Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer

This article is about the mammalian BAK1 gene. For the plant gene with the same symbol, see BRI1-associated receptor kinase 1.

Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BAK1 gene on chromosome 6.^[4][5] The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the BCL2 protein family. BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators that are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. This protein localizes to mitochondria, and functions to induce apoptosis. It interacts with and accelerates the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, which leads to a loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. This protein also interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress.^[6]

BAK1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 5AJK, 1BXL, 2IMS, 2IMT, 2JBY, 2JCN, 2LP8, 2M5B, 2XPX, 3I1H, 3QBR, 4D2L, 4U2U, 4U2V, 4UF1, 5FMK, 5FMI
Identifiers
Aliases	BAK1, BAK, BAK-LIKE, BCL2L7, CDN1, BCL2 antagonist/killer 1
External IDs	OMIM: 600516 MGI: 1097161 HomoloGene: 917 GeneCards: BAK1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human)^[1] Band 6p21.31 Start 33,572,547 bp^[1] End 33,580,293 bp^[1]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in left adrenal gland right adrenal gland monocyte duodenum rectum spleen blood left ventricle body of stomach stromal cell of endometrium n/a More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transmembrane transporter binding metal ion binding protein binding identical protein binding protein homodimerization activity molecular function heat shock protein binding protein heterodimerization activity chaperone binding BH domain binding Cellular component integral component of membrane cytosol membrane mitochondrial membranes integral component of mitochondrial outer membrane intracellular anatomical structure endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion pore complex mitochondrial outer membrane BAK complex Biological process mitochondrial fusion leukocyte homeostasis regulation of apoptotic process positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response establishment or maintenance of transmembrane electrochemical gradient limb morphogenesis positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosol response to organic cyclic compound B cell apoptotic process regulation of protein heterodimerization activity positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway vagina development homeostasis of number of cells cellular response to UV myeloid cell homeostasis human ageing post-embryonic camera-type eye morphogenesis B cell homeostasis thymocyte apoptotic process endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasis negative regulation of gene expression regulation of cell cycle regulation of mitochondrial membrane potential positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response blood vessel remodeling intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress brain development response to fungus regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability cellular response to mechanical stimulus fibroblast apoptotic process activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity apoptotic process involved in blood vessel morphogenesis activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process by cytochrome c animal organ regeneration negative regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation positive regulation of proteolysis positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria apoptotic signaling pathway negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration cell population proliferation response to ethanol activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process response to gamma radiation regulation of protein homodimerization activity response to UV-C response to hydrogen peroxide endocrine pancreas development release of cytochrome c from mitochondria B cell negative selection negative regulation of cell population proliferation response to mycotoxin positive regulation of apoptotic process intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand apoptotic process Unfolded Protein Response Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 578 12018 Ensembl ENSG00000030110 ENSMUSG00000057789 UniProt Q16611 O08734 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001188 NM_007523 RefSeq (protein) NP_001179 NP_031549 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 33.57 – 33.58 Mb n/a PubMed search ^[2] ^[3]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Structure

BAK1 is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein containing four Bcl-2 homology (BH) domains: BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4. These domains are composed of nine α-helices, with a hydrophobic α-helix core surrounded by amphipathic helices and a transmembrane C-terminal α-helix anchored to the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). A hydrophobic groove formed along the C-terminal of α2 to the N-terminal of α5, and some residues from α8, binds the BH3 domain of other BCL-2 proteins in its active form.^[7]

Function

As a member of the BCL2 protein family, BAK1 functions as a pro-apoptotic regulator involved in a wide variety of cellular activities.^[6] In healthy mammalian cells, BAK1 localizes primarily to the MOM, but remains in an inactive form until stimulated by apoptotic signaling. The inactive form of BAK1 is maintained by the protein’s interactions with VDAC2, Mtx2, and other anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2 protein family. Nonetheless, VDAC2 functions to recruit newly synthesized BAK1 to the mitochondria to carry out apoptosis.^[8] Moreover, BAK1 is believed to induce the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, leading to release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria.^[6] Alternatively, BAK1 itself forms an oligomeric pore, MAC, in the MOM, through which pro-apoptotic factors leak in a process called MOM permeabilization.^[9][10][11]

Clinical significance

Generally, the pro-apoptotic function of BAK1 contributes to neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases when overexpressed and cancers when inhibited.^[8] For instance, dysregulation of the BAK gene has been implicated in human gastrointestinal cancers, indicating that the gene plays a part in the pathogenesis of some cancers.^[12][13]

BAK1 is also involved in the HIV replication pathway, as the virus induces apoptosis in T cells via Casp8p41, which activates BAK to carry out membrane permeabilization, leading to cell death.^[14] Consequently, drugs that regulate BAK1 activity present promising treatments for these diseases.^[7]

