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B2 (classification)

April 28, 2023

This article is about the parasports classification. For other uses, see B2.

B2 is a medical based Paralympic classification for blind sport. Competitors in this classification have vision that falls between the B1 and B3 classes. The International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees."[1] It is used by a number of blind sports including para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, blind cricket, blind golf, five-a-side football, goalball and judo. Some sports, including adaptive rowing, athletics and swimming, have equivalents to this class.

Britain's Jade Etherington is a B2 classified Paralympic athlete

The B2 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s, and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) to move towards a more functional and evidence-based classification system. Classification is often handled on the international level by IBSA although it is also handled by national sport federations. There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling, where classification is handled by their own governing bodies.

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport, and may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clapsticks. There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports. Some sports specifically do not allow a guide, whereas cycling and skiing require one.

Definition

B2 is a disability sport classification for people who are visually impaired.[2] The International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA) defines this classification as "visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1.50 to 2.60 (inclusive) and/or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees."[1] It thus falls between the B1 and B3 classifications.[1] The Canadian Paralympic Committee defined this classification as "Up to approximately 3-5% functional vision."[3] This classification is borrowed by some other sports, including blind golf who also define the class as "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2/60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees".[4] Para-alpine skiing sport specific versions of this definition include one by the Australian Paralympic Committee which defined this classification as this classification as "Athletes with some partial vision or the ability to recognise the shape of a hand but have a field of vision less than five degrees."[5][6] The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification for alpine skiing as "From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and/or visual field of less than 5 degrees."[7]

This classification has parallels in other sports. The comparative classification in adaptive rowing is LTA-B2.[8] In equestrian, Grade 4 is equivalent to B2.[9][10] The B2 equivalent for swimming is S12.[11]

Governance

IBSA handles classification for a number of sports internationally including five-a-side football, goalball and judo.[2][12][13] Part of being classified involves assessing vision for factors including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, motion detections and visual field.[11] When being assessed into this class by the IBSA, the process first includes the athlete filling out a consent form, submitting a photograph, and scheduling an appointment with a classifier for evaluation. During the actual evaluation, the competitor may be accompanied by another person to assist them in communicating with the classifiers. If necessary, the person can also bring a translator. A medical assessment is then conducted. There are several status groups used by classifiers that assist in classification. This includes Confirmed for competitors who have a visual impairment unlikely to change, Review for competitors who have vision that may fluctuate, New for competitors who have never been classified before, Not Eligible for competitors who have a visual impairment that is not severe enough and not likely to deteriorate in the future to the point where they could be eligible.[14]

Classification is also handled on a national and by sport level.[8][15] Australians seeking classification for blind sports can be classified by an IBSA classifier or an Australian Paralympic Committee vision impairment classifier.[8] In the United Kingdom, blind sport is handled by British Blind Sport,[16][17] which is recognised nationally by Sport England.[18] In the United States, governance related to this classification is handled by the United States Association for Blind Athletes (USABA).[15]

Not all sports use IBSA classifiers. For adaptive rowing, classification assignment may be handled by the Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron (FISA),[19] cycling by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI),[19] para-equestrian, by the Fédération Équestre Internationale (FEI).[19] Swimming classification is handled by IPC Swimming,[13] while in athletics, classification assignment for this class is handled by the IPC.[19]

History

This classification traces its history to the early history of blind sport. There was a belief that those with vision impairment that was less severe had a competitive advantage over competitors who had more severe impairment. Classification was developed by the IBSA to insure more even competition across the different bands of visual acuity.[20] In 1976, the International Sports Organization for the Disabled (ISOD) developed a blind classification system. Parallel to this, IBSA and national blind sport associations were developing their own classification system, with the IBSA one based on visual acuity in place by 1980. The rise of the IBSA classification system for blind sport meant the ISOD classification system failed to gain traction in blind sports competition.[11][20][21]

The IBSA classification system has largely remained unchanged since it was put in place,[21] even as the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) attempted to move towards a more functional disability and evidence based system that does not rely on medical based classification.[22][23] In 2003, the IPC made an attempt to address "the overall objective to support and co-ordinate the ongoing development of accurate, reliable, consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation."[23] It approved the classification at the IPC General Assembly in 2007 as part of the overall blind class group, but was still medically based despite changes in other disability types. IBSA was not prepared at the time to move towards a more functional classification system similar to that utilized by other disability groups and sports.[14]

