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Barrier troops

February 27, 2023

Barrier troops, blocking units, or anti-retreat forces are military units that are located in the rear or on the front line (behind the main forces) to maintain military discipline, prevent the flight of servicemen from the battlefield, capture spies, saboteurs and deserters, and return troops who flee from the battlefield or lag behind their units.

According to research by Jason Lyall, barrier troops are more likely to be used by the militaries of states that discriminate against the ethnic groups that comprise the state's military.[1]

National Revolutionary Army

During the Battle of Nanking of the Second Sino-Japanese War, a battalion in the New 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) was stationed at the Yijiang Gate with orders to guard the gate and "let no one through". On 12 December 1937, the NRA collapsed in the face of an offensive by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), and various units attempted to retreat without orders through the gate. The battalion responded by opening fire on the retreating NRA units, killing several people.[2]

Red Army

In the Red Army of the RSFSR and the Soviet Union the concept of barrier troops first arose in August 1918 with the formation of the заградительные отряды (zagraditelnye otriady), translated as "blocking troops" or "anti-retreat detachments" (Russian: заградотряды, заградительные отряды, отряды заграждения).[3] The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from Cheka punitive detachments or from regular Red Army infantry regiments.

The first use of the barrier troops by the Red Army occurred in the late summer and fall of 1918 in the Eastern front during the Russian Civil War, when People's Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs (War Commissar) Leon Trotsky of the Communist Bolshevik government authorized Mikhail Tukhachevsky, the commander of the 1st Army, to station blocking detachments behind unreliable Red Army infantry regiments in the 1st Red Army, with orders to shoot if front-line troops either deserted or retreated without permission.[3]

In December 1918 Trotsky ordered that detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation in the Red Army. On December 18 he cabled:

How do things stand with the blocking units? As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no personnel. It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them.[3]

The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army, a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population.[4]

The concept was re-introduced on a large scale during the Second World War.[5] On June 27, 1941, in response to reports of unit disintegration in battle and desertion from the ranks in the Soviet Red Army, the 3rd Department (military counterintelligence of Soviet Army) of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union (NKO) issued a directive establishing mobile barrier forces composed of NKVD personnel to operate on roads, railways, forests, etc. for the purpose of catching "deserters and suspicious persons".[6][7] With the continued deterioration of the military situation in the face of the German offensive of 1941, NKVD detachments acquired a new mission: to prevent the unauthorized withdrawal of Red Army forces from the battle line.[6][7] The first troops of this kind were formed in the Bryansk Front on September 5, 1941.

On September 12, 1941 Joseph Stalin issued the Stavka Directive No. 1919 (Директива Ставки ВГК №001919) concerning the creation of barrier troops in rifle divisions of the Southwestern Front, to suppress panic retreats. Each Red Army division was to have an anti-retreat detachment equipped with transport totaling one company for each regiment. Their primary goal was to maintain strict military discipline and to prevent disintegration of the front line by any means.[8] These barrier troops were usually formed from ordinary military units and placed under NKVD command.

In 1942, after Stavka Directive No. 227 (Директива Ставки ВГК №227) issued on 28 July 1942, set up penal battalions, anti-retreat detachments were used to prevent withdrawal or desertion by penal units as well. Penal military unit personnel were always rearguarded by NKVD anti-retreat detachments, and not by regular Red Army infantry forces.[6] As per Order No. 227, each Army should have had 3–5 barrier squads of up to 200 persons each.

A report to the Commissar General of State Security (NKVD chief) Lavrentiy Beria on October 10, 1941, noted that since the beginning of the war, NKVD anti-retreat troops had detained a total of 657,364 retreating, spies, traitors, instigators and deserting personnel, of which 25,878 were arrested (of which 10,201 were sentenced to death by court martial and the rest were returned to active duty).[9]

At times, barrier troops were involved in battle operations along with regular soldiers, as noted by Aleksandr Vasilevsky in his directive N 157338 from October 1, 1942.

