Automatic taxonomy construction

Automatic taxonomy construction (ATC) is the use of software programs to generate taxonomical classifications from a body of texts called a corpus. ATC is a branch of natural language processing, which in turn is a branch of artificial intelligence.

A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially, a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types.^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]} Among other things, a taxonomy can be used to organize and index knowledge (stored as documents, articles, videos, etc.), such as in the form of a library classification system, or a search engine taxonomy, so that users can more easily find the information they are searching for. Many taxonomies are hierarchies (and thus, have an intrinsic tree structure), but not all are.

Manually developing and maintaining a taxonomy is a labor-intensive task requiring significant time and resources, including familiarity of or expertise in the taxonomy's domain (scope, subject, or field), which drives the costs and limits the scope of such projects. Also, domain modelers have their own points of view which inevitably, even if unintentionally, work their way into the taxonomy. ATC uses artificial intelligence techniques to quickly automatically generate a taxonomy for a domain in order to avoid these problems and remove limitations.

Approaches

There are several approaches to ATC. One approach is to use rules to detect patterns in the corpus and use those patterns to infer relations such as hyponymy. Other approaches use machine learning techniques such as Bayesian inferencing and Artificial Neural Networks.^[7]

Keyword extraction

Main article: Keyword extraction

One approach to building a taxonomy is to automatically gather the keywords from a domain using keyword extraction, then analyze the relationships between them (see Hyponymy, below), and then arrange them as a taxonomy based on those relationships.

Hyponymy and "is-a" relations

Main articles: Is-a; Hyponymy; and Taxonomy (general) § Is-a and has-a relationships, and hyponymy

In ATC programs, one of the most important tasks is the discovery of hypernym and hyponym relations among words. One way to do that from a body of text is to search for certain phrases like "is a" and "such as".

In linguistics, is-a relations are called hyponymy. Words that describe categories are called hypernyms and words that are examples of categories are hyponyms. For example, dog is a hypernym and Fido is one of its hyponyms. A word can be both a hyponym and a hypernym. So, dog is a hyponym of mammal and also a hypernym of Fido.

Taxonomies are often represented as is-a hierarchies where each level is more specific than (in mathematical language "a subset of") the level above it. For example, a basic biology taxonomy would have concepts such as mammal, which is a subset of animal, and dogs and cats, which are subsets of mammal. This kind of taxonomy is called an is-a model because the specific objects are considered instances of a concept. For example, Fido is-a instance of the concept dog and Fluffy is-a cat.^[8]

Applications

ATC can be used to build taxonomies for search engines, to improve search results.

ATC systems are a key component of ontology learning (also known as automatic ontology construction), and have been used to automatically generate large ontologies for domains such as insurance and finance. They have also been used to enhance existing large networks such as Wordnet to make them more complete and consistent.^[9][10][11]

ATC software

Other names

Other names for automatic taxonomy construction include:

• Automated outline building
• Automated outline construction
• Automated outline creation
• Automated outline extraction
• Automated outline generation
• Automated outline induction
• Automated outline learning
• Automated outlining
• Automated taxonomy building
• Automated taxonomy construction
• Automated taxonomy creation
• Automated taxonomy extraction
• Automated taxonomy generation
• Automated taxonomy induction
• Automated taxonomy learning
• Automatic outline building
• Automatic outline construction
• Automatic outline creation
• Automatic outline extraction
• Automatic outline generation
• Automatic outline induction
• Automatic outline learning
• Automatic taxonomy building
• Automatic taxonomy creation
• Automatic taxonomy extraction
• Automatic taxonomy generation
• Automatic taxonomy induction
• Automatic taxonomy learning
• Outline automation
• Outline building
• Outline construction
• Outline creation
• Outline extraction
• Outline generation
• Outline induction
• Outline learning
• Semantic taxonomy building
• Semantic taxonomy construction
• Semantic taxonomy creation
• Semantic taxonomy extraction
• Semantic taxonomy generation
• Semantic taxonomy induction
• Semantic taxonomy learning
• Taxonomy automation
• Taxonomy building
• Taxonomy construction
• Taxonomy creation
• Taxonomy extraction
• Taxonomy generation
• Taxonomy induction
• Taxonomy learning

See also

• Document classification
• Information extraction

References

1. "Taxonomy". 10 October 2021.
2. "Taxonomy Definition & Meaning". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
3. "What is Taxonomy?". 14 August 2017.
4. . Lexico.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
5. "What is Taxonomy?". 20 August 2003.
6. "TAXONOMY (Noun) definition and synonyms | Macmillan Dictionary".
7. Neshati, Mahmood; Alijamaat, Ali; Abolhassani, Hassan; Rahimi, Afshin; Hoseini, Mehdi (2007). "Taxonomy Learning Using Compound Similarity Measure". IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI'07). pp. 487–490. doi:10.1109/WI.2007.135. ISBN 978-0-7695-3026-0. S2CID 14206314.
8. Brachman, Ronald (October 1983). "What IS-A is and isn't. An Analysis of Taxonomic Links in Semantic Networks". IEEE Computer. 16 (10): 30–36. doi:10.1109/MC.1983.1654194. OSTI 5363562. S2CID 16650410.
9. Velardi, Paola; Faralli, Stefano; Navigli, Roberto (10 October 2012). "OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction". Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.278.5674.
10. Liu, Xueqing; Song, Yangqiu; Liu, Shixia; Wang, Haixun (12–16 August 2012). "Automatic taxonomy construction from keywords". Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining (PDF). ACM. p. 1433. doi:10.1145/2339530.2339754. ISBN 9781450314626. S2CID 9100603. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
11. Snow, Rion; Jurafsky, Daniel; Ng, Andrew. "Semantic Taxonomy Induction from Heterogenous Evidence" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 8 March 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Further reading

• Automatic Taxonomy Construction from Keywords (2012)
• Domain taxonomy learning from text: The subsumption method versus hierarchical clustering from Data & Knowledge Engineering, Volume 83, January 2013, Pages 54–69
• Learning taxonomic relations from a set of text documents
• Learning Taxonomic Relations from Heterogeneous Sources of Evidence
• A Metric-based Framework for Automatic Taxonomy Induction
• A New Method for Evaluating Automatically Learned Terminological Taxonomies
• Problematizing and Addressing the Article-as-Concept Assumption in Wikipedia
• Structured Learning for Taxonomy Induction with Belief Propagation
• Taxonomy Learning Using Word Sense Induction

External links

• Taxonomy 101: The Basics and Getting Started with Taxonomies – shows where ATC fits in to the general activity of managing taxonomies for a business enterprise in need of knowledge management.