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Battle of Satala (298)

The Battle of Satala was fought in 298, in Armenia, between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sasanian Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh (Narses). The battle was an overwhelming victory for the Roman army, with the Persian army destroyed as a fighting force. The Romans obtained an enormous amount of plunder from the defeated Persians, and captured Narseh's principal wife. The campaign concluded with a very favourable peace treaty for Rome, with Persia ceding considerable territory.

Battle of Satala
Part of the Roman-Persian Wars

Detail of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki, Greece
Date298
Location
Unknown - possibly Basean region of Armenia
(modern-day Turkey)
Result Roman victory[1]:
Treaty of Nisibis
Belligerents
Roman Empire Sasanian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Galerius Narseh
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
Unknown Unknown, probably very heavy[2]

Location

Though traditionally known as the Battle of Satala, the precise location of the battle is not known; the town of Satala may have served as the Roman base of operations. In an early Armenian history it is stated that the battle was fought in the region of Basean, at a village called Osxay. Basean (Phasiana) is usually placed to the east of Erzerum.[3]

Background

In 295 or 296, Narseh declared war on Rome. He appears to have first invaded western Armenia, retaking the lands delivered to King Tiridates III of Armenia in the peace of 287. Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia, where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius, then commander of the Eastern forces, in the region between Carrhae (Harran, Turkey) and Callinicum (Raqqa, Syria).[4][5] Alternative views have the opening of the war in 296 or 297. Ammianus' history is not consistent with some other sources, including Narseh's Paikuli inscription. According to historian Ursula Weber, "it is quite certain" that the whole of Armenia continued to a part of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd-century, until it was later ceded to the Romans in 298/9 after the Peace of Nisibis.[6]

Galerius was reinforced, probably in the spring of 298, by a new contingent of troops collected from the empire's best recruiting grounds in Illyricum. Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia, allowing Galerius to take the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia. Narseh withdrew his army into Armenia, which would ensure that Galerius could not move south to attack the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, as it would expose his communications, and nearby Roman provinces, to attack. However, this strategic move was to Narseh's tactical disadvantage: the rugged Armenian terrain was favourable to the Roman army, whose strength was its infantry, but was unfavourable to cavalry operations, in which the Sassanid army excelled. Galerius entered Armenia in company with King Tiridates. Local aid also gave the Romans the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces, and, in two successive battles, Galerius secured victories over Narseh.[7]

Battle

 
Coin of Galerius as Caesar, his full name was Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus - rendered MAXIMIANUS NOBILissimus Caesar on the coin

During the second encounter, the Battle of Satala, the Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife. Detailed descriptions of the dispositions of the two armies have not survived, but the sources unambiguously indicate that the Roman army caught the Persians unprepared whilst encamped. Presumably, the active aid of the local Armenian population allowed the Romans to approach and trap the Persians without being detected.[7][2]

The Roman historian Lactantius describes the habit of kings of the Near East to campaign while accompanied by their entire household. He ascribes the defeat that Narseh suffered to the severe limitation on the mobility of Persian army that this habit caused.[8]

According to the account of Faustus of Byzantium (in Armenian: P'awstos Buzand):

[The Romans] came and attacked the army of the king of Iran encamped in that same place [Osxay], finding them negligently unconcerned and unsuspectingly at rest. Attacking during the daytime, they fell upon the Iranian king, putting everything to the sword and sparing no one. Then they took the banak [mobile royal treasury?] as loot, the king's women, the bambish [queen of queens] and the women with her their possessions and goods into captivity — their women and treasures, provisions and equipage. Only the king was able to escape by a hairsbreadth and go free as a fugitive, thanks to a swift running pony.[3]

Narseh was himself wounded in the battle and fled Armenia into the Persian heartland, presumably in the hope of raising more troops; the booty taken by the victors was so great that it achieved legendary status and its transport back to Roman territory posed a logistical challenge.[2] The battle was the origin of a well-known anecdote, related by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus, that a simple Roman soldier had looted a highly decorated leather bag filled with pearls from the Persians; the soldier threw away the pearls as useless, but kept the bag.[9]

Narseh's wife, Arsane, would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch, serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory.[10] Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning continuous victories, most prominently near Resaina (Ras al-Ayn), and securing Nisibis (Nusaybin) before 1 October 298. He then moved down the Tigris, taking Narseh's capital, Ctesiphon. Having gazed on the ruins of Babylon, Galerius and his victorious army returned to Roman territory via the Euphrates.[11]

Aftermath

 
Image of King Narseh on a coin minted during his reign

The battle was followed by the Treaty of Nisibis, highly advantageous to Rome. It ended the Roman–Sasanian war; Tiridates was restored to his throne in Armenia as a Roman vassal, and the Georgian Kingdom of Iberia was acknowledged as also falling under Roman authority. Rome itself received a part of Upper Mesopotamia that extended even beyond the Tigris - including the cities of Tigranokert, Saird, Martyropolis, Balalesa, Moxos, Daudia, and Arzan. Peace was thus assured for some decades until its collapse with the military resurgence of Persia under Shapur II in the 330s.[12][13]

