factories". The European Physical Journal C. 74 (11): 3026. arXiv:1406.6311. Bibcode:2014EPJC...74.3026B. doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-014-3026-9. ISSN 1434-6044. S2CID 9063079.
  2. ^ . 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-12-26.
  3. ^ "Belle II". www.belle2.org. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  4. ^ "SuperKEKB". www-superkekb.kek.jp. Retrieved 2017-04-30.
  5. ^ Abe, T.; Adachi, I.; Adamczyk, K.; Ahn, S.; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Aloi, M.; Andricek, L.; Aoki, K. (2010-11-01). "Belle II Technical Design Report". arXiv:1011.0352 [physics.ins-det].
  6. ^ Cheng, M. T.; Chu, M. L.; Wang, C. H.; Chen, H. S.; Li, J.; Zhu, Y. C.; Wang, T. J.; Yu, Z. Q.; Kawai, H. (1994-01-01). "Letter of intent for a study of CP violation in B meson decays".
  7. ^ Abe, K.; Asai, K.; Abe, R.; Adachi, I.; Ahn, Byoung Sup; Aihara, H.; Akatsu, M.; Alimonti, G. (2001-08-14). "Observation of Large CP Violation in the Neutral B Meson System". Physical Review Letters. 87 (9): 091802. arXiv:hep-ex/0107061. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87i1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.091802. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 11531561. S2CID 3197654.
  8. ^ Abe, K.; Asai, K.; Adachi, I.; Ahn, Byoung Sup; Aihara, H.; Akatsu, M.; Alimonti, G.; Aoki, K. (2001-07-05). "A measurement of the branching fraction for the inclusive B→Xsγ decays with the Belle detector". Physics Letters B. 511 (2–4): 151–158. arXiv:hep-ex/0103042. Bibcode:2001PhLB..511..151B. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00626-8. S2CID 119360083.
  9. ^ Abe, K.; Aso, T.; Abe, R.; Adachi, I.; Ahn, Byoung Sup; Aihara, H.; Akatsu, M.; Asano, Y. (2002). "Observation of the Decay B → K l + l −". Physical Review Letters. 88 (2): 021801. arXiv:hep-ex/0109026. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88b1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.021801. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 11801003. S2CID 15298752.
  10. ^ Ishikawa, A.; Abe, K.; Abe, K.; Abe, T.; Adachi, I.; Ahn, Byoung Sup; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Akatsu, M. (2003-12-24). "Observation of B → K * ℓ + ℓ −". Physical Review Letters. 91 (26): 261601. arXiv:hep-ex/0308044. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..91z1601I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.261601. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 14754037. S2CID 26236764.
  11. ^ Abe, K.; Akemoto, M.; Abe, N.; Abe, T.; Adachi, I.; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Akatsu, M. (2004-07-06). "Observation of Large C P Violation and Evidence for Direct C P Violation in B 0 → π + π − Decays". Physical Review Letters. 93 (2): 021601. arXiv:hep-ex/0401029. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93b1601A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.021601. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 15323897. S2CID 23736093.
  12. ^ Chao, Y.; Chang, P.; Abe, K.; Abe, K.; Abe, N.; Adachi, I.; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Akatsu, M. (2004-11-05). "Evidence for Direct C P Violation in B 0 → K + π − Decays". Physical Review Letters. 93 (19): 191802. arXiv:hep-ex/0408100. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93s1802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.191802. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 15600826. S2CID 40785991.
  13. ^ Mohapatra, D.; Nakao, M.; Nishida, S.; Abe, K.; Abe, K.; Adachi, I.; Aihara, H.; Anipko, D.; Arinstein, K. (2006-06-09). "Observation of b → d γ and Determination of | V t d / V t s |". Physical Review Letters. 96 (22): 221601. arXiv:hep-ex/0506079. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96v1601M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.221601. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 16803300. S2CID 7745694.
  14. ^ Ikado, K.; Abe, K.; Abe, K.; Adachi, I.; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Akemoto, M.; Anipko, D.; Arinstein, K. (2006-12-22). "Evidence of the Purely Leptonic Decay B − → τ − ν ¯ τ". Physical Review Letters. 97 (25): 251802. arXiv:hep-ex/0604018. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97y1802I. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.251802. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 17280341. S2CID 37468451.
