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Asteroid family

March 12, 2023

An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements, such as semimajor axis, eccentricity, and orbital inclination. The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions. An asteroid family is a more specific term than asteroid group whose members, while sharing some broad orbital characteristics, may be otherwise unrelated to each other.

Asteroid families become visible as distinct concentrations when asteroids are plotted in the proper orbital element space (ip vs ap). Some prominent families are the Vesta, Eunomia, Koronis, Eos, and Themis family located in different (colorized) regions of the asteroid belt.

General properties

 
Plot of proper inclination vs. eccentricity for numbered asteroids

Large prominent families contain several hundred recognized asteroids (and many more smaller objects which may be either not-yet-analyzed, or not-yet-discovered). Small, compact families may have only about ten identified members. About 33% to 35% of asteroids in the main belt are family members.

There are about 20 to 30 reliably recognized families, with several tens of less certain groupings. Most asteroid families are found in the main asteroid belt, although several family-like groups such as the Pallas family, Hungaria family, and the Phocaea family lie at smaller semi-major axis or larger inclination than the main belt.

One family has been identified associated with the dwarf planet Haumea.[1] Some studies have tried to find evidence of collisional families among the trojan asteroids, but at present the evidence is inconclusive.

Origin and evolution

The families are thought to form as a result of collisions between asteroids. In many or most cases the parent body was shattered, but there are also several families which resulted from a large cratering event which did not disrupt the parent body (e.g. the Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Massalia families). Such cratering families typically consist of a single large body and a swarm of asteroids that are much smaller. Some families (e.g. the Flora family) have complex internal structures which are not satisfactorily explained at the moment, but may be due to several collisions in the same region at different times.

Due to the method of origin, all the members have closely matching compositions for most families. Notable exceptions are those families (such as the Vesta family) which formed from a large differentiated parent body.

Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years, depending on various factors (e.g. smaller asteroids are lost faster). This is significantly shorter than the Solar System's age, so few if any are relics of the early Solar System. Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation of the orbits due to perturbations from Jupiter or other large bodies, and because of collisions between asteroids which grind them down to small bodies. Such small asteroids then become subject to perturbations such as the Yarkovsky effect that can push them towards orbital resonances with Jupiter over time. Once there, they are relatively rapidly ejected from the asteroid belt. Tentative age estimates have been obtained for some families, ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than several million years as for the compact Karin family. Old families are thought to contain few small members, and this is the basis of the age determinations.

It is supposed that many very old families have lost all the smaller and medium-sized members, leaving only a few of the largest intact. A suggested example of such old family remains are the 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea asteroid pair. Further evidence for a large number of past families (now dispersed) comes from analysis of chemical ratios in iron meteorites. These show that there must have once been at least 50 to 100 parent bodies large enough to be differentiated, that have since been shattered to expose their cores and produce the actual meteorites (Kelley & Gaffey 2000).

Identification of members, interlopers and background asteroids

"Interloper (asteroid)" redirects here. For other meanings of Interloper, see Interloper.

When the orbital elements of main belt asteroids are plotted (typically inclination vs. eccentricity, or vs. semi-major axis), a number of distinct concentrations are seen against the rather uniform distribution of non-family background asteroids. These concentrations are the asteroid families (see above). Interlopers are asteroids classified as family members based on their so-called proper orbital elements but having spectroscopic properties distinct from the bulk of the family, suggesting that they, contrary to the true family members, did not originate from the same parent body that once fragmented upon a collisional impact.

Description

 
Comparison: osculating Keplerian orbital elements on the left (families indistinguishable) vs. proper elements on the right (families visible).

Strictly speaking, families and their membership are identified by analysing the proper orbital elements rather than the current osculating orbital elements, which regularly fluctuate on timescales of tens of thousands of years. The proper elements are related constants of motion that remain almost constant for at least tens of millions of years, and perhaps longer.

The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama (1874–1943) pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids, and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918. In his honor, asteroid families are sometimes called Hirayama families. This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discovered by him.

Hierarchical clustering method

Further information: Hierarchical clustering

Present day computer-assisted searches have identified more than a hundred asteroid families. The most prominent algorithms have been the hierarchical clustering method (HCM), which looks for groupings with small nearest-neighbour distances in orbital element space, and wavelet analysis, which builds a density-of-asteroids map in orbital element space, and looks for density peaks.

