Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss (14th c. Middle Icelandic: [ˈbɒːrðar ˈsaɣa ˈsnæːˌfelsˌɒːsː]; Modern Icelandic: [ˈbaurðar ˈs̺aːɣa ˈs̺naiːˌfɛls̺ˌaus̺] ⓘ) or Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss ok Gests is a late saga of the Icelanders with legendary elements. It falls into two sections, one about Bárðr and the other about his son, Gestr; the first part takes place in Snæfellsnes in Iceland.
The family tree of Bárðr Snæfellsáss, showing major characters from the saga. | |
| Country | Iceland |
|---|---|
| Language | Old Icelandic |
| Genre | Saga |
History edit
Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss is a relatively late Íslendingasaga,[1] probably dating to the early 14th century.[2][3] It is preserved in 16th- and 17th-century paper and vellum manuscripts and one fragment of about 1400.[4] The saga falls into two sections that were distinguished in the early 18th century[5] and are probably by different authors.[4]
Synopsis edit
Section 1 edit
In chapters 1–10, Bárðar saga, the main character is Bárðr Snæfellsáss.[4] The saga draws on legendary material and Heimskringla and contains excerpts from Landnámabók.[6]
Bárðr's mother was human, but his father was half risi and half troll,[7] and he was fostered by Dofri, the "mountain-dweller" of Dovrefjell. By his first wife, Dofri's daughter Flaumgerðr (who also had a human mother), Bárðr had three tall, beautiful daughters: Helga, Þordís and Guðrún. By his second wife, Herþrúðr, who was human, he had six more daughters.
Bárðr, his wife and his daughters emigrated to Iceland and came ashore at a lagoon on the south shore of Snæfellsnes which they named Djúpalón; he built himself a farm which he called Laugarbrekka. Þorkell, Bárðr's half-brother from his mother's second marriage to a jötunn, lived at Arnarstapi and had two sons, Rauðfeldr (Red-cloak) and Sölvi. The sons of Þorkell and the daughters of Bárðr used to play together. One day, when there was pack ice along the shore, Rauðfeldr pushed Helga out to sea on an iceberg. She drifted unharmed to Greenland and there found a lover, but Bárðr was infuriated. He pushed Rauðfeldr into the Rauðfeldsgjá ravine and threw Sölvi off Sölvahamar, a high cliff on the coast east of Arnarstapi. Bárðr and Þorkell fought and Þorkell's leg was broken; he moved out of the district.
After these events, Barðr gave away his land and vanished into the Snæfellsjökull ice cap. He became known as Bárðr Snæfellsáss, meaning the "guardian spirit" of Snæfell, because "they practically worshipped him on the peninsula and called upon him in times of difficulty. For many he also proved to be a source of real help in need".[8] He wandered the region "in a grey cowl with a walrus-hide rope around him, and a cleft staff in his hand with a long and thick gaff," which he used when walking on glaciers.[9] He brought Helga back from Greenland, but she pined for her lover and could not stand to stay with her father. When called on, he rowed out alone to save Ingjald of Ingjaldshvoll, who had been lured to a dangerous fishing spot by a troll-woman and kept there by a mysterious fellow fisherman who called himself Grímr and whom people thought "must have been Thor."[10] He and Þorkell are said to have made peace and lived together for a while.[9]
Section 2 edit
Chapters 11–20, Gests saga Bárðarsonar, are about Bárðr's son Gestr.[4] He is named after the name his father gave, which means "guest".[11]
Gestr has a grey-muzzled dog named Snati who is "the greatest companion . . . . better in battle than four men."[12] He saves his half-brother from his human mother's marriage, Þorðr, from falling into a death-trap set by a þurs (giant) named Kolbjörn in connection with his marriage to Sólrún (who says her father is Gestr, although the saga states that there is no record of Gestr son of Bárðr having had children) and then travels with Þorðr, Þorðr's brother Þorvaldr, Sólrún, and Snati to Norway to the court of Olaf Tryggvason. The others convert to Christianity; Gestr resists but at the king's personal entreaty is primsigned.