The Romans celebrated their victory by commemorative medallions and coin issues. In 304, Galerius had a triumphal arch (Arch of Galerius) erected in Thessalonica.[14]

Notes

References

  1. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193-337 "Galerius led one army into Armenia While Diocletian advanced into northern Mesopotamia. Narseh, who had concentrated his army in Armenia, was surprised by Galerius and decisively defeated
  2. ^ a b c Williams, p. 84
  3. ^ a b History of the Armenians by Faustus of Byzantium, Book 3.21.72
  4. ^ Barnes, p. 17
  5. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus 23.5.11.
  6. ^ Weber 2016.
  7. ^ a b Barnes, p. 18
  8. ^ Dignas and Winter, p. 86
  9. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, 22.4.8
  10. ^ Dignas and Winter, p. 84 (footnote)
  11. ^ Barnes, p. 18.
  12. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History, pp. 494-495.
  13. ^ Williams, p. 85.
  14. ^ Dignas and Winter, pp. 86-88

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman History (late 4th century)
  • Faustus of Byzantium (P'awstos Buzand) (4th-5th century) Faustus places the battle anachronistically in his chronicle, but his identification of the Persian king involved as Narseh, and his description of capture of the queen, makes it certain that he is referring to the campaign of Galerius.

Secondary sources

  • Barnes, Timothy D. Constantine and Eusebius. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 978-0-674-16531-1
  • Boardman, John et al. (2005), The Cambridge Ancient History, pp. 494–495. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-30199-8
  • Dignas, Beate and Winter, Engelbert (2007) Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity: Neighbours and Rivals., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge ISBN 9780521849258
  • Williams, Stephen (1985) Diocletian and the Roman Recovery, Batsford, London.
  • Weber, Ursula (2016). "Narseh". Encyclopaedia Iranica.