The boundaries of the families are somewhat vague because at the edges they blend into the background density of asteroids in the main belt. For this reason the number of members even among discovered asteroids is usually only known approximately, and membership is uncertain for asteroids near the edges.

Additionally, some interlopers from the heterogeneous background asteroid population are expected even in the central regions of a family. Since the true family members caused by the collision are expected to have similar compositions, most such interlopers can in principle be recognised by spectral properties which do not match those of the bulk of family members. A prominent example is 1 Ceres, the largest asteroid, which is an interloper in the family once named after it (the Ceres family, now the Gefion family).

Spectral characteristics can also be used to determine the membership (or otherwise) of asteroids in the outer regions of a family, as has been used e.g. for the Vesta family, whose members have an unusual composition.

Family types

As previously mentioned, families caused by an impact that did not disrupt the parent body but only ejected fragments are called cratering families. Other terminology has been used to distinguish various types of groups which are less distinct or less statistically certain from the most prominent "nominal families" (or clusters).

Clusters, clumps, clans and tribes

The term cluster is also used to describe a small asteroid family, such as the Karin cluster.[2] Clumps are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background (e.g. the Juno clump). Clans are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and/or have a complex internal structure making it difficult to decide whether they are one complex group or several unrelated overlapping groups (e.g. the Flora family has been called a clan). Tribes are groups that are less certain to be statistically significant against the background either because of small density or large uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the members.

List

Prominent families

Nysa familyVesta familyFlora familyEos familyKoronis familyEunomia familyHygiea familyThemis familyHungaria familyAsteroid family#All familiesAsteroid belt 
  •   Nysa: 19,073 (4.8%)
  •   Vesta: 15,252 (3.8%)
  •   Flora: 13,786 (3.5%)
  •   Eos: 9,789 (2.5%)
  •   Koronis: 5,949 (1.5%)
  •   Eunomia: 5,670 (1.4%)
  •   Hygiea: 4,854 (1.2%)
  •   Themis: 4,782 (1.2%)
  •   Hungaria: 2,965 (0.7%)
  •   All other families: 21,500 (5.4%)
  •   Background: 295,000 (74.0%)
Distribution of the most prominent families, other families and background asteroids (up to number 398,000)[3]: 23 

Among the many asteroid families, the Eos, Eunomia, Flora, Hungaria, Hygiea, Koronis, Nysa, Themis and Vesta families are the most prominent ones in the asteroid belt. For a complete list, see § All families.

Eos family
The Eos family (adj. Eoan; 9,789 members, named after 221 Eos)
Eunomia family
The Eunomia family (adj. Eunomian; 5,670 known members, named after 15 Eunomia) is a family of S-type asteroids. It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th-largest family with approximately 1.4% of all main belt asteroids.[3]: 23 
Flora family
The Flora family (adj. Florian; 13,786 members, named after 8 Flora) is the 3rd-largest family. Broad in extent, it has no clear boundary and gradually fades into the surrounding background population. Several distinct groupings within the family, possibly created by later, secondary collisions. It has also been described as an asteroid clan.
Hungaria family
The Hungaria family (adj. Hungarian; 2,965 members, named after 434 Hungaria)
Hygiea family
The Hygiea family (adj. Hygiean; 4,854 members, named after 10 Hygiea)
Koronis family
The Koronis family (adj. Koronian; 5,949 members, named after 158 Koronis)
Nysa family
The Nysa family (adj. Nysian; 19,073 members, named after 44 Nysa). Alternatively named Hertha family after 135 Hertha.
Themis family
The Themis family (adj. Themistian; 4,782 members, named after 24 Themis)
Vesta family
The Vesta family (adj. Vestian; 15,252 members, named after 4 Vesta)

All families

In 2015, a study identified 122 notable families with a total of approximately 100,000 member asteroids, based on the entire catalog of numbered minor planets, which consisted of almost 400,000 numbered bodies at the time (see catalog index for a current listing of numbered minor planets).[3]: 23  The data has been made available at the "Small Bodies Data Ferret".[4] The first column of this table contains the family identification number or family identifier number (FIN), which is an attempt for a numerical labeling of identified families, independent of their currently used name, as a family's name may change with refined observations, leading to multiple names used in literature and to subsequent confusion.[3]: 17 