Recently, one study of the role of genetics in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) showed that different BAK1 variants can exist in both diseased and non-diseased AA tissues compared to matching blood samples.^[15][16] Given the current paradigm that all cells have the same genomic DNA, BAK1 gene variants in different tissues may be easily explained by the expression of BAK1 gene on chromosome 6 and one its edited copies on chromosome 20.^[17]

Interactions

BAK1 has been shown to interact with:

• BCL2-like 1,^{[18][19][20][21][22]}
• Bcl-2,^[23][24]
• MCL1,^{[21][25][26][27]}
• P53,^[25]
• Casp8p41,^[14]
• VDAC2,^[8]
• Mtx2,^[8]
• Mcl-1,^[8]
• Bid,^[10]
• Bim,^[10] and
• Puma.^[10]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000030110 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
3. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. Chittenden T, Harrington EA, O'Connor R, Flemington C, Lutz RJ, Evan GI, Guild BC (April 1995). "Induction of apoptosis by the Bcl-2 homologue Bak". Nature. 374 (6524): 733–6. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..733C. doi:10.1038/374733a0. PMID 7715730. S2CID 4315947.
5. Kiefer MC, Brauer MJ, Powers VC, Wu JJ, Umansky SR, Tomei LD, Barr PJ (April 1995). "Modulation of apoptosis by the widely distributed Bcl-2 homologue Bak". Nature. 374 (6524): 736–9. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..736K. doi:10.1038/374736a0. PMID 7715731. S2CID 4087773.
6. "Entrez Gene: BAK1 BCL2-antagonist/killer 1".
7. Westphal D, Kluck RM, Dewson G (February 2014). "Building blocks of the apoptotic pore: how Bax and Bak are activated and oligomerize during apoptosis". Cell Death and Differentiation. 21 (2): 196–205. doi:10.1038/cdd.2013.139. PMC 3890949. PMID 24162660.
8. Cartron PF, Petit E, Bellot G, Oliver L, Vallette FM (September 2014). "Metaxins 1 and 2, two proteins of the mitochondrial protein sorting and assembly machinery, are essential for Bak activation during TNF alpha triggered apoptosis". Cellular Signalling. 26 (9): 1928–34. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.04.021. PMID 24794530.
9. Buytaert E, Callewaert G, Vandenheede JR, Agostinis P (2006). "Deficiency in apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak reveals an autophagic cell death pathway initiated by photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum". Autophagy. 2 (3): 238–40. doi:10.4161/auto.2730. PMID 16874066.
10. Mignard V, Lalier L, Paris F, Vallette FM (May 2014). "Bioactive lipids and the control of Bax pro-apoptotic activity". Cell Death & Disease. 5 (5): e1266. doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.226. PMC 4047880. PMID 24874738.
11. McArthur K, Whitehead LW, Heddleston JM, Li L, Padman BS, Oorschot V, Geoghegan ND, Chappaz S, Davidson S, San Chin H, Lane RM, Dramicanin M, Saunders TL, Sugiana C, Lessene R, Osellame LD, Chew TL, Dewson G, Lazarou M, Ramm G, Lessene G, Ryan MT, Rogers KL, van Delft MF, Kile BT (February 2018). "BAK/BAX macropores facilitate mitochondrial herniation and mtDNA efflux during apoptosis". Science. 359 (6378): eaao6047. doi:10.1126/science.aao6047. PMID 29472455.
12. Tong QS, Zheng LD, Wang L, Liu J, Qian W (July 2004). "BAK overexpression mediates p53-independent apoptosis inducing effects on human gastric cancer cells". BMC Cancer. 4: 33. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-4-33. PMC 481072. PMID 15248898.
13. Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM (March 2009). "Suppression of apoptosis, crypt hyperplasia, and altered differentiation in the colonic epithelia of bak-null mice". Gastroenterology. 136 (3): 943–52. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.036. PMID 19185578.
