The genus was first described in 1816 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in his book Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres (Natural History of Invertebrates).[4] It has been suggested that Aurelia is the best-studied group of gelatinous zooplankton, with Aurelia aurita the best-studied species in the genus; two other species, Aurelia labiata and Aurelia limbata were also traditionally investigated throughout the 20th century.[5] In the early 2000s, studies that considered genetic data showed that diversity in Aurelia was higher than expected based solely on morphology,[6][7] so one cannot confidently attribute the results from most of the previous studies to the species named. More recently, studies have highlighted the morphological variability[2] (including the potential for phenotypic plasticity[8][9]) in this genus, emphasizing the difficulty of identifying cryptic species.[10]
Species of Aurelia can be found in the Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, and seem to be more common in temperate regions, such as in the waters off northern China, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, the northeastern and northwestern coasts of the United States, and those of northern Europe.[2]
Aurelia undergoes alternation of generations, whereby the sexually-reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female, and the benthic polyp stage reproduces asexually. Meanwhile, life cycle reversal, in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments, was also observed in Aurelia coerulea (= Aurelia sp. 1).[11]
The similar appearances of moon jellyfish is what has made them so hard to identify. They tend to have a variety of different sizes, however, they typically range 5–38 cm (2.0–15.0 in) in diameter with an average of 18 cm (7.1 in) wide and 8 cm (3.1 in) in height.[12] The polyps of these jellyfish can grow to 1.6 cm (0.63 in) tall and their ephyrae have an average diameter of 0.4 cm (0.16 in).[13] The adult medusae are typically translucent in color[13] but the color of their gut can change based on what they eat; for example, if they eat crustaceans, they can have a pink or lavender tint to them and if they were to eat brine shrimp, the tint would be more of an orange color.[14] Their polyps usually have around 16 tentacles (although Aurelia insularia has 27–33 tentacles)[2][15] which mostly help with feeding.[13]
Feedingedit
Aurelia aurita in Åbyfjorden, Sweden
The diet of Aurelia is similar to that of other jellyfish. They primarily feed on zooplankton.[12] They may prey on or compete with commercially important fish and their larvae, as well as cause several issues for trawling boats when large aggregations occur,[16] as they may clog and damage fishing nets as well as force fisherman to relocate.[17]
Characteristicsedit
They are able to sense light and dark and up and down due to rhopalia around the bell margin.[12] After many tests on frogs, it was determined that A. aurita has a proteinaceous venom that causes muscle twitching by inducing the irreversible depolarization of the muscle membrane that is believed to be caused by an increase in the membrane's permeability to sodium ions.[18]
The medusa stage of the jellyfish reproduce sexually. The males release strings of sperm and the females ingest them.[14] Once the ciliated larvae develop from the egg, they settle on or near the sea floor and develop into benthic polyps. The polyps then reproduce asexually and bud into ephyrae which later turn into medusae.
^Collins, A. G.; Jarms, G.; Morandini, A. C. (September 12, 2021). "World List of Scyphozoa. Aurelia Lamarck, 1816". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
^ abcdLawley, J. W.; Gamero-Mora, E.; Maronna, M. M.; Chiaverano, L. M.; Stampar, S. N.; Hopcroft, R. R.; Collins, A. G.; Morandini, A. C. (2021). "The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability: systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)". PeerJ. 9:e11954: e11954. doi:10.7717/peerj.11954. PMC8435205. PMID 34589293.
^Brown, M.; Scorrano, S.; Kuplik, Z.; Kuyper, D.; Ras, V.; Thibault, D.; Engelbrecht, A.; Gibbons, M. J. (2021). "A new macromedusa from the coast of Mozambique: Aurelia mozambica sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Ulmaridae)". Zootaxa. 4933 (2): 263–276. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.5. hdl:10566/6168. PMID 33756798. S2CID 232339936.
^Lamarck, J.-B. M. de. (1816). "Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Verdière: Biodiversity Heritage Library. from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^Arai, Mary Needler. A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa. London: Chapman and Hall. pp. 68–206.
^Schroth, Werner; Jarms, Gerhard; Streit, Bruno; Schierwater, Bernd (2 January 2002). "Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly, Aurelia sp". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2: 1. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-2-1. PMC64640. PMID 11801181.
