Auguste Doriot
Auguste Frédéric Doriot (24 October 1863 – 1955) was a French motoring pioneer who developed, built and raced cars for Peugeot before founding his own manufacturing company D.F.P. in combination with Ludovic Flandrin and the Parant brothers. In 1891, Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol powered vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler powered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1375 miles) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris-Brest-Paris bicycle race, but the duo reached Brest one day after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront, finished in Paris, and they then finished six days after him.
Auguste Doriot | |
|---|---|
Auguste Doriot (second from right) driving a Vis a vis (Face to face) Peugeot 3hp during the 1894 Paris-Rouen Contest | |
| Born | Auguste Frederic Doriot 24 October 1863 |
| Died | 1955 |
Doriot's son, Georges Doriot, emigrated to the United States and became a professor at the Harvard Business School, where he later became known as the father of Venture Capitalism. He also served as a brigadier general during World War II and was known for founding INSEAD business school.
Early life edit
Auguste Frederic Doriot was born on 24 October 1863, the second youngest of eight children of Jacques Doriot, in the village of Sainte-Suzanne, Doubs in Franche-Comté.[1] On 27 September 1894 at Valentigney he married 24-year-old Berthe Camille Baehler from Voujeaucourt, known as Camille, who had a Swiss father from Uetendorf and a French mother. She had been orphaned aged three and was raised by her grandmother and three older sisters. The couple went on to have two children, Georges Frederic was born in September 1899 and Madeleine Georgette (Zette) was born on 11 August 1906 at the family home in Neuilly-sur-Seine.[2]
Doriot was a cold, stern, driving, ambitious father, unlike Camille. Even Georges' successes were met without enthusiasm, and 'his cool stare was worse than any physical punishment'. Georges was trained in the D.F.P workshops and was able to enlist as an Artillery engineer after WW1. After the war the family sent him to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the USA but he switched to the Harvard Business School where he became a Professor and the father of Venture Capitalism. He also became Brigadier general (United States) during WWII.[3] Georges also noted: "I think that my father worked 24 hours a day."[4]
Career edit
Peugeot edit
In 1889 at the age of 26, Doriot finished his military service and took a job at the Peugeot bicycle factory in Beaulieu-sur-Doubs, Valentigney (or possibly 1887[5]). Armand Peugeot, seeing his technical potential and ambition, sent him on a series of apprenticeships to develop his skills. By 1891 he had become a full employee at the factory and began working for the company's main engineer, Louis Rigoulot, installing Daimler engines into Peugeot's first vehicles, thus developing a four-wheeled petroleum-powered Quadricycle - the Peugeot Type 2 and the Type 3 with 2.5 hp, four forward gears plus reverse. This enterprise saw Doriot promoted to foreman.[6][7][8]
World's longest drive Paris–Brest–Paris edit
In order to publicly prove the reliability and performance of the 'Quadricycle' it was officially entered (appended) into the 1891 Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, Armand Peugeot having persuaded the organiser, Pierre Giffard of Le Petit Journal, of the benefits if his network of monitors and marshalls could vouchsafe the performance. The intended distance of 1200 kilometres had never been achieved by a motorised vehicle, it being about three times further than the record set by Leon Serpollet from Paris to Lyon. Additionally Rigoulot and Doriot loaded the Type 3 Quadricycle with tools, spare parts, luggage and water, and drove it 300 kilometres from Valentigny to Paris, a three-day journey. They reached 20 kilometres an hour on flat roads but Rigoulot had to walk behind up the hills, ready to push. Peugeot had to pre-seed the route with petrol supplies, so employees placed cans at strategic railway stations about 60 kilometres apart. Unfortunately some were lost or disposed of by station masters on safety grounds so the 'racers' had to acquire dry cleaning fluid.[6][7][8]