In some cases, non-Paralympic, non-IBSA affiliated sports have developed their own classification systems. This is the case with blind golf, where a classification existed by 1990 and was used at the Australian Open Golf Tournament for the Blind and Visually Impaired. At that time, four classifications existed and were the same as the IBSA for this class.[4]

In 1990, the Equestrian Federation of Australia did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities, including those with visual impairments. Acknowledging membership needs, some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types, including blind riders. These included allowing blind riders, when they reached a marker, being given an auditory signal to inform them of this.[4]

Equipment

B2 classified Canadian skier Viviane Forest and guide Chloe Lauzon-Gauthier in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013
B2 classified Spanish skier Jon Santacana and guide Miguel Galindo in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013

Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may include sighted guides, guide rails, beeping balls and clap sticks.[24] For blind archery, archers in this class use a tactile sighting device and must not be able to use a bow sight.[25]

The use of a sighted guide by people in this class is dependent on the specific requirements of the sport.[26] Guides are used in para-alpine and para-Nordic skiing. Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently from for B1 skiers as the skiers in this class have some vision, which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight. The guide may ski in front of the skier and use visual cues to inform the skier of what is ahead of them on the course.[27] For cyclists in this class, a guide is used with the guide sitting at the front of a tandem bicycle.[26][28][29]

For S12 classified swimmers, a tapper may stand on the pool deck to tap the swimmer as they approach the wall.[11] The swimmer has to bring their own tapper,[30] but having a tapper is optional.[31] In blind cricket, B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner.[32]

Rules

There are some rule differences for this class in competition that are sport specific and which differ from able bodied versions of the sport.[32][33] In adaptive rowing's Coxed Four, LTA4+, the maximum number of vision impaired rowers in a boat is two.[34] In blind cricket, three players in this class are required to be on the field at the same out of the eleven total players on the pitch. B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner.[32] In judo, all three blind sport classes compete against each other, with competitors classified by weight for the purposes of competition. Weight classes use the international standards used in the Olympics.[35] In IBSA sailing competitions, the three person boat can have a maximum of five points, and must include at least one female and one male sailor on the boat.[36] In competitions run by Blind Sailing International, this class sometimes competes only against other boats with where all the sailors are in this class.[37]

Sports

On the Paralympic level, a number of disability sports are not open to this classification or other visually impaired competitors including archery, basketball, boccia, curling, fencing, ice sledge hockey, powerlifting, rugby, shooting, table tennis, tennis, volleyball. Five-a-side football is not open to women.[38] Eligible Paralympic sports for this classification include adaptive rowing, athletics, cycling five-a-side football, goalball, judo, para-equestrian, para-alpine skiing, para-Nordic skiing, and swimming.[38] This classification is not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games in archery.[38]

The classification is used in other sports including blind golf and lawn bowls.[4][39] While this classifications is open to five-a-side blind football,[2] women are not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games.[38] This classification is eligible to play goalkeeper but in some competitions is not allowed to be a field player.[32]

Athletics

The B2 classification is used in athletics, [40] where the equivalent athletics classification is "T12". Athletes in this class can generally perceive the links on the track.[41] At the 2008 Summer Paralympics, classification assignment for this class was handled by the IPC.[19]

Guides

In athletics, competitors have the option of using a guide.[26][42] For field events such as the long jump or discus, a caller may be used.[43] For runners in this class, using a guide is often a personal preference; some use guides only in practice, others only in competition, or both competition and practice, and some never use guides.[33] When a runner is looking for a guide, they are encouraged to find one with a gait similar to their own,[26] where a rope or tether may be used to connect the runner to the guide.[43]

At the elite level, guides are treated the same as the blind runner. Guides and runners must both use blocks for any race shorter than 400 metres (440 yd). In 400-metre (440 yd) races, the guide runs on the right side of the runner. For races of 800 metres (870 yd) or longer, a runner may use up to two guides, but the course officials must be informed of any decision to use more than one guide in advance of the race. In the marathon, the runner may use up to four different guides. The runner must finish ahead of the guide. In running, the guide attempts to match the running pattern of the runner, not the other way around.[33]