^Dawson, Michael N (2003). "Macro-morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish, Aurelia (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa)". Marine Biology. 143 (2): 369–379. Bibcode:2003MarBi.143..369D. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1070-3. S2CID 189820003.
^Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Bayha, Keith W.; Graham, William M. (2016-06-22). Colgan, Donald James (ed.). "Local versus Generalized Phenotypes in Two Sympatric Aurelia Species: Understanding Jellyfish Ecology Using Genetics and Morphometrics". PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0156588. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1156588C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156588. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC4917110. PMID 27332545.
^Chiaverano, Lm; Graham, Wm (2017-11-06). "Morphological plasticity in Aurelia polyps, with subsequent effects on asexual fecundity and morphology of young medusae". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 582: 79–92. Bibcode:2017MEPS..582...79C. doi:10.3354/meps12314. ISSN 0171-8630. S2CID 90233141.
^Lawley, Jonathan W.; Gamero-Mora, Edgar; Maronna, Maximiliano M.; Chiaverano, Luciano M.; Stampar, Sérgio N.; Hopcroft, Russell R.; Collins, Allen G.; Morandini, André C. (2022-09-29). "Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis, and that's ok: Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data. Reply to Brown and Gibbons (S Afr J Sci. 2022;118(9/10), Art. #12590)". South African Journal of Science. 118 (9/10). doi:10.17159/sajs.2022/14495. ISSN 1996-7489. S2CID 252562185.
^He, Jinru; Zheng, Lianming; Zhang, Wenjing; Lin, Yuanshao; Steele, Robert E. (21 December 2015). "Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)". PLOS ONE. 10 (12): e0145314. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045314H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314. PMC4687044. PMID 26690755.
^ abc"Moon Jellyfish". www.dwazoo.com. Dallas World Aquarium. 2 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^ ab"Moon jelly". www.montereybayaquarium.org/. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^Gambill, Maria; Jarms, Gerhard (2014-12-26). "Can Aurelia (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) species be differentiated by comparing their scyphistomae and ephyrae?". European Journal of Taxonomy (107). doi:10.5852/ejt.2014.107. ISSN 2118-9773.
^Försterra, Günter; Häussermann, Vreni (2009). "First Record of the Moon Jellyfish, Aurelia for Chile" (PDF). Spixiana. 32 (1): 3–7.
^Conley, Keats R.; Sutherland, Kelly R. (1 June 2015). "Commercial fishers' perceptions of jellyfish interference in the Northern California Current". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 72 (5): 1565–1575. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsv007.
^Ponce, Dalia; López-Vera, Estuardo; Aguilar, Manuel B.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, Judith (6 December 2013). "Preliminary Results of the in Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of a Tentacle Venom Fraction from the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita". Toxins. 5 (12): 2420–2433. doi:10.3390/toxins5122420. PMC3873694. PMID 24322597.
External linksedit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aurelia.
