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The outer ear, external ear, or auris externa is the external part of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal.[1] It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum (tympanic membrane).
The visible part is called the auricle, also known as the pinna, especially in other animals. It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage, covered with integument, and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles; and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue. Many mammals can move the pinna (with the auriculares muscles) in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes. Most humans do not have this ability.[2]
From the pinna, the sound waves move into the ear canal (also known as the external acoustic meatus) a simple tube running through to the middle ear. This tube leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity and amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz.[citation needed]
The helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix. It arises below, from the spina helicis, and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix, just where it is about to curve backward.
The transverse muscle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna. It consists of scattered fibers, partly tendinous and partly muscular, extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha.
The oblique muscle also on the cranial surface, consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it.
The intrinsic muscles contribute to the topography of the auricle, while also function as a sphincter of the external auditory meatus. It has been suggested that during prenatal development in the womb, these muscles exert forces on the cartilage which in turn affects the shaping of the ear.[3]
The superior muscle is the largest of the three, followed by the posterior and the anterior.
In some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna. In humans these muscles possess very little action. The auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward, the auricularis superior slightly raises it, and the auricularis posterior draws it backward. The superior auricular muscle also acts as a stabilizer of the occipitofrontalis muscle and as a weak brow lifter.[4] The presence of auriculomotor activity in the posterior auricular muscle causes the muscle to contract and cause the pinna to be pulled backwards and flatten when exposed to sudden, surprising sounds.[5]
Functionedit
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2013)
One consequence of the configuration of the outer ear is selectively to boost the sound pressure 30- to 100-fold for frequencies around 3 kHz. This amplification makes humans most sensitive to frequencies in this range—and also explains why they are particularly prone to acoustical injury and hearing loss near this frequency. Most human speech sounds are also distributed in the bandwidth around 3 kHz.[6]
Clinical significanceedit
Malformations of the external ear can be a consequence of hereditary disease, or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation, infection. Such defects include:
Goldenhar syndrome, a combination of developmental abnormalities affecting the ears, eyes, bones of the skull, and vertebrae, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[13]
Treacher Collins syndrome, characterised by dysplasia of the auricle, atresia of the bony part of the auditory canal, hypoplasia of the auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity, and 'mixed' deafness (both sensorineural and conductive), inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.[14][15]
Usually, malformations are treated with surgery, although artificial prostheses are also sometimes used.[9]
Preauricular fistulas are generally not treated unless chronically inflamed.[9]
Cosmetic defects without functional impairment are generally repaired after ages 6–7.[17]
If malformations are accompanied by hearing loss amenable to correction, then the early use of hearing aids may prevent complete hearing loss.[17]
Additional imagesedit
External and middle ear, opened from the front. Right side.
Referencesedit
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1033 of the 20th edition ofGray's Anatomy(1918)
^nyu.edu/classes/bello/FMT_files/2_hearing.pdf "Hearing" by Juan P Bello
^"Why Can Some People Wiggle Their Ears?". Live Science. 30 March 2012.
^Liugan, Mikee; Zhang, Ming; Cakmak, Yusuf Ozgur (2018). "Neuroprosthetics for Auricular Muscles: Neural Networks and Clinical Aspects". Frontiers in Neurology. 8: 752. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00752. ISSN 1664-2295. PMC5775970. PMID 29387041.
^Chon, Brian H.; Blandford, Alex D.; Hwang, Catherine J.; Petkovsek, Daniel; Zheng, Andrew; Zhao, Carrie; Cao, Jessica; Grissom, Nick; Perry, Julian D. (February 2021). "Dimensions, Function and Applications of the Auricular Muscle in Facial Plastic Surgery". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 45 (1): 309–314. doi:10.1007/s00266-020-02045-x. ISSN 1432-5241. PMID 33258010. S2CID 227236615.
^Strauss, Daniel J; Corona-Strauss, Farah I; Schroeer, Andreas; Flotho, Philipp; Hannemann, Ronny; Hackley, Steven A (2020-07-03). Groh, Jennifer M; Shinn-Cunningham, Barbara G; Verhulst, Sarah; Shera, Christopher; Corneil, Brian D (eds.). "Vestigial auriculomotor activity indicates the direction of auditory attention in humans". eLife. 9: e54536. doi:10.7554/eLife.54536. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC7334025. PMID 32618268.
^Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). "Chapter 13". Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. p. 317. ISBN978-0-87893-697-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
outer, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, . This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian May 2012 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Russian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 2 836 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ru Naruzhnoe uho see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ru Naruzhnoe uho to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Learn how and when to remove this template message The outer ear external ear or auris externa is the external part of the ear which consists of the auricle also pinna and the ear canal 1 It gathers sound energy and focuses it on the eardrum tympanic membrane Outer earA diagram of the anatomy of the human ear Brown is outer ear Red is middle ear Purple is inner ear The auricula Lateral surface DetailsIdentifiersLatinauris externaMeSHD004431NeuroLex IDbirnlex 1705TA98A15 3 01 001TA26862FMA52781Anatomical terminology edit on Wikidata Contents 1 Structure 1 1 Auricle 1 2 Ear canal 1 3 Auricular muscles 1 3 1 Intrinsic muscles 1 3 2 Extrinsic muscles 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3 1 Surgery 4 Additional images 5 References 6 External linksStructure editAuricle edit Main article Auricle anatomy The visible part is called the auricle also known as the pinna especially in other animals It is composed of a thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage covered with integument and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles and to the commencement of the ear canal by fibrous tissue Many mammals can move the pinna with the auriculares muscles in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction in much the same way that they can turn their eyes Most humans do not have this ability 2 Ear canal edit Main article Ear canal From the pinna the sound waves move into the ear canal also known as the external acoustic meatus a simple tube running through to the middle ear This tube leads inward from the bottom of the auricula and conducts the vibrations to the tympanic cavity and amplifies frequencies in the range 3 kHz to 12 kHz citation needed Auricular muscles edit Intrinsic muscles edit Intrinsic muscles of external ear nbsp The muscles of the auriculaDetailsNerveFacial nerveActionsUndeveloped in humansIdentifiersMeSHD004431NeuroLex IDbirnlex 1705TA98A15 3 01 001TA26862FMA52781Anatomical terms of muscle edit on Wikidata The intrinsic auricular muscles are The helicis major is a narrow vertical band situated upon the anterior margin of the helix It arises below from the spina helicis and is inserted into the anterior border of the helix just where it is about to curve backward The helicis minor is an oblique fasciculus covering the crus helicis The tragicus is a short flattened vertical band on the lateral surface of the tragus Also known as the mini lobe The antitragicus arises from the outer part of the antitragus and is inserted into the cauda helicis and antihelix The transverse muscle is placed on the cranial surface of the pinna It consists of scattered fibers partly tendinous and partly muscular extending from the eminentia conchae to the prominence corresponding with the scapha The oblique muscle also on the cranial surface consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the concha to the convexity immediately above it The intrinsic muscles contribute to the topography of the auricle while also function as a sphincter of the external auditory meatus It has been suggested that during prenatal development in the womb these muscles exert forces on the cartilage which in turn affects the shaping of the ear 3 Extrinsic muscles edit Auricular muscles nbsp The muscles of the pinna nbsp Auricular muscles in context with the other facial musclesDetailsOriginGaleal aponeurosisInsertionFront of the helix cranial surface of the pinnaArteryPosterior auricular arteryNerveFacial nerveActionsSubtle auricle movements forwards backwards and upwards IdentifiersLatinMusculi auricularesMeSHD004431NeuroLex IDbirnlex 1705TA98A15 3 01 001TA26862FMA52781Anatomical terms of muscle edit on Wikidata The extrinsic auricular muscles are the three muscles surrounding the auricula or outer ear anterior auricular muscle superior auricular muscle posterior auricular muscleThe superior muscle is the largest of the three followed by the posterior and the anterior In some mammals these muscles can adjust the direction of the pinna In humans these muscles possess very little action The auricularis anterior draws the auricula forward and upward the auricularis superior slightly raises it and the auricularis posterior draws it backward The superior auricular muscle also acts as a stabilizer of the occipitofrontalis muscle and as