At the 2012 Summer Paralympics, sighted guides in athletics were awarded medals for the first time.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b c "Classification". International Blind Sports Federation. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "A-Z of Paralympic classification". BBC Sport. 4 June 2003. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  3. ^ . Canadian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d Australian Sports Commission; Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled (1990). The development of a policy: Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide, December 3-5, 1990. Willoughby, N.S.W.: Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled. OCLC 221061502.
  5. ^ . Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2002. 27972. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
  6. ^ Gray, Alison (1997). Against the odds: New Zealand Paralympians. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 208. ISBN 1-86958-566-6. OCLC 154294284.
  7. ^ . Salt Lake City, Utah: Salt Lake Organizing Committee. 2002. p. 27. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2012. This is included as an appendix in the media guide, but it is not published by the APC.
  8. ^ a b c (PDF). Australia: Rowing Australia. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  9. ^ . New South Wales, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  10. ^ "Equestrian". Paralympics Great Britain. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  11. ^ a b c d Yves Vanlandewijck; Walter Thompson (13 July 2011). Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science, The Paralympic Athlete. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-4828-6. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  12. ^ . International Blind Sports Federation. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2012.
  13. ^ a b "Paralympic Games Classification Guide" (PDF). International Paralympic Committee. 2012. p. 13. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Classification". International Blind Sports Federation. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  15. ^ a b Claudine Sherrill (2004). Adapted Physical Activity, Recreation, and Sport: Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan. McGraw-Hill. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-697-29513-2. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  16. ^ Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008). Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind. Springer. p. 689. ISBN 978-1-84628-867-8. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  17. ^ Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995). Sports Vision. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-7506-1578-5. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  18. ^ Nesta Wiggins-James; Rob James; Graham Thompson (2005). AS PE for AQA. Heinemann. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-435-49930-3. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  19. ^ a b c d e (PDF). China: International Paralympic Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  20. ^ a b Donald F. C. Loran; Caroline J. MacEwen (1995). Sports Vision. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-7506-1578-5. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  21. ^ a b "Sight Classification Form". United Kingdom: British Blind Sport. 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  22. ^ "Classification History". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  23. ^ a b "Paralympic Classification Today". International Paralympic Committee. 22 April 2010. p. 3. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  24. ^ Marc R. Safran; Douglas B. McKeag; Steven P. Van Camp (1998). Sports Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7817-1222-4. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  25. ^ . United Kingdom: British Blind Sport Archery. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  26. ^ a b c d Gregory S. Kolt; Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007). Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 530–531. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  27. ^ i Marcet, Pau Serracanta (1998). "Blind Skiing". In Yabe, Kyonosuke (ed.). Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport : proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress -4th Paralympic Congress — organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7-8, 1998 Nagano, Japan. Nagano, Japan: Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee. pp. 19–22.
  28. ^ "Cycling". Paralympics Great Britain. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  29. ^ . United Kingdom: Action for Blind People. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  30. ^ Monica, Lepore; G. William Gayle; Shawn F. Stevens (2007). Adapted Aquatics Programming: A Professional Guide. Human Kinetics 10%. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-4504-0723-6. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  31. ^ . New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  32. ^ a b c d Michael A. Johnson; David Keating (2008). Assistive Technology for the Vision-Impaired and Blind. Springer. p. 690. ISBN 978-1-84628-867-8. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  33. ^ a b c d (PDF). England: England Athletics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  34. ^ "Rowing". Paralympics Great Britain. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  35. ^ "Judo". Paralympics Great Britain. 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  36. ^ . New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  37. ^ . Blind Sailing International. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  38. ^ a b c d . Paralympics GB. 2012. Archived from the original on 13 April 2013. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  39. ^ . New Zealand: Blind Sport New Zealand. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  40. ^ Gray, Alison (1997). Against the odds : New Zealand Paralympians. Auckland, N.Z.: Hodder Moa Beckett. p. 18. ISBN 1-86958-566-6. OCLC 154294284.
  41. ^ Rob Matthews (1 February 2010). Running Blind. HarperCollins Australia. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-7304-0082-0. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
  42. ^ . Ireland: Irish Blind Sports. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  43. ^ a b "About the Sport". Germany: International Paralympic Committee Athletics. Retrieved 14 April 2013.