battle, satala, this, article, about, battle, between, ancient, romans, sassanid, empire, battle, battle, satala, battle, satala, fought, armenia, between, forces, roman, empire, under, tetrarch, galerius, forces, sasanian, empire, persia, shah, narseh, narses. This article is about the battle between the ancient Romans and the Sassanid Empire For the 530 battle see Battle of Satala 530 The Battle of Satala was fought in 298 in Armenia between the forces of the Roman Empire under the Tetrarch Galerius and the forces of the Sasanian Empire of Persia led by Shah Narseh Narses The battle was an overwhelming victory for the Roman army with the Persian army destroyed as a fighting force The Romans obtained an enormous amount of plunder from the defeated Persians and captured Narseh s principal wife The campaign concluded with a very favourable peace treaty for Rome with Persia ceding considerable territory Battle of SatalaPart of the Roman Persian WarsDetail of Galerius attacking Narseh on the Arch of Galerius at Thessaloniki GreeceDate298LocationUnknown possibly Basean region of Armenia modern day Turkey ResultRoman victory 1 Treaty of NisibisBelligerentsRoman EmpireSasanian EmpireCommanders and leadersGaleriusNarsehStrengthUnknownUnknownCasualties and lossesUnknownUnknown probably very heavy 2 Contents 1 Location 2 Background 3 Battle 4 Aftermath 5 Notes 6 References 7 Bibliography 7 1 Primary sources 7 2 Secondary sourcesLocation EditThough traditionally known as the Battle of Satala the precise location of the battle is not known the town of Satala may have served as the Roman base of operations In an early Armenian history it is stated that the battle was fought in the region of Basean at a village called Osxay Basean Phasiana is usually placed to the east of Erzerum 3 Background EditIn 295 or 296 Narseh declared war on Rome He appears to have first invaded western Armenia retaking the lands delivered to King Tiridates III of Armenia in the peace of 287 Narseh then moved south into Roman Mesopotamia where he inflicted a severe defeat on Galerius then commander of the Eastern forces in the region between Carrhae Harran Turkey and Callinicum Raqqa Syria 4 5 Alternative views have the opening of the war in 296 or 297 Ammianus history is not consistent with some other sources including Narseh s Paikuli inscription According to historian Ursula Weber it is quite certain that the whole of Armenia continued to a part of the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century until it was later ceded to the Romans in 298 9 after the Peace of Nisibis 6 Galerius was reinforced probably in the spring of 298 by a new contingent of troops collected from the empire s best recruiting grounds in Illyricum Narseh did not advance from Armenia and Mesopotamia allowing Galerius to take the offensive in 298 with an attack on northern Mesopotamia via Armenia Narseh withdrew his army into Armenia which would ensure that Galerius could not move south to attack the Persian capital Ctesiphon as it would expose his communications and nearby Roman provinces to attack However this strategic move was to Narseh s tactical disadvantage the rugged Armenian terrain was favourable to the Roman army whose strength was its infantry but was unfavourable to cavalry operations in which the Sassanid army excelled Galerius entered Armenia in company with King Tiridates Local aid also gave the Romans the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces and in two successive battles Galerius secured victories over Narseh 7 Battle Edit Coin of Galerius as Caesar his full name was Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus rendered MAXIMIANUS NOBILissimus Caesar on the coin During the second encounter the Battle of Satala the Roman forces seized Narseh s camp his treasury his harem and his wife Detailed descriptions of the dispositions of the two armies have not survived but the sources unambiguously indicate that the Roman army caught the Persians unprepared whilst encamped Presumably the active aid of the local Armenian population allowed the Romans to approach and trap the Persians without being detected 7 2 The Roman historian Lactantius describes the habit of kings of the Near East to campaign while accompanied by their entire household He ascribes the defeat that Narseh suffered to the severe limitation on the mobility of Persian army that this habit caused 8 According to the account of Faustus of Byzantium in Armenian P awstos Buzand The Romans came and attacked the army of the king of Iran encamped in that same place Osxay finding them negligently unconcerned and unsuspectingly at rest Attacking during the daytime they fell upon the Iranian king putting everything to the sword and sparing no one Then they took the banak mobile royal treasury as loot the king s women the bambish queen of queens and the women with her their possessions and goods into captivity their women and treasures provisions and equipage Only the king was able to escape by a hairsbreadth and go free as a fugitive thanks to a swift running pony 3 Narseh was himself wounded in the battle and fled Armenia into the Persian heartland presumably in the hope of raising more troops the booty taken by the victors was so great that it achieved legendary status and its transport back to Roman territory posed a logistical challenge 2 The battle was the origin of a well known anecdote related by the historian Ammianus Marcellinus that a simple Roman soldier had looted a highly decorated leather bag filled with pearls from the Persians the soldier threw away the pearls as useless but kept the bag 9 Narseh s wife Arsane would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne a suburb of Antioch serving as a constant reminder to the Persians of the Roman victory 10 Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene winning continuous victories most prominently near Resaina Ras al Ayn and securing Nisibis Nusaybin before 1 October 298 He then moved down the Tigris taking Narseh s capital Ctesiphon Having gazed on the ruins of Babylon Galerius and his victorious army returned to Roman territory via the Euphrates 11 Aftermath Edit Image of King Narseh on a coin minted during his reign The battle was followed by the Treaty of Nisibis highly advantageous to Rome It ended the Roman Sasanian war Tiridates was restored to his throne in Armenia as a Roman vassal and the Georgian Kingdom of Iberia was acknowledged as also falling under Roman authority Rome itself received a part of Upper Mesopotamia that extended even beyond the Tigris including the cities of Tigranokert Saird Martyropolis Balalesa Moxos Daudia and Arzan Peace was thus assured for some decades until its collapse with the military resurgence of Persia under Shapur II in the 330s 12 13 The Romans celebrated their victory by commemorative medallions and coin issues In 304 Galerius had a triumphal arch Arch of Galerius erected in Thessalonica 14 Notes EditReferences Edit The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12 The Crisis of Empire AD 193 337 Galerius led one army into Armenia While Diocletian advanced into northern Mesopotamia Narseh who had concentrated his army in Armenia was surprised by Galerius and decisively defeated a b c Williams p 84 a b History of the Armenians by Faustus of Byzantium Book 3 21 72 Barnes p 17 Ammianus Marcellinus 23 5 11 Weber 2016 a b Barnes p 18 Dignas and Winter p 86 Ammianus Marcellinus 22 4 8 Dignas and Winter p 84 footnote Barnes p 18 The Cambridge Ancient History pp 494 495 Williams p 85 Dignas and Winter pp 86 88Bibliography EditPrimary sources Edit Ammianus Marcellinus Roman History late 4th century Faustus of Byzantium P awstos Buzand History of the Armenians 4th 5th century Faustus places the battle anachronistically in his chronicle but his identification of the Persian king involved as Narseh and his description of capture of the queen makes it certain that he is referring to the campaign of Galerius Secondary sources Edit Barnes Timothy D Constantine and Eusebius Cambridge MA Harvard University Press 1981 ISBN 978 0 674 16531 1 Boardman John et al 2005 The Cambridge Ancient History pp 494 495 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 30199 8 Dignas Beate and Winter Engelbert 2007 Rome and Persia in Late Antiquity Neighbours and Rivals Cambridge University Press Cambridge ISBN 9780521849258 Williams Stephen 1985 Diocletian and the Roman Recovery Batsford London Weber Ursula 2016 Narseh Encyclopaedia Iranica Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Satala 298 amp oldid 1126729001, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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