Order No. 227 also stipulated the capture or shooting of "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear of the blocking detachments, who in the first three months shot 1,000 penal troops and sent 24,993 more to penal battalions.[10] By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped[citation needed], and on 29 October 1944 Stalin officially ordered the disbanding of the units.[11]

Practice and results of use

According to an official letter addressed in October 1941 to Lavrentiy Beria, in the period between the beginning of Operation Barbarossa to early December 1941, NKVD detachments had detained 657,364 servicemen who had fallen behind their lines and fled from the front. Of these detainees, 25,878 were arrested, and the remaining 632,486 were formed in units and sent back to the front. Among those arrested included accused 1505 spies, 308 saboteurs, 2621 traitors, 2643 "cowards and alarmists", 3987 distributors of "provocative rumors", and 4371 others. 10,201 of them were shot, meaning approximately 1.5% of those arrested were sentenced by military tribunals to death.[12]

Richard Overy mentions the total number of those "sentenced to be shot during the war" was 158 thousand.[13]

For a thorough check of the Red Army soldiers who were in captivity or surrounded by the enemy, by the decision of the State Defense Committee No. 1069ss of December 27, 1941, army collection and forwarding points were established in each army and special camps of the NKVD were organized.[14] In 1941–1942, 27 special camps were created, but in connection with the inspection and shipment of verified servicemen to the front, they were gradually eliminated (by the beginning of 1943, only 7 special camps were operating). According to official data, in 1942, 177,081 former prisoners of war and surrounding men entered special camps.[citation needed] After checking by special departments of the NKVD, 150,521 people were transferred to the Red Army.[citation needed]

On October 29, 1944, Order No. 0349 of the People's Commissar for Defense I. V. Stalin, the barrage detachments were disbanded due to a significant change in the situation at the front. Personnel joined the rifle units.[11][15]

Syrian Army

It has been reported that in the initial stages of the Syrian civil war, regular soldiers sent to subdue protesters were surrounded by an outer cordon manned by forces known to be loyal to the regime, with orders to shoot those who refused their orders or attempted to flee.[16][17][non-primary source needed]

Russian Ground Forces

According to Fedir Venislavsky, a member of the Ukrainian parliament's committee on national security and defence, the Russian Ground Forces used Chechen troops from the 141st Special Motorized Regiment during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine as barrier troops to shoot deserters who tried to leave combat zones.[18][19] In October 2022, Ukrainian intelligence published a purported phone call where a Russian soldier described both his task of killing inmates recruited from prisons by the Wagner Group if they were retreating and how he would be killed by others if he himself retreated.[20] In November, the British Ministry of Defence assessed that Russia was using blocking units.[21]

In film

The 2001 film Enemy at the Gates shows Soviet Red Army commissars and barrier troops using a PM M1910 alongside their own small arms to gun down the few retreating survivors of a failed charge on a German position during the Battle of Stalingrad. The 2011 South Korean film My Way also depicts Soviet blocking troops shooting retreating soldiers during a charge. Both cases are part of fiction in the films.