Aurelia in Bermuda
Animal Diversity Web: Aurelia aurita
Tree of Life: Aurelia aurita life cycle
World Register of Marine Species: Aurelia aurita
Scyphozoan Jellyfish
April 11, 2024
aurelia, cnidarian, aurelia, genus, jellyfish, that, commonly, called, moon, jellies, which, class, scyphozoa, there, currently, accepted, species, many, that, still, formally, described, aureliaadult, aurelia, aurita, medusascientific, classificationdomain, e. Aurelia is a genus of jellyfish that are commonly called moon jellies which are in the class Scyphozoa There are currently 25 accepted species and many that are still not formally described 1 2 3 AureliaAdult Aurelia aurita medusaScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum CnidariaClass ScyphozoaOrder SemaeostomeaeFamily UlmaridaeGenus AureliaLamarck 1816SpeciesAurelia aurita Aurelia ayla Aurelia cebimarensis Aurelia clausa Aurelia coerulea Aurelia colpota Aurelia columbia Aurelia dubia Aurelia hyalina Aurelia insularia Aurelia labiata Aurelia limbata Aurelia malayensis Aurelia maldivensis Aurelia marginalis Aurelia mianzani Aurelia miyakei Aurelia montyi Aurelia mozambica Aurelia persea Aurelia pseudosolida Aurelia rara Aurelia relicta Aurelia smithsoniana Aurelia solida Aurelia vitianaThe genus was first described in 1816 by Jean Baptiste Lamarck in his book Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres Natural History of Invertebrates 4 It has been suggested that Aurelia is the best studied group of gelatinous zooplankton with Aurelia aurita the best studied species in the genus two other species Aurelia labiata and Aurelia limbata were also traditionally investigated throughout the 20th century 5 In the early 2000s studies that considered genetic data showed that diversity in Aurelia was higher than expected based solely on morphology 6 7 so one cannot confidently attribute the results from most of the previous studies to the species named More recently studies have highlighted the morphological variability 2 including the potential for phenotypic plasticity 8 9 in this genus emphasizing the difficulty of identifying cryptic species 10 Species of Aurelia can be found in the Atlantic Arctic Pacific and Indian Oceans and seem to be more common in temperate regions such as in the waters off northern China Japan Korea New Zealand the northeastern and northwestern coasts of the United States and those of northern Europe 2 Aurelia undergoes alternation of generations whereby the sexually reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female and the benthic polyp stage reproduces asexually Meanwhile life cycle reversal in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments was also observed in Aurelia coerulea Aurelia sp 1 11 Two Aurelia aurita in Gullmarn fjord SwedenContents 1 Appearance 2 Feeding 3 Characteristics 4 Reproduction 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksAppearance editThe similar appearances of moon jellyfish is what has made them so hard to identify They tend to have a variety of different sizes however they typically range 5 38 cm 2 0 15 0 in in diameter with an average of 18 cm 7 1 in wide and 8 cm 3 1 in in height 12 The polyps of these jellyfish can grow to 1 6 cm 0 63 in tall and their ephyrae have an average diameter of 0 4 cm 0 16 in 13 The adult medusae are typically translucent in color 13 but the color of their gut can change based on what they eat for example if they eat crustaceans they can have a pink or lavender tint to them and if they were to eat brine shrimp the tint would be more of an orange color 14 Their polyps usually have around 16 tentacles although Aurelia insularia has 27 33 tentacles 2 15 which mostly help with feeding 13 Feeding edit nbsp Aurelia aurita in Abyfjorden SwedenThe diet of Aurelia is similar to that of other jellyfish They primarily feed on zooplankton 12 They may prey on or compete with commercially important fish and their larvae as well as cause several issues for trawling boats when large aggregations occur 16 as they may clog and damage fishing nets as well as force fisherman to relocate 17 Characteristics editThey are able to sense light and dark and up and down due to rhopalia around the bell margin 12 After many tests on frogs it was determined that A aurita has a proteinaceous venom that causes muscle twitching by inducing the irreversible depolarization of the muscle membrane that is believed to be caused by an increase in the membrane s permeability to sodium ions 18 Reproduction edit nbsp Aurelia aurita in Limfjord Aalborg DenmarkThe medusa stage of the jellyfish reproduce sexually The males release strings of sperm and the females ingest them 14 Once the ciliated larvae develop