FIN Family Lbl # of Members Loc.
[note 1]		 Taxonomy mean-
albedo		 mean a mean e mean i Parent body · Notes Cat LoMP
001 Hilda family HIL 409 rim C 0.04 3.965 0.174 8.92 153 Hilda; adj. Hildian; within the larger dynamical group with the same name.
(a–e–i: 3.7–4.2 AU; > 0.07; < 20°)		 cat list
002 Schubart family SHU 352 rim C 0.03 3.966 0.191 2.92 1911 Schubart (within the dynamical Hilda group) cat list
003 Hungaria family H 2965 close E 0.35 1.944 0.078 20.87 434 Hungaria; located within the dynamical group of the same name.
(a–e–i: 1.78–2.0 AU; < 0.18; 16°–34°)		 cat list
004 Hektor family HEK 12 trojan – – 5.204 0.054 19.02 624 Hektor (Jupiter trojan) cat list
005 Eurybates family ERY 218 trojan CP 0.06 5.204 0.044 7.42 3548 Eurybates (Jupiter trojan) cat list
006 unnamed family 006 7 trojan – 0.06 5.204 0.049 31.75 9799 Thronium (Jupiter trojan) — list
007 James Bond family[5] 007 1 A ASP – 2.474 0.129 6.32 9007 James Bond — list
008 Arkesilaos family ARK 37 trojan – – 5.204 0.029 8.89 20961 Arkesilaos (Jupiter trojan) cat list
009 Ennomos family ENM 30 trojan – 0.06 5.204 0.041 26.79 4709 Ennomos (Jupiter trojan) cat list
010 unnamed family 010 13 trojan – 0.09 5.204 0.041 24.23 (247341) 2001 UV209 (Jupiter trojan) — list
401 Vesta family V 15252 A V 0.35 2.362 0.099 6.36 4 Vesta (adj. Vestian) cat list
402 Flora family
(Ariadne family)		 FLO 13786 A S 0.30 2.201 0.144 5.34 8 Flora (adj. Florian), also named after 43 Ariadne; typical asteroid clan. Not a legitimate asteroid family according to Carruba and Milani, instead, the Florian core region is labelled Belgica family and Duponta family (1338), respectively.[6][7] cat list
403 Baptistina family BAP 2500 A X 0.16 2.264 0.149 6.00 298 Baptistina, merges with the Belgica family (1052) at 100 m/s according to Carruba[7] cat list
404 Massalia family MAS 6424 A S 0.22 2.409 0.162 1.42 20 Massalia, adj. Massalian, a-e-i: (2.37 to 2.45; 0.12 to 0.21; 0.4 to 2.4) cat list
405 Nysa–Polana complex
(Hertha family; Eulalia family)		 NYS 19073 A SFC 0.28
0.06		 2.423 0.174 3.04 44 Nysa/142 Polana also known as the Hertha family (135 Hertha). Includes the Eulalia family (495 Eulalia) cat (44)
(142)
406 Erigone family ERI 1776 A CX 0.06 2.367 0.210 4.74 163 Erigone, adj. Erigonian. Can be joined with the dynamically different Martes family into a single collisional family (Src). cat list
407 Clarissa family CLA 179 A X 0.05 2.406 0.107 3.35 302 Clarissa cat list
408 Sulamitis family SUL 303 A C 0.04 2.463 0.091 5.04 752 Sulamitis cat list
409 Lucienne family LCI 142 A S 0.22 2.462 0.111 14.51 1892 Lucienne cat list
410 Euterpe family EUT 474 A S 0.26 2.347 0.187 0.72 27 Euterpe cat list
411 Datura family DAT 6 A S 0.21 2.235 0.156 5.21 1270 Datura; Recently formed family with members: (60151), (90265), (203370), (215619) and (338309) cat list
412 Lucascavin family LCA 3 A S – 2.281 0.127 5.20 21509 Lucascavin; members: (180255), (209570) cat list
413 Klio family KLI 330 A C 0.07 2.362 0.193 9.38 84 Klio cat list