  15. ^ Choi, S.-K.; Olsen, S. L.; Abe, K.; Abe, T.; Adachi, I.; Ahn, Byoung Sup; Aihara, H.; Akai, K.; Akatsu, M. (2003-12-23). "Observation of a Narrow Charmoniumlike State in Exclusive B ± → K ± π + π − J / ψ Decays". Physical Review Letters. 91 (26): 262001. arXiv:hep-ex/0309032. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..91z2001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.262001. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 14754041. S2CID 1017547.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belle experiment.
  • Official Belle Website
  • Belle II Collaboration Website
  • Belle II Public Website
  • Record for KEK-BF-BELLE Experiment on INSPIRE-HEP

36°09′28″N 140°04′31″E / 36.15778°N 140.07528°E / 36.15778; 140.07528

November 15, 2023
belle, experiment, confused, with, bell, experiments, which, demonstrate, some, counterintuitive, features, quantum, physics, particle, physics, experiment, conducted, belle, collaboration, international, collaboration, more, than, physicists, engineers, high,. Not to be confused with Bell experiments which demonstrate some of the counterintuitive features of quantum physics The Belle experiment was a particle physics experiment conducted by the Belle Collaboration an international collaboration of more than 400 physicists and engineers at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation KEK in Tsukuba Ibaraki Prefecture Japan The experiment ran from 1999 to 2010 1 The Belle detector in Tsukuba Hall KEKThe Belle detector was located at the collision point of the asymmetric energy electron positron collider KEKB Belle at KEKB together with the BaBar experiment at the PEP II accelerator at SLAC were known as the B factories as they collided electrons with positrons at the center of momentum energy equal to the mass of the ϒ 4S resonance which decays to pairs of B mesons The Belle detector was a hermetic multilayer particle detector with large solid angle coverage vertex location with precision on the order of tens of micrometres provided by a silicon vertex detector good distinction between pions and kaons in the momenta range from 100 MeV c to few GeV c provided by a Cherenkov detector and a few percent precision electromagnetic calorimeter made of CsI Tl scintillating crystals The Belle II experiment is an upgrade of Belle that was approved in June 2010 2 It is currently being commissioned 3 and is anticipated to start operation in 2018 4 Belle II is located at SuperKEKB an upgraded KEKB accelerator which is intended to provide a factor 40 larger integrated luminosity 5 Contents 1 Results 2 Data samples 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksResults edit nbsp The retired central drift tracking chamber from Belle now exhibited at the National Museum of Nature and Science The experiment was motivated by the search for CP violation 6 However the experiment also performed extensive studies of rare decays searches for exotic particles and precision measurements of the properties of D mesons and tau particles 1 The experiment has resulted in almost 300 publications in physics journals Highlights of the Belle experiment include an observation of large CP violation in the neutral B meson system 7 measurement of the branching fraction of inclusive B X s g displaystyle B to X s gamma nbsp decays 8 observation of the b s l l displaystyle b to sl l nbsp transition with B K l l displaystyle B to Kl l nbsp 9 and B K l l displaystyle B to K l l nbsp 10 measurement of ϕ 3 displaystyle phi 3 nbsp using the B D K D K S p p displaystyle B to DK D to K S pi pi nbsp Dalitz plot 1 measurement of the CKM quark mixing matrix elements V u b displaystyle V ub nbsp and V c b displaystyle V cb nbsp 1 observation of direct CP violation in B 0 p p displaystyle B 0 to pi pi nbsp 11 and B 0 K p displaystyle B 0 to K pi nbsp 12 observation of b d displaystyle b to d nbsp transitions 13 evidence for B t n displaystyle B to tau nu nbsp 14 observations of a number of new particles including the X 3872 15 Data samples editThe KEKB accelerator was the world s highest luminosity machine at the time citation needed A large fraction of the data was collected at the ϒ 4S The instantaneous luminosity exceeded 2 11 1034 cm 2 s 1 The integrated luminosity collected at the ϒ 4S mass was about 710 fb 1 corresponding to 771 million B B meson pairs About 10 of the data was recorded below the ϒ 4S resonance in order to study backgrounds In addition KEKB carried out special runs at the ϒ 5S resonance to study Bs mesons as well as on the ϒ 1S ϒ 2S and ϒ 3S resonances to search for evidence of Dark Matter and the