April 28, 2023
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This article is about the parasports classification For other uses see B2 B2 is a medical based Paralympic classification for blind sport Competitors in this classification have vision that falls between the B1 and B3 classes The International Blind Sports Federation IBSA defines this classification as visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1 50 to 2 60 inclusive and or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees 1 It is used by a number of blind sports including para alpine skiing para Nordic skiing blind cricket blind golf five a side football goalball and judo Some sports including adaptive rowing athletics and swimming have equivalents to this class Britain s Jade Etherington is a B2 classified Paralympic athlete The B2 classification was first created by the IBSA in the 1970s and has largely remained unchanged since despite an effort by the International Paralympic Committee IPC to move towards a more functional and evidence based classification system Classification is often handled on the international level by IBSA although it is also handled by national sport federations There are exceptions for sports like athletics and cycling where classification is handled by their own governing bodies Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may differ from sport to sport and may include sighted guides guide rails beeping balls and clapsticks There may be some modifications related to equipment and rules to specifically address needs of competitors in this class to allow them to compete in specific sports Some sports specifically do not allow a guide whereas cycling and skiing require one Contents 1 Definition 2 Governance 3 History 4 Equipment 5 Rules 6 Sports 6 1 Athletics 6 1 1 Guides 7 ReferencesDefinition EditB2 is a disability sport classification for people who are visually impaired 2 The International Blind Sports Federation IBSA defines this classification as visual acuity ranging from LogMAR 1 50 to 2 60 inclusive and or visual field constricted to a diameter of less than 10 degrees 1 It thus falls between the B1 and B3 classifications 1 The Canadian Paralympic Committee defined this classification as Up to approximately 3 5 functional vision 3 This classification is borrowed by some other sports including blind golf who also define the class as From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to visual acuity of 2 60 or visual field of less than 5 degrees 4 Para alpine skiing sport specific versions of this definition include one by the Australian Paralympic Committee which defined this classification as this classification as Athletes with some partial vision or the ability to recognise the shape of a hand but have a field of vision less than five degrees 5 6 The International Paralympic Committee defined this classification for alpine skiing as From ability to recognise the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2 60 and or visual field of less than 5 degrees 7 This classification has parallels in other sports The comparative classification in adaptive rowing is LTA B2 8 In equestrian Grade 4 is equivalent to B2 9 10 The B2 equivalent for swimming is S12 11 Governance EditIBSA handles classification for a number of sports internationally including five a side football goalball and judo 2 12 13 Part of being classified involves assessing vision for factors including visual acuity contrast sensitivity color vision motion detections and visual field 11 When being assessed into this class by the IBSA the process first includes the athlete filling out a consent form submitting a photograph and scheduling an appointment with a classifier for evaluation During the actual evaluation the competitor may be accompanied by another person to assist them in communicating with the classifiers If necessary the person can also bring a translator A medical assessment is then conducted There are several status groups used by classifiers that assist in classification This includes Confirmed for competitors who have a visual impairment unlikely to change Review for competitors who have vision that may fluctuate New for competitors who have never been classified before Not Eligible for competitors who have a visual impairment that is not severe enough and not likely to deteriorate in the future to the point where they could be eligible 14 Classification is also handled on a national and by sport level 8 15 Australians seeking classification for blind sports can be classified by an IBSA classifier or an Australian Paralympic Committee vision impairment classifier 8 In the United Kingdom blind sport is handled by British Blind Sport 16 17 which is recognised nationally by Sport England 18 In the United States governance related to this classification is handled by the United States Association for Blind Athletes USABA 15 Not all sports use IBSA classifiers For adaptive rowing classification assignment may be handled by the Federation Internationale des Societes d Aviron FISA 19 cycling by the Union Cycliste Internationale UCI 19 para equestrian by the Federation Equestre Internationale FEI 19 Swimming classification is handled by IPC Swimming 13 while in athletics classification assignment for this class is handled by the IPC 19 History EditThis classification traces its history to the early history of blind sport There was a belief that those with vision impairment that was less severe had a competitive advantage over competitors who had more severe impairment Classification was developed by the IBSA to insure more even competition across the different bands of visual acuity 20 In 1976 the International Sports Organization for the Disabled ISOD developed a blind classification system Parallel to this IBSA and national