14. Sainski AM, Dai H, Natesampillai S, Pang YP, Bren GD, Cummins NW, Correia C, Meng XW, Tarara JE, Ramirez-Alvarado M, Katzmann DJ, Ochsenbauer C, Kappes JC, Kaufmann SH, Badley AD (September 2014). "Casp8p41 generated by HIV protease kills CD4 T cells through direct Bak activation". The Journal of Cell Biology. 206 (7): 867–76. doi:10.1083/jcb.201405051. PMC 4178959. PMID 25246614.
15. Michel Eduardo Beleza Yamagishi (2009). "A simpler explanation to BAK1 gene variation in Aortic and Blood tissues". arXiv:0909.2321 [q-bio.GN].
16. Gottlieb B, Chalifour LE, Mitmaker B, Sheiner N, Obrand D, Abraham C, Meilleur M, Sugahara T, Bkaily G, Schweitzer M (July 2009). "BAK1 gene variation and abdominal aortic aneurysms". Human Mutation. 30 (7): 1043–7. doi:10.1002/humu.21046. PMID 19514060. S2CID 205919153.
17. Hatchwell E (January 2010). "BAK1 gene variation and abdominal aortic aneurysms-variants are likely due to sequencing of a processed gene on chromosome 20". Human Mutation. 31 (1): 108–9, author reply 110–1. doi:10.1002/humu.21147. PMID 19847788. S2CID 205919423.
18. Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (October 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID 16189514. S2CID 4427026.
19. Zhang H, Nimmer P, Rosenberg SH, Ng SC, Joseph M (August 2002). "Development of a high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay for Bcl-x(L)". Analytical Biochemistry. 307 (1): 70–5. doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(02)00028-3. PMID 12137781.
20. Whitfield J, Harada K, Bardelle C, Staddon JM (November 2003). "High-throughput methods to detect dimerization of Bcl-2 family proteins". Analytical Biochemistry. 322 (2): 170–8. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.014. PMID 14596824.
21. Willis SN, Chen L, Dewson G, Wei A, Naik E, Fletcher JI, Adams JM, Huang DC (June 2005). "Proapoptotic Bak is sequestered by Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, until displaced by BH3-only proteins". Genes & Development. 19 (11): 1294–305. doi:10.1101/gad.1304105. PMC 1142553. PMID 15901672.
22. Zheng TS (February 2001). "Death by design: the big debut of small molecules". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (2): E43–6. doi:10.1038/35055145. PMID 11175758. S2CID 22879400.
23. Lin B, Kolluri SK, Lin F, Liu W, Han YH, Cao X, Dawson MI, Reed JC, Zhang XK (February 2004). "Conversion of Bcl-2 from protector to killer by interaction with nuclear orphan receptor Nur77/TR3". Cell. 116 (4): 527–40. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00162-x. PMID 14980220. S2CID 17808479.
24. Enyedy IJ, Ling Y, Nacro K, Tomita Y, Wu X, Cao Y, Guo R, Li B, Zhu X, Huang Y, Long YQ, Roller PP, Yang D, Wang S (December 2001). "Discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2 through structure-based computer screening". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 44 (25): 4313–24. doi:10.1021/jm010016f. PMID 11728179.
25. Perfettini JL, Kroemer RT, Kroemer G (May 2004). "Fatal liaisons of p53 with Bax and Bak". Nature Cell Biology. 6 (5): 386–8. doi:10.1038/ncb0504-386. PMID 15122264. S2CID 21913599.
26. Weng C, Li Y, Xu D, Shi Y, Tang H (March 2005). "Specific cleavage of Mcl-1 by caspase-3 in tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia T cells". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (11): 10491–500. doi:10.1074/jbc.M412819200. PMID 15637055.
27. Bae J, Leo CP, Hsu SY, Hsueh AJ (August 2000). "MCL-1S, a splicing variant of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1, encodes a proapoptotic protein possessing only the BH3 domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (33): 25255–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M909826199. PMID 10837489.