Higgs Boson The samples of ϒ 1S ϒ 2S and ϒ 5S collected by Belle are the world largest samples available citation needed See also editB factory B B oscillationReferences edit a b c d Bevan A J Golob B Mannel Th Prell S Yabsley B D Aihara H Anulli F Arnaud N Aushev T 2014 11 01 The Physics of the B Factories The European Physical Journal C 74 11 3026 arXiv 1406 6311 Bibcode 2014EPJC 74 3026B doi 10 1140 epjc s10052 014 3026 9 ISSN 1434 6044 S2CID 9063079 KEK PRESS Release KEKB upgrade plan has been approved 2010 Archived from the original on 2014 12 26 Belle II www belle2 org Retrieved 2017 04 28 SuperKEKB www superkekb kek jp Retrieved 2017 04 30 Abe T Adachi I Adamczyk K Ahn S Aihara H Akai K Aloi M Andricek L Aoki K 2010 11 01 Belle II Technical Design Report arXiv 1011 0352 physics ins det Cheng M T Chu M L Wang C H Chen H S Li J Zhu Y C Wang T J Yu Z Q Kawai H 1994 01 01 Letter of intent for a study of CP violation in B meson decays Abe K Asai K Abe R Adachi I Ahn Byoung Sup Aihara H Akatsu M Alimonti G 2001 08 14 Observation of Large CP Violation in the Neutral B Meson System Physical Review Letters 87 9 091802 arXiv hep ex 0107061 Bibcode 2001PhRvL 87i1802A doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 87 091802 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 11531561 S2CID 3197654 Abe K Asai K Adachi I Ahn Byoung Sup Aihara H Akatsu M Alimonti G Aoki K 2001 07 05 A measurement of the branching fraction for the inclusive B Xsg decays with the Belle detector Physics Letters B 511 2 4 151 158 arXiv hep ex 0103042 Bibcode 2001PhLB 511 151B doi 10 1016 S0370 2693 01 00626 8 S2CID 119360083 Abe K Aso T Abe R Adachi I Ahn Byoung Sup Aihara H Akatsu M Asano Y 2002 Observation of the Decay B K l l Physical Review Letters 88 2 021801 arXiv hep ex 0109026 Bibcode 2002PhRvL 88b1801A doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 88 021801 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 11801003 S2CID 15298752 Ishikawa A Abe K Abe K Abe T Adachi I Ahn Byoung Sup Aihara H Akai K Akatsu M 2003 12 24 Observation of B K ℓ ℓ Physical Review Letters 91 26 261601 arXiv hep ex 0308044 Bibcode 2003PhRvL 91z1601I doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 91 261601 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 14754037 S2CID 26236764 Abe K Akemoto M Abe N Abe T Adachi I Aihara H Akai K Akatsu M 2004 07 06 Observation of Large C P Violation and Evidence for Direct C P Violation in B 0 p p Decays Physical Review Letters 93 2 021601 arXiv hep ex 0401029 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 93b1601A doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 93 021601 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 15323897 S2CID 23736093 Chao Y Chang P Abe K Abe K Abe N Adachi I Aihara H Akai K Akatsu M 2004 11 05 Evidence for Direct C P Violation in B 0 K p Decays Physical Review Letters 93 19 191802 arXiv hep ex 0408100 Bibcode 2004PhRvL 93s1802C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 93 191802 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 15600826 S2CID 40785991 Mohapatra D Nakao M Nishida S Abe K Abe K Adachi I Aihara H Anipko D Arinstein K 2006 06 09 Observation of b d g and Determination of V t d V t s Physical Review Letters 96 22 221601 arXiv hep ex 0506079 Bibcode 2006PhRvL 96v1601M doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 96 221601 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 16803300 S2CID 7745694 Ikado K Abe K Abe K Adachi I Aihara H Akai K Akemoto M Anipko D Arinstein K 2006 12 22 Evidence of the Purely Leptonic Decay B t n t Physical Review Letters 97 25 251802 arXiv hep ex 0604018 Bibcode 2006PhRvL 97y1802I doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 97 251802 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 17280341 S2CID 37468451 Choi S K Olsen S L Abe K Abe T Adachi I Ahn Byoung Sup Aihara H Akai K Akatsu M 2003 12 23 Observation of a Narrow Charmoniumlike State in Exclusive B K p p J ps Decays Physical Review Letters 91 26 262001 arXiv hep ex 0309032 Bibcode 2003PhRvL 91z2001C doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 91 262001 ISSN 0031 9007 PMID 14754041 S2CID 1017547 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Belle experiment Official Belle Website Belle II Collaboration Website Belle II Public Website Record for KEK BF BELLE Experiment on INSPIRE HEP36 09 28 N 140 04 31 E 36 15778 N 140 07528 E 36 15778 140 07528 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Belle experiment amp oldid 1170703679, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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