The Peugeot left Paris behind the cyclists on 8 September, covering 200 kilometres on the first day and 160 kilometres on the second, but then lost 24 hours when a gear failed near Morlaix. After effecting a repair using local resources (a shoemaker's tools) they arrived at Brest after dark where they were received by a large crowd and the local Peugeot bicycle dealer. Le Petit Journal reported their arrival in Brest on 12 September, one day after it reported winning cyclist Charles Terront's finishing the race back in Paris. Doriot and Rigoulot arrived in Paris with cyclists 88–96 on 16 September to complete the Paris–Brest–Paris race six days after the winner.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][Note 1][Note 2][Note 3]
Engineering development, testing and racing edit
Throughout the 1890s Doriot worked for Peugeot at Doubs, and was regarded as Armand Peugeot's protégé, developing and testing the cars, plus competing in the Grandes Épreuves. Armand Peugeot appointed Doriot as director of Peugeot's Paris factory and new showroom on the Avenue de la Grande Armée.[6]
Doriot drove for Peugeot in the Grandes Épreuves of the 1890s, consistently finishing near the top after many hours of competing on unsurfaced roads in difficult conditions. On 22 July[13] 1894, he finished third in the Paris-Rouen Trail, covering the 126 kilometres in seven hours.[14] In 1895 he finished fourth in the Paris–Bordeaux–Paris Trail, carrying three passengers for the 59-hour race.[15] In 1896 he finished eighth in the ten-day Paris-Marseilles-Paris Trail, covering the 1,710 kilometres in 81 hours.[16] In 1897 he finished 29th in the Paris-Dieppe Trail, taking six hours for the 170 kilometres.[17] He finished seventh in the 1898 Paris–Amsterdam–Paris after taking 36 hours to cover the 1,431 kilometres.[18] In 1899 he was second in the Paris-Saint Malo trail and 10th in the Paris-Ostende trail driving Peugeot voiturettes.[19] In 1900 he finished fourth in the Coupe des Voiturettes averaging circa 36 kilometres per hour.[20]
D.F.P. (Doriot, Flandrin et Parant) edit
Doriot left Peugeot in 1902, and worked for Clément-Bayard for a short time while preparing to establish his own company.[6]
In 1906 Doriot cofounded Doriot Flandrin (DF et Cie) with Ludovic Flandrin, also from Clément-Bayard, at 169 Boulevard St Denis in Courbevoie, near Paris, where they manufactured a small car with single cylinder 1.1 litre engine. It was sold as a Doriot Flandrin. In 1908 the brothers Alexandre and Jules René Parant joined and the company became D.F.P. Doriot, Flandrin & Parant, adding a new range using 4-cylinder Chapuis-Dornier engines for 2 litre (10 hp), 2.4 litre (12 hp) and 2.8 litres (14 hp).[21]
D.F.P. started to make their own high quality engines in 1912, a high performance version of which was used by W. O. Bentley at Brooklands.[22]
After World War I they used proprietary engines but by 1922 they started to make their own engines again, which they supplied to the recently reborn British manufacturer GN until 1923. Production finished in 1926 and the factory was sold, by which time Doriot was 62 years old.[22]
Race results edit
| Year | Event | Date | Location | Distance | Result | # No. | Manufacturer | Time | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1894 | Paris-Rouen Trail | 22 July 1894 | Paris-Rouen | 127 km | 3 | Peugeot | 7h04m30 | [14] | |
| 1895 | Paris–Bordeaux–Paris Trail | 25 February 1895 | Paris-Bordeaux-Paris | 1178 km | 4 | Peugeot | 59h49m00 | ;[15] carried 3 passengers | |
| 1896 | Paris-Marseilles-Paris Trail | 24 September - 3 October 1896 | Paris-Marseilles-Paris | 1710 km | 8 | 44 | Peugeot | 81h23m51 | [16] |
| 1897 | Paris-Dieppe Trail | 24 July 1897 | Paris-Dieppe | 170.8 km | 29 | Peugeot (6) | 6h26m53 | [17] | |
| 1898 | Paris-Amsterdam-Paris Trail | 7–13 July 1898 | Paris-Amsterdam-Paris | 1431 km | 7 | Peugeot | 36h20m47 | [18] | |
| 1899 | Paris-Saint Malo | 30 July 1899 | Paris-Saint Malo | 371.75 km | 2 or 13[24] | Peugeot Voiturette | 12h17m00 | ||
| 1899 | Paris-Ostende | 1 September 1899 | Paris-Ostende | 323.5 km | 10 | Peugeot Voiturette | 10h53m | [19] | |
| 1900 | Coupe des Voiturettes | 11 March 1900 | 220 km | 4 | 24 | Peugeot | 5h58m51 | ;[20] heavy water |
Notes edit
- ^ Le Petit Journal Paris, 12 September 1891 states:
Le Petit Journal Paris, 12 September 1891.