Further reading

• Buytaert E, Callewaert G, Vandenheede JR, Agostinis P (2007). "Deficiency in apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak reveals an autophagic cell death pathway initiated by photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum". Autophagy. 2 (3): 238–40. doi:10.4161/auto.2730. PMID 16874066.
• Farrow SN, White JH, Martinou I, Raven T, Pun KT, Grinham CJ, Martinou JC, Brown R (April 1995). "Cloning of a bcl-2 homologue by interaction with adenovirus E1B 19K". Nature. 374 (6524): 731–3. Bibcode:1995Natur.374..731F. doi:10.1038/374731a0. PMID 7715729. S2CID 4338100.
• Chittenden T, Flemington C, Houghton AB, Ebb RG, Gallo GJ, Elangovan B, Chinnadurai G, Lutz RJ (November 1995). "A conserved domain in Bak, distinct from BH1 and BH2, mediates cell death and protein binding functions". The EMBO Journal. 14 (22): 5589–96. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00246.x. PMC 394673. PMID 8521816.
• Sattler M, Liang H, Nettesheim D, Meadows RP, Harlan JE, Eberstadt M, Yoon HS, Shuker SB, Chang BS, Minn AJ, Thompson CB, Fesik SW (February 1997). "Structure of Bcl-xL-Bak peptide complex: recognition between regulators of apoptosis". Science. 275 (5302): 983–6. doi:10.1126/science.275.5302.983. PMID 9020082. S2CID 22667419.
• Diaz JL, Oltersdorf T, Horne W, McConnell M, Wilson G, Weeks S, Garcia T, Fritz LC (April 1997). "A common binding site mediates heterodimerization and homodimerization of Bcl-2 family members". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (17): 11350–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.17.11350. PMID 9111042.
• Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S (February 1998). "The conserved N-terminal BH4 domain of Bcl-2 homologues is essential for inhibition of apoptosis and interaction with CED-4". The EMBO Journal. 17 (4): 1029–39. doi:10.1093/emboj/17.4.1029. PMC 1170452. PMID 9463381.
• Herberg JA, Phillips S, Beck S, Jones T, Sheer D, Wu JJ, Prochazka V, Barr PJ, Kiefer MC, Trowsdale J (April 1998). "Genomic structure and domain organisation of the human Bak gene". Gene. 211 (1): 87–94. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(98)00101-2. PMID 9573342.
• Narita M, Shimizu S, Ito T, Chittenden T, Lutz RJ, Matsuda H, Tsujimoto Y (December 1998). "Bax interacts with the permeability transition pore to induce permeability transition and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (25): 14681–6. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9514681N. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.25.14681. PMC 24509. PMID 9843949.
• Song Q, Kuang Y, Dixit VM, Vincenz C (January 1999). "Boo, a novel negative regulator of cell death, interacts with Apaf-1". The EMBO Journal. 18 (1): 167–78. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.1.167. PMC 1171112. PMID 9878060.
• Griffiths GJ, Dubrez L, Morgan CP, Jones NA, Whitehouse J, Corfe BM, Dive C, Hickman JA (March 1999). "Cell damage-induced conformational changes of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak in vivo precede the onset of apoptosis". The Journal of Cell Biology. 144 (5): 903–14. doi:10.1083/jcb.144.5.903. PMC 2148192. PMID 10085290.
• Shimizu S, Narita M, Tsujimoto Y (June 1999). "Bcl-2 family proteins regulate the release of apoptogenic cytochrome c by the mitochondrial channel VDAC". Nature. 399 (6735): 483–7. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..483S. doi:10.1038/20959. PMID 10365962. S2CID 4423304.
• Ohi N, Tokunaga A, Tsunoda H, Nakano K, Haraguchi K, Oda K, Motoyama N, Nakajima T (April 1999). "A novel adenovirus E1B19K-binding protein B5 inhibits apoptosis induced by Nip3 by forming a heterodimer through the C-terminal hydrophobic region". Cell Death and Differentiation. 6 (4): 314–25. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400493. PMID 10381623.
• Holmgreen SP, Huang DC, Adams JM, Cory S (June 1999). "Survival activity of Bcl-2 homologs Bcl-w and A1 only partially correlates with their ability to bind pro-apoptotic family members". Cell Death and Differentiation. 6 (6): 525–32. doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4400519. PMID 10381646.
• Leo CP, Hsu SY, Chun SY, Bae HW, Hsueh AJ (December 1999). "Characterization of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) and the stimulation of its message by gonadotropins in the rat ovary". Endocrinology. 140 (12): 5469–77. doi:10.1210/endo.140.12.7171. PMID 10579309.
• Shimizu S, Tsujimoto Y (January 2000). "Proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family members induce cytochrome c release, but not mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and do not directly modulate voltage-dependent anion channel activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (2): 577–82. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97..577S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.2.577. PMC 15372. PMID 10639121.
• Bae J, Leo CP, Hsu SY, Hsueh AJ (August 2000). "MCL-1S, a splicing variant of the antiapoptotic BCL-2 family member MCL-1, encodes a proapoptotic protein possessing only the BH3 domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (33): 25255–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M909826199. PMID 10837489.
• Wei MC, Lindsten T, Mootha VK, Weiler S, Gross A, Ashiya M, Thompson CB, Korsmeyer SJ (August 2000). "tBID, a membrane-targeted death ligand, oligomerizes BAK to release cytochrome c". Genes & Development. 14 (16): 2060–71. doi:10.1101/gad.14.16.2060. PMC 316859. PMID 10950869.
• Degterev A, Lugovskoy A, Cardone M, Mulley B, Wagner G, Mitchison T, Yuan J (February 2001). "Identification of small-molecule inhibitors of interaction between the BH3 domain and Bcl-xL". Nature Cell Biology. 3 (2): 173–82. doi:10.1038/35055085. PMID 11175750. S2CID 32934759.
• Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM (March 2009). "Suppression of apoptosis, crypt hyperplasia, and altered differentiation in the colonic epithelia of bak-null mice". Gastroenterology. 136 (3): 943–52. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.11.036. PMID 19185578.

External links

• Human BAK1 genome location and BAK1 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.