Second Aulikara dynasty
The Second Aulikara dynasty (Late Brahmi script: Au-li-ka-rā) was a royal dynasty that ruled over the Malwa plateau, and at its peak under Yashodharman Vishnuvardhana controlled a vast area, consisting of almost all of Northern India and parts of Deccan plateau.[2][3] It was the second royal house of the Aulikara clan.[4]
Second Aulikara dynasty | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4th century–c.550 CE | |||||
South-Asia 550 CE AULIKARAS | |||||
| Capital | Mandsaur | ||||
| Common languages | Sanskrit | ||||
| Religion | Hinduism | ||||
| Government | monarchy | ||||
| History | |||||
• Established | 4th century | ||||
• Disestablished | c.550 CE | ||||
| |||||
| Today part of | India | ||||
The Aulikara Empire was a short-lived power founded by Yashodharman, a member of the dynasty. It was centred around the Malwa plateau, bordered by the Brahmaputra River and the Indian Ocean in the east and west, and the Himalayas and Mahendra mountains to the north and south.[5][6] The Aulikara Empire was ruled by the Second Aulikara dynasty.
Origins edit
The dynasty belonged to the ancient clan of the Aulikaras, and was the second royal house belonging to this clan.[4]
Territory edit
The second Aulikara dynasty initially controlled the Malwa plateau, but at its peak under Yashodharman Vishnuvardhana controlled a vast area (the Aulikara Empire), consisting of almost all of Northern India and northern parts of the Deccan plateau.[4]
Establishment edit
Aulikara rulers such as Adityavardhana and Dravyavardhana expanded their kingdom[9] and one of their successors Yashodharman conquered vast territories from the Hunas and Guptas after the Battle of Sondani, defeating the Huna Chief Mihirakula around 528 A.D.[10][11][12][13], thus establishing the short-lived Aulikara empire.[14][15][16] Yashodharman's capitol was almost certainly Dashapura,[17][18][19][20] probably established by Yashodharman[21] though initially thought to have been Ujjayinī, which has since been disproven.[19] Kingdoms such as the Later Guptas and Maukhari dynasty were their vassals.[22]
Decline edit
Most of the empire disintegrated after Yashodharman's death.[23] Nothing is known about the dynasty after his death, and Malwa was conquered by the Kalachuris of Mahishmati.[24][25]
After the collapse of Aulikara power in Northern India, the Later Guptas and Maukharis began fighting for imperial supremacy.[22]
History edit
Unlike the first Aulikara royal house, this royal house was never a Gupta feudatory.[2]
Drapa-vardhana edit
The earliest known member of the second Aulikara dynasty is Drapa-vardhana (c. 5th century[26]), whom the Rīsthal inscription describes as a Senapati (military commander). K.V. Ramesh and S.P. Tiwari read the name as Drapa-vardhana, while V.V. Mirashi reads it as Druma-vardhana. Historian Ajay Mitra Shastri considers both readings as reasonable,[27] but prefers Mirashi's reading because the term "Drapa-vardhana" is meaningless in Sanskrit.[26] According to Dániel Balogh, the reading is certainly "Drapa": a comparison of the various occurrences of the ligatures "pa" and "ma" makes it clear that the inscription uses the ligature "pa" in the king's name, and there is "not the slightest indication" of an "u" matra (vowel symbol). Balogh agrees that the meaning of the name "Drapa-vardhana" is not clear, but also points out that the name "Druma-vardhana" (Sanskrit for "tree grower") does not suit a Senapati. He considers several possibilities, for example (1) "Drapa" was a non-Sanskrit name and the king's successors added "vardhana" to the name (2) the actual name was "Darpa-vardhana" (Sanskrit for "increaser of pride"), but the composer of the inscription changed it to "Drapa-vardhana" to fit the metre.[28]
Drapa-vardhana probably served the first Aulikara dynasty as a Senapati,[26] and apparently continued to use the title even after he became a king.[29]
The 6th century astronomer Varahamihira mentions Dravya-vardhana as the king of Avanti, who likely belonged to the Aulikara family.[30] Some historians consider "Dravya-vardhana" as a variation of "Drapa-vardhana".[31][26]
Historian Ajay Mitra Shastri theorizes that Dravya-vardhana was a distinct king who flourished sometime after Yashodharman alias Vishnu-vardhana.[30] Varahamihira states that one of the sources for his Bṛhat Saṃhitā was a text on astrology by Dravya-vardhana; the king had written this text after consulting another work by Bharadvaja. According to Shastri, Varahamihira holds Dravya-vardhana in high regard, mentioning his work before other reputed authorities (such as the Seven Sages and Garga), and using the honorific Shri only for him. According to Shastri, this suggests that Dravya-vardhana was a contemporary of, and possibly, the royal patron of Varahamihira.[32]