from the egg they settle on or near the sea floor and develop into benthic polyps The polyps then reproduce asexually and bud into ephyrae which later turn into medusae See also editGelatinous zooplanktonReferences edit Collins A G Jarms G Morandini A C September 12 2021 World List of Scyphozoa Aurelia Lamarck 1816 WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Retrieved September 12 2021 a b c d Lawley J W Gamero Mora E Maronna M M Chiaverano L M Stampar S N Hopcroft R R Collins A G Morandini A C 2021 The importance of molecular characters when morphological variability hinders diagnosability systematics of the moon jellyfish genus Aurelia Cnidaria Scyphozoa PeerJ 9 e11954 e11954 doi 10 7717 peerj 11954 PMC 8435205 PMID 34589293 Brown M Scorrano S Kuplik Z Kuyper D Ras V Thibault D Engelbrecht A Gibbons M J 2021 A new macromedusa from the coast of Mozambique Aurelia mozambica sp nov Scyphozoa Ulmaridae Zootaxa 4933 2 263 276 doi 10 11646 zootaxa 4933 2 5 hdl 10566 6168 PMID 33756798 S2CID 232339936 Lamarck J B M de 1816 Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres www biodiversitylibrary org Verdiere Biodiversity Heritage Library Archived from the original on 2014 05 13 Retrieved 23 June 2021 Arai Mary Needler A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa London Chapman and Hall pp 68 206 Schroth Werner Jarms Gerhard Streit Bruno Schierwater Bernd 2 January 2002 Speciation and phylogeography in the cosmopolitan marine moon jelly Aurelia sp BMC Evolutionary Biology 2 1 doi 10 1186 1471 2148 2 1 PMC 64640 PMID 11801181 Dawson Michael N 2003 Macro morphological variation among cryptic species of the moon jellyfish Aurelia Cnidaria Scyphozoa Marine Biology 143 2 369 379 Bibcode 2003MarBi 143 369D doi 10 1007 s00227 003 1070 3 S2CID 189820003 Chiaverano Luciano M Bayha Keith W Graham William M 2016 06 22 Colgan Donald James ed Local versus Generalized Phenotypes in Two Sympatric Aurelia Species Understanding Jellyfish Ecology Using Genetics and Morphometrics PLOS ONE 11 6 e0156588 Bibcode 2016PLoSO 1156588C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0156588 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4917110 PMID 27332545 Chiaverano Lm Graham Wm 2017 11 06 Morphological plasticity in Aurelia polyps with subsequent effects on asexual fecundity and morphology of young medusae Marine Ecology Progress Series 582 79 92 Bibcode 2017MEPS 582 79C doi 10 3354 meps12314 ISSN 0171 8630 S2CID 90233141 Lawley Jonathan W Gamero Mora Edgar Maronna Maximiliano M Chiaverano Luciano M Stampar Sergio N Hopcroft Russell R Collins Allen G Morandini Andre C 2022 09 29 Morphology is not always useful for diagnosis and that s ok Species hypotheses should not be bound to a class of data Reply to Brown and Gibbons S Afr J Sci 2022 118 9 10 Art 12590 South African Journal of Science 118 9 10 doi 10 17159 sajs 2022 14495 ISSN 1996 7489 S2CID 252562185 He Jinru Zheng Lianming Zhang Wenjing Lin Yuanshao Steele Robert E 21 December 2015 Life Cycle Reversal in Aurelia sp 1 Cnidaria Scyphozoa PLOS ONE 10 12 e0145314 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1045314H doi 10 1371 journal pone 0145314 PMC 4687044 PMID 26690755 a b c Moon Jellyfish www dwazoo com Dallas World Aquarium 2 December 2013 Retrieved 23 June 2021 a b c Fletcher McKenzie Aurelia Animal Diversity Web Retrieved 23 June 2021 a b Moon jelly www montereybayaquarium org Monterey Bay Aquarium Retrieved 23 June 2021 Gambill Maria Jarms Gerhard 2014 12 26 Can Aurelia Cnidaria Scyphozoa species be differentiated by comparing their scyphistomae and ephyrae European Journal of Taxonomy 107 doi 10 5852 ejt 2014 107 ISSN 2118 9773 Forsterra Gunter Haussermann Vreni 2009 First Record of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia for Chile PDF Spixiana 32 1 3 7 Conley Keats R Sutherland Kelly R 1 June 2015 Commercial fishers perceptions of jellyfish interference in the Northern California Current ICES Journal of Marine Science 72 5 1565 1575 doi 10 1093 icesjms fsv007 Ponce Dalia Lopez Vera Estuardo Aguilar Manuel B Sanchez Rodriguez Judith 6 December 2013 Preliminary Results of the in Vivo and in Vitro Characterization of a Tentacle Venom Fraction from the Jellyfish Aurelia aurita Toxins 5 12 2420 2433 doi 10 3390 toxins5122420 PMC 3873694 PMID 24322597 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aurelia Photos of Aurelia in Norway Aurelia in Bermuda Animal Diversity Web Aurelia aurita Tree of Life Aurelia aurita life cycle World Register of Marine Species Aurelia aurita Scyphozoan Jellyfish Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aurelia cnidarian amp oldid 1216620035, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
