Bay-breasted warbler
The bay-breasted warbler (Setophaga castanea) is a small species of songbird in the New World warbler family, Parulidae. It is one of thirty-four species in the diverse genus Setophaga.[2] Like all songbirds, or passerines, the species is classified in the order Passeriformes.
| Bay-breasted warbler | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Parulidae |
| Genus: | Setophaga |
| Species: | S. castanea |
| Binomial name | |
| Setophaga castanea (Wilson, 1810) | |
| Range of S. castanea (note: missing distribution in the Caribbean) Breeding range Wintering range | |
| Synonyms | |
| Dendroica castanea | |
Distribution edit
Bay-breasted warblers breed in the boreal spruce-fir forests of eastern and central Canada, as well as the extreme northern United States.[3] The species winters in the wet lowland forests of northeastern South America, the Caribbean, and southern Central America, and may be seen during spring and fall migration across the eastern half of the United States in a variety of vegetative communities. Many individuals cross the Gulf of Mexico on their long-distance migration, although some travel north and south along the Mexican shore.[4]
Diet and behavior edit
In the breeding season, bay-breasted warblers feed primarily on insects and spiders, especially the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana).[5] These are gleaned from vegetation, never caught on the wing. To avoid competition with similar species, bay-breasted warblers concentrate their foraging on the breeding grounds to the interior middle portions of coniferous trees.[6] On wintering grounds in the tropics, fruit forms a majority of the diet. Wintering bay-breasted warblers often form mixed-species flocks with other neotropical migrants and resident species. These flocks seek food in the forest canopy, and the bay-breasted warbler is often an aggressive member of the unit, bullying smaller species from potential food sources.[4]
Breeding edit
Nests are typically constructed in the lower portion of a spruce or fir tree. The nest is cup-shaped and primarily composed of plant material, with spider silk often utilized as well. Average clutch size is 4-7 whitish eggs with dark spots. The young are altricial at birth, with limited down.[4]
Description edit
Adult males in breeding plumage are primarily grayish above, with two white wing bars, dark streaks on the back, and a creamy neck patch. The face is black, and the crown, throat, and sides are a dark chestnut color. Breeding females are similar in overall pattern to the males, but are paler and duller. In the nonbreeding season, both sexes gain olive-green feathers on the back, nape, and head. The rufous on the flanks is limited and may even fade away entirely in nonbreeding females. The two white wing bars are present in all plumages.
Measurements edit
| Standard Measurements[7][8] | |
|---|---|
| length | 5–6 in (130–150 mm) |
| weight | 12.5 g (0.44 oz) |
| wingspan | 9 in (230 mm) |
| wing | 71.7–74.9 mm (2.82–2.95 in) |
| tail | 51–54 mm (2.0–2.1 in) |
| culmen | 10–11.1 mm (0.39–0.44 in) |
| tarsus | 18.5–19 mm (0.73–0.75 in) |
Similar species edit
In breeding plumage, the bay-breasted warbler may be confused with the chestnut-sided warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica), which has similar chestnut coloration on the sides. Chestnut-sided warblers may be easily differentiated by the extent of the chestnut, which does not reach the throat or crown. Chestnut-sided warblers also have a bright yellow crown, dark mask, and white cheek and throat in breeding plumage. In fall, nonbreeding bay-breasted Warblers may look very similar to the blackpoll warbler (Setophaga striata). However, blackpoll warblers never have a hint of chestnut coloration on the flanks, and also have yellowish feet, unlike the black feet of the bay-breasted warbler.
Conservation edit
Although currently classified by the IUCN as least concern, bay-breasted warblers, like many songbirds, are facing population declines across their range. A loss of insect prey and global climate change are contributing factors to decline. The global population is estimated to be fewer than 10 million individuals. [9]
Etymology edit
The genus name Setophaga is from Ancient Greek ses, "moth", and phagos, "eating", and the specific castanea is Latin for chestnut-coloured.[10]
References edit
- ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Setophaga castanea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721734A132147518. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721734A132147518.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ "The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World".
- ^ "Bay-breasted Warbler - eBird".
- ^ a b c "Bay-breasted Warbler - All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology".
- ^ "Bay-breasted Warbler - Audubon Field Guide". 13 November 2014.
- ^ "MacArthur's Warblers". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
- ^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 336.
- ^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 443. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
- ^ "Partners in Flight RMBO". pif.birdconservancy.org. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp. 93, 355. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. Helm Identification Guides. Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-0713639322.
External links edit
- "Bay-breasted warbler media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Bay-breasted warbler species account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
- Bay-breasted warbler - Dendroica castanea - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
- Bay-breasted warbler photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- BirdLife species factsheet for Dendroica castanea
- Audio recordings of Bay-breasted warbler on Xeno-canto.