a weak brow lifter 4 The presence of auriculomotor activity in the posterior auricular muscle causes the muscle to contract and cause the pinna to be pulled backwards and flatten when exposed to sudden surprising sounds 5 Function editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it December 2013 One consequence of the configuration of the outer ear is selectively to boost the sound pressure 30 to 100 fold for frequencies around 3 kHz This amplification makes humans most sensitive to frequencies in this range and also explains why they are particularly prone to acoustical injury and hearing loss near this frequency Most human speech sounds are also distributed in the bandwidth around 3 kHz 6 Clinical significance editMalformations of the external ear can be a consequence of hereditary disease or exposure to environmental factors such as radiation infection Such defects include A preauricular fistula which is a long narrow tube usually near the tragus This can be inherited as an autosomal recessive fashion and may suffer from chronic infection in later life 7 Cosmetic defects such as very large ears small ears 8 9 Malformation that may lead to functional impairment such as atresia of the external auditory meatus 10 or aplasia of the pinna 11 Genetic syndromes which include Konigsmark syndrome characterised by small ears and atresia of the external auditory canal causing conductive hearing loss and inherited in an autosomal recessive manner 12 Goldenhar syndrome a combination of developmental abnormalities affecting the ears eyes bones of the skull and vertebrae inherited in an autosomal dominant manner 13 Treacher Collins syndrome characterised by dysplasia of the auricle atresia of the bony part of the auditory canal hypoplasia of the auditory ossicles and tympanic cavity and mixed deafness both sensorineural and conductive inherited in an autosomal dominant manner 14 15 Crouzon syndrome characterised by bilateral atresia of the external auditory canal inherited in an autosomal dominant manner 16 Surgery edit Usually malformations are treated with surgery although artificial prostheses are also sometimes used 9 Preauricular fistulas are generally not treated unless chronically inflamed 9 Cosmetic defects without functional impairment are generally repaired after ages 6 7 17 If malformations are accompanied by hearing loss amenable to correction then the early use of hearing aids may prevent complete hearing loss 17 Additional images edit nbsp External and middle ear opened from the front Right side References edit nbsp This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1033 of the 20th edition of Gray s Anatomy 1918 nyu edu classes bello FMT files 2 hearing pdf Hearing by Juan P Bello Why Can Some People Wiggle Their Ears Live Science 30 March 2012 Liugan Mikee Zhang Ming Cakmak Yusuf Ozgur 2018 Neuroprosthetics for Auricular Muscles Neural Networks and Clinical Aspects Frontiers in Neurology 8 752 doi 10 3389 fneur 2017 00752 ISSN 1664 2295 PMC 5775970 PMID 29387041 Chon Brian H Blandford Alex D Hwang Catherine J Petkovsek Daniel Zheng Andrew Zhao Carrie Cao Jessica Grissom Nick Perry Julian D February 2021 Dimensions Function and Applications of the Auricular Muscle in Facial Plastic Surgery Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 45 1 309 314 doi 10 1007 s00266 020 02045 x ISSN 1432 5241 PMID 33258010 S2CID 227236615 Strauss Daniel J Corona Strauss Farah I Schroeer Andreas Flotho Philipp Hannemann Ronny Hackley Steven A 2020 07 03 Groh Jennifer M Shinn Cunningham Barbara G Verhulst Sarah Shera Christopher Corneil Brian D eds Vestigial auriculomotor activity indicates the direction of auditory attention in humans eLife 9 e54536 doi 10 7554 eLife 54536 ISSN 2050 084X PMC 7334025 PMID 32618268 Purves Dale George J Augustine David Fitzpatrick William C Hall Anthony Samuel LaMantia James O McNamara and Leonard E White 2008 Chapter 13 Neuroscience 4th ed Sinauer Associates p 317 ISBN 978 0 87893 697 7 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 pp 68 69 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 pp 65 66 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help a b c Palchun Kryukov 2001 p 489 sfn error no target CITEREFPalchun Kryukov2001 help SES 1986 p 89 sfn error no target CITEREFSES1986 help SES 1986 p 68 sfn error no target CITEREFSES1986 help Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 pp 66 67 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 p 67 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 pp 67 68 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help Asanov i dr 2003 pp 198 199 sfn error no target CITEREFAsanov i dr 2003 help Asanov i dr 2003 p 198 sfn error no target CITEREFAsanov i dr 2003 help a b Bogomilskij Chistyakova 2002 p 65 sfn error no target CITEREFBogomilskij Chistyakova2002 help External links edit nbsp Media related to Outer ear at Wikimedia 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