414 Chimaera family CIM 108 A CX 0.06 2.460 0.155 14.65 623 Chimaera cat list
415 Chaldaea family
(Salli family)		 CHL 132 A C 0.07 2.376 0.236 11.60 313 Chaldaea; alt. named after 1715 Salli by Masiero cat list
416 Svea family SVE 48 A CX 0.06 2.476 0.088 16.09 329 Svea cat list
417 unnamed family 417 9 A – – 2.465 0.153 3.93 (108138) 2001 GB11 — list
701 Phocaea family PHO 1989 A S 0.22 2.400 0.228 23.41 25 Phocaea cat list
501 Juno family JUN 1684 B S 0.25 2.669 0.232 13.34 3 Juno (adj. Junonian) cat list
502 Eunomia family EUN 5670 B S 0.19 2.644 0.148 13.08 15 Eunomia cat list
504 Nemesis family
(Liberatrix or Zdeněkhorský family)		 NEM 1302 C C 0.05 2.750 0.088 5.18 128 Nemesis (adj. Nemesian); also named after 58 Concordia (adj. Concordian) and 3827 Zdeněkhorský. Formerly Liberatrix family by Zappalà (1995) and Cellino (2002) cat list
505 Adeona family ADE 2236 B C 0.07 2.673 0.169 11.71 145 Adeona cat list
506 Maria family
(Roma family)		 MAR 2940 B S 0.25 2.554 0.101 15.02 170 Maria; alternatively named after 472 Roma.[8] cat list
507 Padua family
(Lydia family)		 PAD 1087 C X 0.10 2.747 0.035 5.09 363 Padua; also known as Lydia family[C] · 110 Lydia · adj. Paduan; Lydian cat list
508 Aeolia family AEO 296 C X 0.17 2.742 0.168 3.49 396 Aeolia cat list
509 Chloris family CLO 424 C C 0.06 2.727 0.255 9.23 410 Chloris, adj. Chloridian cat list
510 Misa family MIS 702 B C 0.03 2.658 0.178 2.26 569 Misa, adj. Misian cat list
511 Brangäne family BRG 195 B S 0.10 2.587 0.179 9.64 606 Brangäne cat list
512 Dora family DOR 1259 C C 0.05 2.797 0.198 7.83 668 Dora, adj. Dorian cat list
513 Merxia family MRX 1215 C S 0.23 2.745 0.133 4.85 808 Merxia, adj. Merxian cat list
514 Agnia family AGN 2125 C S 0.18 2.783 0.066 3.58 847 Agnia cat list
515 Astrid family AST 489 C C 0.08 2.788 0.048 0.66 1128 Astrid, adj. Astridian cat list
516 Gefion family
(Ceres family; Minerva family)		 GEF 2547 C S 0.20 2.784 0.129 9.01 1272 Gefion, adj. Gefionian; a-e-i: (2.74 to 2.82; 0.08 to 0.18; 7.4 to 10.5); also known as Ceres family (adj. Cererian) after 1 Ceres; and Minerva (adj. Minervian) family after 93 Minerva (identified interloper) cat list
517 König family KON 354 B CX 0.04 2.571 0.139 8.85 3815 König cat list
518 Rafita family RAF 1295 B S 0.25 2.547 0.173 7.74 1644 Rafita, adj. Rafitian (namesake is a suspected interloper; not listed in family); members (1587) and (1658) cat list
519 Hoffmeister family HOF 1819 C CF 0.04 2.787 0.047 4.36 1726 Hoffmeister cat list
520 Iannini family IAN 150 B S 0.32 2.644 0.267 12.19 4652 Iannini cat list
521 Kazuya family KAZ 44 B S 0.21 2.568 0.141 14.56 7353 Kazuya cat list
522 Ino family INO 463 C S 0.24 2.743 0.172 13.52 173 Ino cat list
523 Emilkowalski family EMI 4 B S 0.20 2.599 0.178 17.42 14627 Emilkowalski; members: (126761), (224559) and (256124) cat list
524 Brugmansia family 524 3 B S – 2.620 0.179 2.80 16598 Brugmansia; members: (190603) and (218697) cat list
525 Schulhof family SHF 5 B S 0.27 2.610 0.163 13.30 2384 Schulhof; members: (81337), (140600), (271044), (286239) cat list