Shastri's main argument is that according to the Risthal inscription, Drapa-vardhana was a senapati (commander), while according to Varahamihira, Dravya-vardhana was a maharajadhiraja (emperor). Balogh notes that Varahamihira actually uses the term nrpo maharajadhiraja-kah (nrpa or ruler "connected to the emperor") for the king, which Shastri has misunderstood as maharajadhirajah (emperor). Only one manuscript reads maharajadhirajah, which can be discarded as it doesn't fit the metre; three others have maharajdhiraja-jah. Thus, the actual title of Drapa-vardhana was nrpa, which is much closer to senapati in status. Utpala, the author of the earliest extant commentary on Bṛhat Saṃhitā, also interprets the term maharajadhiraja-kah to mean "born in the dynasty of the (or an) emperor".[31] Hans Bakker interprets the term to maharajadhiraja-kah as a governor installed at Ujjayini by the contemporary Gupta emperor.[33]
Balogh disagrees with Shastri, stating that while there is no evidence for the identification of Drapa-vardhana with Dravya-vardhana, there is no evidence against it either. He also disagrees that Varahamihira shows a particularly reverential attitude to the king, and even if he did, this is no evidence that the two were contemporaries. Varahamihira consulted the king's work instead of the original work of Bharadvaja that it was based on; according to Balogh, this actually makes it more likely that the king lived at a time earlier than Varahamihira, who did not have access to the older work of Bharadvaja.[34]
Balogh agrees that Varahamihira almost certainly lived in the Aulikara kingdom, probably during the reign of Prakasha-dharman, Yashodharman, or an unknown successor of Yashodharman. However, unlike Shastri, Balogh believes that Varahamihira did not have a royal patron. Balogh suggests that Dravya-vardhana was probably same as Drapa-vardhana: "Dravya" may be a variant arising from a mistake in a medieval manuscript, which is the source of later manuscripts.[33]
Drapa-vardhana's successors edit
Drapa-vardhana was succeeded by his son Jayavardhana, who commanded a formidable army. He was succeeded by his son Ajitavardhana. According to the Risthal inscription, he was constantly engaged in performing Soma sacrifices. Ajitavardhana was succeeded by his son Vibhishanavardhana. He was praised in the Risthal inscription for his noble qualities. Vibhishanavardhana's son and successor Rajyavardhana expanded his ancestral kingdom. Rajyavardhana was succeeded by his son Prakashadharma.[2]
Prakashadharma edit
Prakashadharma was a notable king of this dynasty, who assumed the title, Adhiraja. The Rīsthal inscription gives us information about his achievements.
It records the construction of a tank and a Shiva temple at Risthal by Bhagavaddosha, a Rajasthaniya (viceroy) of Prakashadharma. This inscription mentions that Prakashadharma defeated the Huna ruler Toramana, sacked his camp and had taken away the ladies of his harem. The tank constructed at Risthal during his reign was named after his grandfather as Vibhishanasara. He also constructed a temple dedicated to Brahma at Dashapura.[2] During the excavation at Mandsaur in 1978 by a team of Vikram University, Ujjain, led by V.S. Wakankar, his two glass seals inscribed with the legend Shri Prakashadharma were found.[35] In all probabilities he was succeeded by his son Yashodharma Vishnuvarma.[2]
An undated fragmentary Mandsaur inscription provides a name of a suzerain ruler Adityavardhana and his feudatory Maharaja Gauri. Adityavardhana has been recently identified with Prakashadharma by a historian Ashvini Agarwal.[36] The Chhoti Sadri inscription dated Malava Samvat 547 (490 CE) and written by Bhramarasoma, son of Mitrasoma supplies a genealogy of Adityavardhana's feudatory ruler, Maharaja Gauri. The first ruler of this Manavayani kshatriya family was Punyasoma. He was succeeded by his son Rajyavardhana. Rashtravardhana was the son of Rajyavardhana. Rashtravardhana's son and successor was Yashogupta. The last ruler of this family, Gauri was son of Yashogupta. He excavated a tank at Dashapura for the merit of his deceased mother.[4] This inscription also mentions the name of a prince, Gobhata but his relationship with Gauri is not known.[36]
Yashodharman edit
The most prominent and greatest king of this dynasty was Yashodharma Vishnuvardhana. Yashodharma's two identical undated Mandsaur victory pillar inscriptions (found at Sondani, near present-day Mandsaur town) and a stone inscription dated Malava Samvat 589 (532 CE) record the military achievements of him.[5] All of these inscriptions were first published by John Faithfull Fleet in 1886. The undated pillar inscriptions, which were also written by poet Vasula, son of Kakka say that his feet were worshipped by the Huna ruler Mihirakula. These also state that his feudatories from the vicinity of the river Lauhitya (Brahmaputra) in the east, from the Mahendra mountains (Eastern Ghats) in the south, up to the Himalayas in the north and the Paschima Payodhi (Western Ocean) in the west came to the seat of his empire to pay homage.[2][37] he assumed the titles, Rajadhiraja and Parameshvara.[2] Yashodharma's dated inscription informs us that in 532 CE, Nirdosha, his Rajasthaniya was governing the area between the Vindhyas and the Pariyatras (Aravalis) and his headquarters was Dashapura. Probably the rule of the Aulikaras ended with Yashodharma[4]