blind sport associations were developing their own classification system with the IBSA one based on visual acuity in place by 1980 The rise of the IBSA classification system for blind sport meant the ISOD classification system failed to gain traction in blind sports competition 11 20 21 The IBSA classification system has largely remained unchanged since it was put in place 21 even as the International Paralympic Committee IPC attempted to move towards a more functional disability and evidence based system that does not rely on medical based classification 22 23 In 2003 the IPC made an attempt to address the overall objective to support and co ordinate the ongoing development of accurate reliable consistent and credible sport focused classification systems and their implementation 23 It approved the classification at the IPC General Assembly in 2007 as part of the overall blind class group but was still medically based despite changes in other disability types IBSA was not prepared at the time to move towards a more functional classification system similar to that utilized by other disability groups and sports 14 In some cases non Paralympic non IBSA affiliated sports have developed their own classification systems This is the case with blind golf where a classification existed by 1990 and was used at the Australian Open Golf Tournament for the Blind and Visually Impaired At that time four classifications existed and were the same as the IBSA for this class 4 In 1990 the Equestrian Federation of Australia did not have specific classifications for competitors with disabilities including those with visual impairments Acknowledging membership needs some rules had organically developed that looked like classifications based on rule modification for different disability types including blind riders These included allowing blind riders when they reached a marker being given an auditory signal to inform them of this 4 Equipment Edit source source source source source source source source source source source source source source B2 classified Canadian skier Viviane Forest and guide Chloe Lauzon Gauthier in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013 source source source source source source source source source source source source source source B2 classified Spanish skier Jon Santacana and guide Miguel Galindo in action at the IPC Alpine World Championships in 2013 Equipment utilized by competitors in this class may include sighted guides guide rails beeping balls and clap sticks 24 For blind archery archers in this class use a tactile sighting device and must not be able to use a bow sight 25 The use of a sighted guide by people in this class is dependent on the specific requirements of the sport 26 Guides are used in para alpine and para Nordic skiing Guides for B2 and B3 skiers often position themselves differently from for B1 skiers as the skiers in this class have some vision which means the things a guide assists with will be different from what is required of a skier who has almost no sight The guide may ski in front of the skier and use visual cues to inform the skier of what is ahead of them on the course 27 For cyclists in this class a guide is used with the guide sitting at the front of a tandem bicycle 26 28 29 For S12 classified swimmers a tapper may stand on the pool deck to tap the swimmer as they approach the wall 11 The swimmer has to bring their own tapper 30 but having a tapper is optional 31 In blind cricket B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner 32 Rules EditThere are some rule differences for this class in competition that are sport specific and which differ from able bodied versions of the sport 32 33 In adaptive rowing s Coxed Four LTA4 the maximum number of vision impaired rowers in a boat is two 34 In blind cricket three players in this class are required to be on the field at the same out of the eleven total players on the pitch B2 batsmen have the option of having a runner 32 In judo all three blind sport classes compete against each other with competitors classified by weight for the purposes of competition Weight classes use the international standards used in the Olympics 35 In IBSA sailing competitions the three person boat can have a maximum of five points and must include at least one female and one male sailor on the boat 36 In competitions run by Blind Sailing International this class sometimes competes only against other boats with where all the sailors are in this class 37 Sports EditOn the Paralympic level a number of disability sports are not open to this classification or other visually impaired competitors including archery basketball boccia curling fencing ice sledge hockey powerlifting rugby shooting table tennis tennis volleyball Five a side football is not open to women 38 Eligible Paralympic sports for this classification include adaptive rowing athletics cycling five a side football goalball judo para equestrian para alpine skiing para Nordic skiing and swimming 38 This classification is not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games in archery 38 The classification is used in other sports including blind golf and lawn bowls 4 39 While this classifications is open to five a side blind football 2 women are not eligible to compete at the Paralympic Games 38 This classification is eligible to play goalkeeper but in some competitions is not allowed to be a field player 32 Athletics Edit The B2 classification is used in athletics 40 where the equivalent athletics classification is T12 Athletes in this class can generally perceive the links on the track 41 At the 2008 Summer Paralympics classification assignment for this class was handled by the IPC 19 Guides Edit In athletics competitors have the option of using a guide 26 42 For field events