The National Race , Paris to Brest and return. Brest 11 SeptemberLe Petit Journal Paris, 12 September 1891.
La Course National de Paris a Brest et Retour. Brest 11 SeptembreThe gasoline[petrol] powered Peugeot Quadricycle which arrived the day before yesterday after 39 hours [since leaving Paris], leaves for the capital tomorrow. Le Quadricycle à gazoline Peugeot, arrivé avant-hier de Paris en 39 hours, repart demain pour la capitale. - ^ Le Petit Journal Paris, 11 September 1891 states:
Le Petit Journal Paris, 11 September 1891.
Arrival in ParisLe Petit Journal Paris, 11 September 1891.
ARRIVÉS Á PARIS9 September - 1st Mr Charles Terront, Bayonne, arrived at 6:37 in the morning, from Paris to Brest and back in 71 hours 37 minutes.
Journee du 9 Septembre - 1er MM Ch. Terront de Bayonne arrivé à 6 heures 37 minutes du matin, traject de Paris à Brest, et retour en 71 heures 37 minutes.
- ^ Le Petit Journal Paris, 16 September 1891 states:
Le Petit Journal Paris, 16 September 1891.
The National Race , Paris to Brest and returnLe Petit Journal Paris, 16 September 1891.
La Course National de Paris a Brest et RetourThe gasoline powered Quadricyle continued its superb journey. It arrived on Sunday evening at Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine and left the next morning to Mortagne where it spent yesterday morning. It arrived [in Paris] yesterday evening at seven o'clock at the Porte Maillot. [15 September 1891] Le Quadricyle à gazoline Peugeot à poursuive brillament son voyage. Il est arrivé Dimanche soir à Vitré, et est parti le lendemain matin pour Mortagne ou il à passé hier matin. Il est arrivé hier soir à sept heures à la Porte Maillot.
References edit
Footnotes edit
- ^ Ante (2008): p. 4
- ^ Ante (2008): pp. 14-15
- ^ Ante (2008): p. 116
- ^ Ante (2008): p. 25
- ^ Doriot & Gupta (2004): p. 134
- ^ a b c d e Ante (2008): p. ?
- ^ a b c , 1890 - 1895 From Steam to Petrol, archived from the original on 28 October 2012, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b c "UCAPUSA", Peugeot Heritage, retrieved 7 February 2013[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Gallica online archive of the Library of France.", 9 September 1891 La Course National de Paris a Brest et Retour. Departure from Paris, Le Petit Journal, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ "Gallica online archive of the Library of France.", Le Petit Journal, 11 September 1891. Charles Terront arrives in Paris, Le Petit Journal, 11 September 1891, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ "Gallica online archive of the Library of France.", Le Petit Journal, 12 September 1891. Peugeot arrives in Brest, Le Petit Journal, 12 September 1891, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ "Gallica online archive of the Library of France.", Le Petit Journal, 16 September 1891. Peugeot arrives in Paris, Le Petit Journal, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ Le Petit Journal, publishing of monday july 23, 1894
- ^ a b , 1894 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1895 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1896 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1897 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 6 January 2017, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1898 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 14 July 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1899 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b , 1900 results, TeamDan, archived from the original on 24 September 2015, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ DFP, retrieved 7 February 2013
- ^ a b Georgano (2000): p. ?
- ^ Pierre Croissant (2006), "When Two Competing Companies Built Peugeot Cars (1895-1910)" (PDF), Société d'Émulation de Montbéliard, p. 242, note 37, retrieved February 14, 2013
- ^ "Driver Database", 1899 results, retrieved 7 February 2013
Bibliography edit
- Spencer E. Ante (1 April 2008). Creative Capital: Georges Doriot and the Birth of Venture Capital. Harvard Business Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4221-0122-3. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- G. N. Georgano (2000). The Beaulieu Encyclopædia of the Automobile. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57958-293-7. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- Georges Frederic Doriot; Udayan Gupta (1 October 2004). The First Venture Capitalist: Georges Doriot on Leadership, Capital, & Business Organization. Gondolier Press. ISBN 978-1-896209-93-7. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
External links edit
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal Index
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 9 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - Changed route
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 11 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - Race day
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 12 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - Intermediate race report
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 13 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - Race report
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 14 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - Arrival in Paris
- Gallica, Online Archive, Le Petit Journal 15 June 1895 – Voitures sans chevaux - later finishers