References

  1. ^ Lyall, Jason (2020). Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War. Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvn96h88. ISBN 978-0-691-19244-4. JSTOR j.ctvn96h88. S2CID 242123389.
  2. ^ Lai, Benjamin (2017). Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze. Osprey Publishing. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-4728-1749-5.
  3. ^ a b c Dmitri Volkogonov, Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary, transl. and edited by Harold Shukman, HarperCollins Publishers, London (1996), p. 180
  4. ^ Lih, Lars T., Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1921, University of California Press (1990), p. 131
  5. ^ Overy, R. J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W. W. Norton & Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-02030-4, ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4, p. 535
  6. ^ a b c Stephan, Robert, "Smersh: Soviet Military Counter-Intelligence during the Second World War", Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 22, No. 4, Intelligence Services during the Second World War: Part 2 (October, 1987), pp. 585–613
  7. ^ a b Holley, David, "Exhibit in Moscow Celebrates a Soviet-Era Intelligence Agency", "Interview of Vadim Telitsyn", Los Angeles Times, 25 May 2003, Section A-3
  8. ^ Mawdsley, Evan, The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union 1929–1953, Manchester University Press (2003), ISBN 0-7190-6377-9, ISBN 978-0-7190-6377-0, p. 135
  9. ^ A. Toptygin, Neizvestny Beria (Moscow and St. Petersburg, 2002), p. 121
  10. ^ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-300-11204-1.
  11. ^ a b "Приказ о расформировании отдельных заградительных отрядов. 29 октября 1944 г." [Order on the disbanding of separate blocking detachments]. docs.historyrussia.org. 2020-08-17. from the original on 2022-12-22. Retrieved 2019-03-31. Отдельные заградительные отряды к 15 ноября 1944 года расформировать. Личный состав расформированных отрядов использовать на пополнение стрелковых дивизий.
  12. ^ "Справка С.Р. Мильштейна Л.П. Берии о количестве арестованных и расстрелянных военнослужащих, отставших от своих частей и бежавших с фронта. Октябрь 1941 г." [Note from S.R. Milstein to L.P. Beria on number of arrested and shot servicemen, who fell behind their units and fled from the front. October 1941.]. docs.historyrussia.org. 2022-03-08. from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08. С началом войны по 10-е октября с.г. Особыми отделами НКВД и заградительными отрядами войск НКВД по охране тыла задержано 657 364 военнослужащих, отставших от своих частей и бежавших с фронта. ... По постановлениям Особых отделов и по приговорам Военных трибуналов расстреляно 10 201 человек, из них расстреляно перед строем — 3321 человек.
  13. ^ Overy, R.J. (1998). Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941-1945. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780140271690.
  14. ^ "Постановление ГКО СССР № 1069 о мерах по выявлению среди бывших военнослужащих Красной армии, находившихся в плену и в окружении, изменников родине, шпионов и дезертиров. 27 декабря 1941 г., Москва" [Decision of the State Defense Committee of the Soviet Union № 1069 on measures of detecting traitors to the motherland, spies and deserters among former Red Army servicemen, who were held in captivity and were surrounded. 27 December 1941, Moscow]. docs.historyrussia.org. 2021-12-15. from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
  15. ^ "Приказ наркома обороны СССР № 0349 «О расформировании отдельных заградительных отрядов». 29 октября 1944 г." [Order of People's Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union № 0349 "On disbandment of barrier-troop detachments". 29th October 1944]. docs.historyrussia.org. 2021-12-06. from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2023-02-08. Отдельные заградительные отряды к 15 ноября 1944 года расформировать. Личный состав расформированных отрядов использовать на пополнение стрелковых дивизий.
  16. ^ Taylor, William (2014). Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil-Military Relations in the Middle East (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 93–94. ISBN 978-1-349-48889-6.
  17. ^ Burns, Sean (2018). Revolutions and Military in the Arab Spring. London: I.B.Tauris. p. 213.
  18. ^ "The Kadyrovtsy act as anti-retreat forces for Russian troops near Kyiv". LB.ua. 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  19. ^ "Кадыровские "заградотряды" в Украине" [Kadyrov's "detachments" in Ukraine]. kavkazr.com (in Russian). 2022-03-22. Retrieved 2022-11-01. Kadyrov's men hold back soldiers of other units fleeing the battlefield
  20. ^ Quinn, Allison (2022-10-27). "Russia Now Has a Second Frontline Set Up Just to Kill Its Deserters: Intel". news.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2022-10-27.
  21. ^ Cecil, Nicholas (2022-11-04). "Putin's 'blocking units' threatening to shoot Russian deserters in Ukraine, says UK". Evening Standard. Retrieved 2022-11-05.