such as the long jump or discus a caller may be used 43 For runners in this class using a guide is often a personal preference some use guides only in practice others only in competition or both competition and practice and some never use guides 33 When a runner is looking for a guide they are encouraged to find one with a gait similar to their own 26 where a rope or tether may be used to connect the runner to the guide 43 At the elite level guides are treated the same as the blind runner Guides and runners must both use blocks for any race shorter than 400 metres 440 yd In 400 metre 440 yd races the guide runs on the right side of the runner For races of 800 metres 870 yd or longer a runner may use up to two guides but the course officials must be informed of any decision to use more than one guide in advance of the race In the marathon the runner may use up to four different guides The runner must finish ahead of the guide In running the guide attempts to match the running pattern of the runner not the other way around 33 At the 2012 Summer Paralympics sighted guides in athletics were awarded medals for the first time 33 References Edit Sports portal a b c Classification International Blind Sports Federation Retrieved 14 April 2014 a b c A Z of Paralympic classification BBC Sport 4 June 2003 Retrieved 11 June 2012 Winter Sport Classification Canadian Paralympic Committee 2012 Archived from the original on 9 July 2013 Retrieved 3 October 2012 a b c d Australian Sports Commission Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled 1990 The development of a policy Integration Conference 1990 Adelaide December 3 5 1990 Willoughby N S W Australian Confederation of Sports for the Disabled OCLC 221061502 Australian team media guide 2002 Salt Lake City Paralympic Games March 7 16 2002 Australia Australian Paralympic Committee 2002 27972 Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 2 October 2012 Gray Alison 1997 Against the odds New Zealand Paralympians Auckland N Z Hodder Moa Beckett p 208 ISBN 1 86958 566 6 OCLC 154294284 Alpine Skiing Technical Manual Salt Lake City Utah Salt Lake Organizing Committee 2002 p 27 Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 Retrieved 2 October 2012 This is included as an appendix in the media guide but it is not published by the APC a b c Rowing Australia Adaptive Rowing Classification Application Form PDF Australia Rowing Australia 2012 Archived from the original PDF on 15 April 2014 Retrieved 19 June 2012 Equestrian New South Wales Australia Australian Paralympic Committee 2012 Archived from the original on 7 September 2015 Retrieved 18 June 2012 Equestrian Paralympics Great Britain 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b c d Yves Vanlandewijck Walter Thompson 13 July 2011 Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science The Paralympic Athlete John Wiley amp Sons ISBN 978 1 4443 4828 6 Retrieved 14 April 2013 IBSA Medical Classification International Blind Sports Federation Archived from the original on 11 August 2011 Retrieved 3 October 2012 a b Paralympic Games Classification Guide PDF International Paralympic Committee 2012 p 13 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b Classification International Blind Sports Federation Retrieved 9 May 2014 a b Claudine Sherrill 2004 Adapted Physical Activity Recreation and Sport Crossdisciplinary and Lifespan McGraw Hill p 70 ISBN 978 0 697 29513 2 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Michael A Johnson David Keating 2008 Assistive Technology for the Vision Impaired and Blind Springer p 689 ISBN 978 1 84628 867 8 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Donald F C Loran Caroline J MacEwen 1995 Sports Vision Butterworth Heinemann p 37 ISBN 978 0 7506 1578 5 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Nesta Wiggins James Rob James Graham Thompson 2005 AS PE for AQA Heinemann p 237 ISBN 978 0 435 49930 3 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b c d e Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games Classification Guide PDF China International Paralympic Committee Archived from the original PDF on 26 June 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b Donald F C Loran Caroline J MacEwen 1995 Sports Vision Butterworth Heinemann p 45 ISBN 978 0 7506 1578 5 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b Sight Classification Form United Kingdom British Blind Sport 2009 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Classification History Bonn Germany International Paralympic Committee Retrieved 30 July 2012 a b Paralympic Classification Today International Paralympic Committee 22 April 2010 p 3 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty url help Marc R Safran Douglas B McKeag Steven P Van Camp 1998 Sports Medicine Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins p 197 ISBN 978 0 7817 1222 4 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Shooting Categories United Kingdom British Blind Sport Archery 2013 Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 Retrieved 14 April 2013 a b c d Gregory S Kolt Lynn Snyder Mackler 2007 Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise Elsevier Health Sciences pp 530 531 ISBN 978 0 443 10351 3 Retrieved 14 April 2013 i Marcet Pau Serracanta 1998 Blind Skiing In Yabe Kyonosuke ed Trends and issues in Winter Paralympic sport proceedings of Winter Paralympic Experts Congress 4th Paralympic Congress organized by the IPC and NAPOC March 7 8 1998 Nagano Japan Nagano Japan Nagano Paralympic Organizing Committee pp 19 22 Cycling Paralympics Great Britain 2012 Retrieved 14 April 2013 Guide to visually impaired Paralympics classification United Kingdom Action for Blind People Archived from the original on 15 April 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