The following Christmas, the court is visited by the draugr of King Raknarr of Helluland, who challenges a hero to come and take his treasures. At the king's suggestion, Gestr accepts the challenge, going with a priest called Jósteinn, a male and a female seið-worker, 17 other men and various supplies from the king, including a magic candle, and his dog. After a long voyage which includes a visit from Odin, who preaches heathenry and is hit on the head by the priest with his crucifix and falls overboard, and an ordeal on a lava field, they find Raknar's mound on a deserted island in the far north and with the priest's assistance, open it up. Gestr beheads the 500 men buried with Raknarr as crew for his huge ship and further underground, finds Raknarr sitting on his throne, but when he has taken from him all but his sword, the magic candle burns out and Gestr is attacked by Raknarr and all his men. He calls on his father, Bárðr, who appears but is unable to help, promises to convert to Christianity, and then calls on King Olaf, whose appearance "with a great light" drains Raknarr of his strength so that Gestr is able to cut off Raknarr's head and place it at his feet, which also deactivates his men. All the other members of the expedition have been driven mad and are fighting amongst themselves, so that only the priest and Snati are left to haul Gestr up. The dog drowns trying to reach the reef which connects the island to the mainland. The priest's holy water restores the men to sanity and parts the waves. On his return to Olaf's court, Gestr is baptised, but that night his father appears to him in a dream and destroys both his eyes for "allow[ing him]self to be forced to change . . . beliefs for lack of character."[13] He dies the next day, still wearing his baptismal clothing.
Editions and translations edit
- Full text in normalised Old Norse on Google books, ed. by Guðbrandur Vigfússon
- Full text in Modern Icelandic at the Icelandic Saga Database
- Bárðar saga Snæfellsás, in Þórhallur Vilmundarson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, Harðar saga, Íslenzk fornrit, 13 (Reykjavík: Hið Íslenzka Fornritafélag, 1991), pp. 99–172.
- The Saga of Bard the Snowfell God, in Icelandic Histories and Romances, trans. by Ralph O’Connor (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), pp. 109–38.
References edit
- ^ Jan de Vries, Altnordische Literaturgeschichte volume 2 Die Literatur von etwa 1150 bis 1300, die Spätzeit nach 1300, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 16, 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1967, OCLC 715891742, pp. 338–39 (in German) classes it in the fifth and last group.
- ^ Guðbrandur Vigfússon, ed., Bárðarsaga Snæfellsáss, Viglundarsaga, Þórðarsaga, Draumavitranir, Völsaþáttr, Nordiske Oldskrifter 27, det Nordiske Literatur-Samfund, Copenhagen: Berlingske, 1860, OCLC 247454054, "Fortale", p. iv (in Danish)
- ^ Halldór Hermansson, Bibliography of the Icelandic Sagas and Minor Tales, Islandica 1, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Library, 1908, OCLC 2778047, p. 4, however, says that it was composed around 900.
- ^ a b c d Halldór Hermansson, p. 4.
- ^ Guðbrandur Vigfússon, "Fortale", p. v.
- ^ De Vries, p. 533 (in German)
- ^ Chapter 1: Guðbrandur Vigfússon, p. 1; "Bard's Saga", tr. Sarah M. Anderson, in The Complete Sagas of Icelanders: Including 49 Tales, ed. Viðarr Hreinsson et al., volume 2, Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson, 1997, ISBN 978-9979-9293-2-1, pp. 237–66, p. 237.
- ^ Anderson p. 244; Guðbrandr Vigfússon p. 12: "kallaðr Bárðr Snjófelsáss, þvíat þeir trúðu á hann náliga þar um nesit, ok höfðu hann fyrir heitguð sinn, varð hann ok mörgum en mesta bjargvættr." (Chapter 6)
- ^ a b Anderson p. 248; Guðbrandur Vigfússon pp. 17–18 (Chapter 9)
- ^ Anderson p. 247; Guðbrandur Vigfússon p. 17 (Chapter 8)
- ^ Anderson pp. 251, 252; Guðbrandr Vigfússon p. 24 (Chapter 11). For the meaning "guest" see the play on words in Chapter 15: Anderson p. 256: "He said that he was a guest there. They said that that was clear. . . . 'Do you wish,' said Gest (Guest), 'that I be your guest. . .?'"; Guðbrandr Vigfússon p. 31.
- ^ Anderson, p. 254; Guðbrandur Vigfússon p. 27 (Chapter 13)
- ^ Anderson p. 265; Guðbrandur Vigfússon pp. 44–45 (Chapter 21)