In Line 5 of the Mandsaur pillar inscription, Yashodharman is said to have vanquished his enemies and to now control the territory from the neighbourhood of the (river) Lauhitya (Brahmaputra River) to the "Western Ocean" (Western Indian Ocean), and from the Himalayas to mountain Mahendra.[38][16]
Yashodharman thus conquered vast territories from the Hunas and the Guptas,[39] although his short-lived empire would ultimately disintegrate between 530 and 540 CE.[16]
Decline edit
There is no record of Aulikaras after Yashodharman, who possibly died without an heir, leading to the disintegration of his empire.[5]
Art and architecture edit
The most significant monuments which definitely belong to the Aulikara period are two freestanding victory pillars of Yashodharma Vishnuvardhana bearing his inscriptions. These almost identical pillars, situated at Sondani, a suburb about 2 kilometers to the southeast of the Aulikara capital of Mandsaur, are made of sandstone. The height of the entire column is 44 ft 5 in. Its square base is 4 ft 5 in high and 3 ft 4 in wide. The bell-shaped capital is 5 ft 2 in high. Its shaft is sixteen faced round. Most probably there was a crowning statue, which has not been found.[40] The sculptures at Sondani and surrounding areas of Mandsaur are a good marker for the final period of Gupta Art, as they were commissionned by Yasodharman (ruled 515 – 545 CE) around 525 CE, in celebration of his victory against the Alchon Hun king Mihirakula.[41][42] This corresponds to the last phase of Gupta cultural and political unity in the subcontinent, and after that point and for the next centuries, Indian politics became extremely fragmented, with the territory being divided between smaller dynasties.[43] The art of Sondani is considered as transitional between Gupta art and the art of Medieval India: it represents "an aesthetic which hovered between the classical decorum of Gupta art on the one hand and on the other the medieval canons which subordinated the figure to the larger religious purpose".[44]
- A victory pillar of Yashodharma at Sondani, Mandsaur district
- Sondhni, two Dvarapalas
- Sondhni pillar capital
-
List of rulers edit
The following Aulikara rulers are known from epigraphic evidence:[a]
- Senapati Drapa-vardhana; alternatively read as Druma-vardhana, and identified by some with king Dravya-vardhana mentioned by Varahamihira (see above)
- Jaya-vardhana
- Ajita-vardhana or Jita-vardhana [b]
- Vibhishana-vardhana
- Rajya-vardhana
- Prakasha-dharman (fl. 515-516 CE)[c]
- Yashodharman alias Vishnuvardhana[d]
- Possibly Maharajadhiraja Dravya-vardhana (see above)
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ The predecessors of Prakasha-dharman are known from his 515-516 CE Rīsthal inscription.[45] The connection between Prakasha-dharman and Yashodharman is evident from the fact that Vasula, son of Kakka, composed the text of Prakasha-dharman's Risthal inscription as well as that of Yashodharman's undated Mandsor inscription. The stanzas of the inscriptions mentioning this fact are identical. Yashodharman ruled a few years after Prakasha-dharman, as attested by his 532 CE Mandsor inscription, and was probably his successor.[29]
- ^ K.V. Ramesh and S.P. Tiwari read the name as Ajita-vardhana. V.V. Mirashi reads it as Jita-vardhana. A.M. Shastri considers Ajita-vardhana as more likely to be correct.[27]
- ^ The Risthal inscription also calls Prakasha-dharman Bhagvat-prakasha, which V.V. Mirashi incorrectly believed to be the first ruler of the dynasty.[27]
- ^ The alternative name "Vishnu-vardhana" is absent in Yashodharman's own inscriptions. It is known only from an inscription of the family of his Rajasthaniya.[27]
References edit
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (i). ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ a b c d e f g Agarwal, Ashvini (1989). Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas, Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0592-5, pp.250-6
- ^ Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 12. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
- ^ a b c d e Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa Through the Ages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 250–9. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
- ^ a b c Ojha, N.K. (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: History and Inscriptions, Chandigarh: Arun Publishing House, ISBN 81-85212-78-3, pp.19-20
- ^ J. L. Jain (1994). Development and Structure of an Urban System. Mittal Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7099-552-4.