Further reading

  • Lai, Benjamin, Shanghai and Nanjing 1937: Massacre on the Yangtze, Osprey Publishing (2017), ISBN 978 1 47281 749 5
  • Karpov, Vladimir, Russia at War: 1941–45, trans. Lydia Kmetyuk (New York: The Vendome Press (1987)
  • Overy, R. J., The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia, W. W. Norton & Company (2004), ISBN 0-393-02030-4, ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4
  • Органы государственной безопасности СССР в Великой Отечественной войне. Сборник документов,
    • Том 1. Книга 1. Накануне, Издательство "Книга и бизнес", (1995) ISBN 5-212-00804-2
    • Том 1. Книга 2. Накануне, Издательство "Книга и бизнес", (1995) ISBN 5-212-00805-0
    • Том 2. Книга 1. Начало, Издательство "Русь" (2000) ISBN 5-8090-0006-1
    • Том 2. Книга 2. Начало, Издательство "Русь" (2000) ISBN 5-8090-0007-X
    • Том 3. Книга 1. Крушение "Блицкрига", Издательство: Русь, 2003, ISBN 5-8090-0009-6
    • Том 3. Книга 2. От обороны к наступлению, Издательство: Русь, 2003, ISBN 5-8090-0021-5

External links

  • On the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops, as portrayed in popular media and in reality - Text (access date 2022-07-24)
  • On the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops, as portrayed in popular media and in reality - Notes and Works Cited (access date 2022-07-24)

February 27, 2023
barrier, troops, blocking, units, anti, retreat, forces, military, units, that, located, rear, front, line, behind, main, forces, maintain, military, discipline, prevent, flight, servicemen, from, battlefield, capture, spies, saboteurs, deserters, return, troo. Barrier troops blocking units or anti retreat forces are military units that are located in the rear or on the front line behind the main forces to maintain military discipline prevent the flight of servicemen from the battlefield capture spies saboteurs and deserters and return troops who flee from the battlefield or lag behind their units According to research by Jason Lyall barrier troops are more likely to be used by the militaries of states that discriminate against the ethnic groups that comprise the state s military 1 Contents 1 National Revolutionary Army 2 Red Army 2 1 Practice and results of use 3 Syrian Army 4 Russian Ground Forces 5 In film 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksNational Revolutionary Army EditDuring the Battle of Nanking of the Second Sino Japanese War a battalion in the New 36th Division of the National Revolutionary Army NRA was stationed at the Yijiang Gate with orders to guard the gate and let no one through On 12 December 1937 the NRA collapsed in the face of an offensive by the Imperial Japanese Army IJA and various units attempted to retreat without orders through the gate The battalion responded by opening fire on the retreating NRA units killing several people 2 Red Army EditIn the Red Army of the RSFSR and the Soviet Union the concept of barrier troops first arose in August 1918 with the formation of the zagraditelnye otryady zagraditelnye otriady translated as blocking troops or anti retreat detachments Russian zagradotryady zagraditelnye otryady otryady zagrazhdeniya 3 The barrier troops comprised personnel drawn from Cheka punitive detachments or from regular Red Army infantry regiments The first use of the barrier troops by the Red Army occurred in the late summer and fall of 1918 in the Eastern front during the Russian Civil War when People s Commissar of Military and Naval Affairs War Commissar Leon Trotsky of the Communist Bolshevik government authorized Mikhail Tukhachevsky the commander of the 1st Army to station blocking detachments behind unreliable Red Army infantry regiments in the 1st Red Army with orders to shoot if front line troops either deserted or retreated without permission 3 In December 1918 Trotsky ordered that detachments of additional barrier troops be raised for attachment to each infantry formation in the Red Army On December 18 he cabled How do things stand with the blocking units As far as I am aware they have not been included in our establishment and it appears they have no personnel It is absolutely essential that we have at least an embryonic network of blocking units and that we work out a procedure for bringing them up to strength and deploying them 3 The barrier troops were also used to enforce Bolshevik control over food supplies in areas controlled by the Red Army a role which soon earned them the hatred of the Russian civilian population 4 The concept was re introduced on a large scale during the Second World War 5 On June 27 1941 in response to reports of unit disintegration in battle and desertion from the ranks in the Soviet Red Army the 3rd Department military counterintelligence of Soviet Army of the People s Commissariat of Defense of the Soviet Union NKO issued a directive establishing mobile barrier forces composed of NKVD personnel to operate on roads railways forests etc for the purpose of catching deserters and suspicious persons 6 7 With the continued deterioration of the military situation in the face of the German offensive of 1941 NKVD detachments acquired a new mission to prevent the unauthorized withdrawal of Red Army forces from the battle line 6 7 The first troops of this kind were formed in the Bryansk Front on September 5 1941 On September 12 1941 Joseph Stalin issued the Stavka Directive No 1919 Direktiva Stavki VGK 001919 concerning the creation of barrier troops in rifle divisions of the Southwestern Front to suppress panic retreats Each Red Army division was to have an anti retreat detachment equipped with transport totaling one company for each regiment Their primary goal was to maintain strict military discipline and to prevent disintegration of the front line by any means 8 These barrier troops were usually formed from ordinary military units and placed under NKVD command In 1942 after Stavka Directive No 227 Direktiva Stavki VGK 227 issued on 28 July 1942 set up penal battalions anti retreat detachments were used to prevent withdrawal or desertion by penal units as well Penal military unit personnel were always rearguarded by NKVD anti retreat detachments and not by regular Red Army infantry forces 6 As per Order No 227 each Army should have had 3 5 barrier squads of up to 200 persons each A report to the Commissar General of State Security NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria on October 10 1941 noted that since the beginning of the war NKVD anti retreat troops had detained a total of 657 364 retreating spies traitors instigators and deserting personnel of which 25 878 were arrested of which 10 201 were sentenced to death by court martial and the rest were returned to active duty 9 At times barrier troops were involved in battle operations along with regular soldiers as noted by Aleksandr Vasilevsky in his directive N 157338 from October 1 1942 Order No 227 also stipulated the capture or shooting of cowards and fleeing panicked troops at the rear of the blocking detachments who in the first three months shot 1 000 penal troops and sent 24 993 more to penal battalions 10 By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped citation needed and on 29 October 1944 Stalin officially ordered the disbanding of the units 11 Practice and results of use Edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed November 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message According to an official letter addressed in October 1941 to Lavrentiy Beria in the period between the beginning of Operation Barbarossa to early December 1941 NKVD detachments had detained 657 364 servicemen who had fallen behind their lines and fled from the front Of these detainees 25 878 were arrested and the remaining 632 486 were formed in units and sent back to the front Among those arrested included accused 1505 spies 308 saboteurs 2621 traitors 2643 cowards and alarmists 3987 distributors of provocative rumors and 4371 others 10 201 of them were shot meaning approximately 1 5 of those arrested were sentenced by military tribunals to death 12 Richard Overy mentions the total number of those sentenced to be shot during the war was 158 thousand 13 For a thorough check of the Red Army soldiers who were in captivity or surrounded by the enemy by the decision of the State Defense Committee No 1069ss of December 27 1941 army collection and forwarding points were established in each army and special camps of the NKVD were organized 14 In 1941 1942 27 special camps were created but in connection with the inspection and shipment of verified servicemen to the front they were gradually eliminated by the beginning of 1943 only 7 special camps were operating According to official data in 1942 177 081 former prisoners of war and surrounding men entered special camps citation needed After checking by special departments of the NKVD 150 521 people were transferred to the Red Army citation needed On October 29 1944 Order No 0349 of the People s Commissar for Defense I V Stalin the barrage detachments were disbanded due to a significant change in the situation at the front Personnel joined the rifle units 11 15 Syrian Army EditIt has been reported that in the initial stages of the Syrian civil war regular soldiers sent to subdue protesters were surrounded by an outer cordon manned by forces known to be loyal to the regime with orders to shoot those who refused their orders or attempted to flee 16 17 non primary source needed Russian Ground Forces EditAccording to Fedir Venislavsky a member of the Ukrainian parliament s committee on national security and defence the Russian Ground Forces used Chechen troops from the 141st Special Motorized Regiment during the 2022 invasion of Ukraine as barrier troops to shoot deserters who tried to leave combat zones 18 19 In October 2022 Ukrainian intelligence published a purported phone call where a Russian soldier described both his task of killing inmates recruited from prisons by the Wagner Group if they were retreating and how he would be killed by others if he himself retreated 20 In November the British Ministry of Defence assessed that Russia was using blocking units 21 In film EditThe 2001 film Enemy at the Gates shows Soviet Red Army commissars and barrier troops using a PM M1910 alongside their own small arms to gun down the few retreating survivors of a failed charge on a German position during the Battle of Stalingrad The 2011 South Korean film My Way also depicts Soviet blocking troops shooting retreating soldiers during a charge Both cases are part of fiction in the films References Edit Lyall Jason 2020 Divided Armies Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War Princeton University Press doi 10 2307 j ctvn96h88 ISBN 978 0 691 19244 4 JSTOR j ctvn96h88 S2CID 242123389 Lai Benjamin 2017 Shanghai and Nanjing 1937 Massacre on the Yangtze Osprey Publishing pp 76 77 ISBN 978 1 4728 1749 5 a b c Dmitri Volkogonov Trotsky The Eternal Revolutionary transl and edited by Harold Shukman HarperCollins Publishers London 1996 p 180 Lih Lars T Bread and Authority in Russia 1914 1921 University of California Press 1990 p 131 Overy R J The Dictators Hitler s Germany and Stalin s Russia W W Norton amp Company 2004 ISBN 0 393 02030 4 ISBN 978 0 393 02030 4 p 535 a b c Stephan Robert Smersh Soviet Military Counter Intelligence during the Second World War Journal of Contemporary