- ^ Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
- ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 p.145
- ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (31 December 1972). Malwa Through The Ages. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0824-9.
- ^ Singh, Pradeep. "YASHODHARMAN ~ यशोधर्मा,King of Malwa kept Malichha(Non Hindus), on defensive for 600 years". Retrieved 2022-06-29.
- ^ "Studies in Ancient Indian History" (PDF). sahitya.marathi.gov.
- ^ Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors.
- ^ Fleet, John Faithful (1981). Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol.3 (inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings).
- ^ Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature, Narayan Singh Rao, Mittal Publications, 2006 p.18
- ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 p.145
- ^ a b c Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar p.216
- ^ Dwivedi, Gautam N. (1966). "The Date and Identity of Yasodharman-Visnuvardhana". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 28: 45–50. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44140389.
- ^ Atherton, Cynthia Packert (1997). The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10789-2.
- ^ a b Balogh, Dániel (2019-10-28). Inscriptions of the Aulikaras and Their Associates. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-064978-9.
- ^ Bakker, Hans T. (2020-03-31). The Alkhan: A Hunnic People in South Asia. Barkhuis. ISBN 978-94-93194-06-9.
- ^ Atherton, Cynthia Packert (1997). The Sculpture of Early Medieval Rajasthan. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10789-2.
- ^ a b Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1991). Varāhamihira and His Times. Kusumanjali Book World.
- ^ Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). Foreign Influence on Ancient India. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 978-81-7211-028-4.
- ^ Early History of Rajasthan. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. 1978.
- ^ Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1991). Varāhamihira and His Times. Kusumanjali Book World.
- ^ a b c d A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 56.
- ^ Dániel Balogh 2019, p. 141.
- ^ a b A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 48.
- ^ a b A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 43.
- ^ a b Dániel Balogh 2019, pp. 141–142.
- ^ A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 44-45.
- ^ a b Dániel Balogh 2019, p. 143.
- ^ Dániel Balogh 2019, p. 142.
- ^ Wakankar, V.S. (1981) Aulikara Vamsha ke Itihas par Naya Prakash (in Hindi) in M.D. Khare ed. Malwa through the Ages, Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, pp,278-9
- ^ a b Ojha, N.K. (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: History and Inscriptions, Chandigarh: Arun Publishing House, ISBN 81-85212-78-3, pp.37-41
- ^ Salomon, Richard (1989). "New Inscriptional Evidence For The History Of The Aulikaras of Mandasor". Indo-Iranian Journal. 32 (1): 11. doi:10.1163/000000089790082971. ISSN 0019-7246. JSTOR 24654606.
- ^ Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol 3 p.145
- ^ Tribal Culture, Faith, History And Literature, Narayan Singh Rao, Mittal Publications, 2006 p.18
- ^ Ojha, N.K. (2001). The Aulikaras of Central India: History and Inscriptions, Chandigarh: Arun Publishing House, ISBN 81-85212-78-3, pp.99-100
- ^ Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna
- ^ Williams, Joanna (1972). "The Sculpture of Mandasor" (PDF). Archives of Asian Art. 26: 63. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111042.
- ^ "The reign of Yasodharman thus forms an important dividing point between the period of the imperial Guptas, whom he emulated, and the following centuries, when India fell into a kaleidoscopic confusion of shifting smaller dynasties" in Williams, Joanna (1972). "The Sculpture of Mandasor" (PDF). Archives of Asian Art. 26: 52. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111042.
- ^ Williams, Joanna (1972). "The Sculpture of Mandasor" (PDF). Archives of Asian Art. 26: 64. ISSN 0066-6637. JSTOR 20111042.
- ^ A.M. Shastri 1991, p. 47.
Bibliography edit
- A.M. Shastri (1991). Varāhamihira and His Times. Kusumanjali. OCLC 28644897.
- Dániel Balogh (2019). Inscriptions of the Aulikaras and Their Associates. De Gruyter. ISBN 9783110649789.