History Vol 22 No 4 Intelligence Services during the Second World War Part 2 October 1987 pp 585 613 a b Holley David Exhibit in Moscow Celebrates a Soviet Era Intelligence Agency Interview of Vadim Telitsyn Los Angeles Times 25 May 2003 Section A 3 Mawdsley Evan The Stalin Years The Soviet Union 1929 1953 Manchester University Press 2003 ISBN 0 7190 6377 9 ISBN 978 0 7190 6377 0 p 135 A Toptygin Neizvestny Beria Moscow and St Petersburg 2002 p 121 Roberts Geoffrey 2006 Stalin s Wars From World War to Cold War 1939 1953 Yale University Press p 132 ISBN 0 300 11204 1 a b Prikaz o rasformirovanii otdelnyh zagraditelnyh otryadov 29 oktyabrya 1944 g Order on the disbanding of separate blocking detachments docs historyrussia org 2020 08 17 Archived from the original on 2022 12 22 Retrieved 2019 03 31 Otdelnye zagraditelnye otryady k 15 noyabrya 1944 goda rasformirovat Lichnyj sostav rasformirovannyh otryadov ispolzovat na popolnenie strelkovyh divizij Spravka S R Milshtejna L P Berii o kolichestve arestovannyh i rasstrelyannyh voennosluzhashih otstavshih ot svoih chastej i bezhavshih s fronta Oktyabr 1941 g Note from S R Milstein to L P Beria on number of arrested and shot servicemen who fell behind their units and fled from the front October 1941 docs historyrussia org 2022 03 08 Archived from the original on 2023 02 08 Retrieved 2023 02 08 S nachalom vojny po 10 e oktyabrya s g Osobymi otdelami NKVD i zagraditelnymi otryadami vojsk NKVD po ohrane tyla zaderzhano 657 364 voennosluzhashih otstavshih ot svoih chastej i bezhavshih s fronta Po postanovleniyam Osobyh otdelov i po prigovoram Voennyh tribunalov rasstrelyano 10 201 chelovek iz nih rasstrelyano pered stroem 3321 chelovek Overy R J 1998 Russia s War A History of the Soviet Effort 1941 1945 Penguin Books ISBN 9780140271690 Postanovlenie GKO SSSR 1069 o merah po vyyavleniyu sredi byvshih voennosluzhashih Krasnoj armii nahodivshihsya v plenu i v okruzhenii izmennikov rodine shpionov i dezertirov 27 dekabrya 1941 g Moskva Decision of the State Defense Committee of the Soviet Union 1069 on measures of detecting traitors to the motherland spies and deserters among former Red Army servicemen who were held in captivity and were surrounded 27 December 1941 Moscow docs historyrussia org 2021 12 15 Archived from the original on 2023 02 08 Retrieved 2023 02 08 Prikaz narkoma oborony SSSR 0349 O rasformirovanii otdelnyh zagraditelnyh otryadov 29 oktyabrya 1944 g Order of People s Commissariat of Defence of the Soviet Union 0349 On disbandment of barrier troop detachments 29th October 1944 docs historyrussia org 2021 12 06 Archived from the original on 2023 02 08 Retrieved 2023 02 08 Otdelnye zagraditelnye otryady k 15 noyabrya 1944 goda rasformirovat Lichnyj sostav rasformirovannyh otryadov ispolzovat na popolnenie strelkovyh divizij Taylor William 2014 Military Responses to the Arab Uprisings and the Future of Civil Military Relations in the Middle East 1st ed New York Palgrave Macmillan pp 93 94 ISBN 978 1 349 48889 6 Burns Sean 2018 Revolutions and Military in the Arab Spring London I B Tauris p 213 The Kadyrovtsy act as anti retreat forces for Russian troops near Kyiv LB ua 2022 03 11 Retrieved 2022 11 01 Kadyrovskie zagradotryady v Ukraine Kadyrov s detachments in Ukraine kavkazr com in Russian 2022 03 22 Retrieved 2022 11 01 Kadyrov s men hold back soldiers of other units fleeing the battlefield Quinn Allison 2022 10 27 Russia Now Has a Second Frontline Set Up Just to Kill Its Deserters Intel news yahoo com Retrieved 2022 10 27 Cecil Nicholas 2022 11 04 Putin s blocking units threatening to shoot Russian deserters in Ukraine says UK Evening Standard Retrieved 2022 11 05 Further reading EditLai Benjamin Shanghai and Nanjing 1937 Massacre on the Yangtze Osprey Publishing 2017 ISBN 978 1 47281 749 5 Karpov Vladimir Russia at War 1941 45 trans Lydia Kmetyuk New York The Vendome Press 1987 Overy R J The Dictators Hitler s Germany and Stalin s Russia W W Norton amp Company 2004 ISBN 0 393 02030 4 ISBN 978 0 393 02030 4 Organy gosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoj Otechestvennoj vojne Sbornik dokumentov Tom 1 Kniga 1 Nakanune Izdatelstvo Kniga i biznes 1995 ISBN 5 212 00804 2 Tom 1 Kniga 2 Nakanune Izdatelstvo Kniga i biznes 1995 ISBN 5 212 00805 0 Tom 2 Kniga 1 Nachalo Izdatelstvo Rus 2000 ISBN 5 8090 0006 1 Tom 2 Kniga 2 Nachalo Izdatelstvo Rus 2000 ISBN 5 8090 0007 X Tom 3 Kniga 1 Krushenie Blickriga Izdatelstvo Rus 2003 ISBN 5 8090 0009 6 Tom 3 Kniga 2 Ot oborony k nastupleniyu Izdatelstvo Rus 2003 ISBN 5 8090 0021 5External links EditOn the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops as portrayed in popular media and in reality Text access date 2022 07 24 On the concept of Soviet Barrier Troops as portrayed in popular media and in reality Notes and Works Cited access date 2022 07 24 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barrier troops amp oldid 1138150640, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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