526 unnamed family 526 58 C C 0.06 2.721 0.173 14.35 (53546) 2000 BY6 — list
527 Lorre family LOR 2 C C 0.05 2.747 0.263 28.18 5438 Lorre; other member: (208099) cat list
528 Leonidas family LEO 135 B CX 0.07 2.681 0.193 3.81 2782 Leonidas; identical to the Vibilia family: VIB (and listed as such); (4793) cat list
529 Vibilia family VIB 180 B C 0.06 2.655 0.191 3.82 144 Vibilia; namesake only listed in family by Zappalà, but not by Nesvorý; identical to the Leonidas family: LEO. cat list
530 Phaeo family PAE 146 C X 0.06 2.782 0.199 9.47 322 Phaeo cat list
531 Mitidika family MIT 653 B C 0.06 2.587 0.247 12.50 2262 Mitidika (not listed in family itself); members: (404) and (99) cat list
532 Henan family HEN 1872 B L 0.20 2.699 0.063 2.80 2085 Henan cat list
533 Hanna family HNA 280 C CX 0.05 2.807 0.180 4.17 1668 Hanna cat list
534 Karma family KRM 124 B CX 0.05 2.577 0.106 10.75 3811 Karma cat list
535 Witt family WIT 1618 C S 0.26 2.760 0.030 5.79 2732 Witt cat list
536 Xizang family XIZ 275 C – 0.12 2.754 0.154 2.76 2344 Xizang cat list
537 Watsonia family WAT 99 C L 0.13 2.760 0.122 17.33 729 Watsonia cat list
538 Jones family (asteroids) JNS 22 B T 0.05 2.626 0.110 12.35 3152 Jones cat list
539 Aëria family AER 272 B X 0.17 2.649 0.056 11.76 369 Aeria cat list
540 Julia family (asteroids) JUL 33 B S 0.19 2.552 0.124 16.70 89 Julia cat list
541 Postrema family POS 108 C CX 0.05 2.738 0.242 16.53 1484 Postrema cat list
801 Pallas family PAL 128 C B 0.16 2.771 0.281 33.20 2 Pallas (adj. Palladian) cat list
802 Gallia family GAL 182 C S 0.17 2.771 0.132 25.16 148 Gallia cat list
803 Hansa family HNS 1094 B S 0.26 2.644 0.004 22.06 480 Hansa adj. Hansian; a-e-i: (~2.66; ~0.06; ~22.0°)[9] cat list
804 Gersuind family GER 415 B S 0.15 2.589 0.175 17.34 686 Gersuind cat list
805 Barcelona family BAR 306 B S 0.25 2.637 0.251 30.83 945 Barcelona cat list
806 Tina family TIN 96 C X 0.34 2.793 0.082 20.76 1222 Tina cat list
807 Brucato family BRU 342 B CX 0.06 2.605 0.132 28.90 4203 Brucato cat list
601 Hygiea family HYG 4854 G CB 0.06 3.142 0.136 5.07 10 Hygiea cat list
602 Themis family THM 4782 G C 0.07 3.134 0.152 1.08 24 Themis (adj. Themistian) cat list
603 Sylvia family SYL 255 rim X 0.05 3.485 0.054 9.76 87 Sylvia; family within Cybele group cat list
604 Meliboea family MEL 444 G C 0.05 3.119 0.186 14.54 137 Meliboea, adj. Meliboean cat list
605 Koronis family
(Lacrimosa family)		 KOR 5949 D S 0.15 2.869 0.045 2.15 158 Koronis, also named after 208 Lacrimosa cat list
606 Eos family EOS 9789 E K 0.13 3.012 0.077 9.94 221 Eos cat list
607 Emma family EMA 76 F C 0.05 3.046 0.113 9.09 283 Emma cat list
608 Brasilia family BRA 579 D X 0.18 2.862 0.127 14.98 293 Brasilia, adj. Brazilian (namesake is a suspected interloper; not listed in family) cat list
609 Veritas family VER 1294 G CPD 0.07 3.174 0.066 9.06 490 Veritas, adj. Veritasian; alt: Undina (Undinian) family after 92 Undina cat list
610 Karin family KAR 541 D S 0.21 2.864 0.044 2.10 832 Karin. Recently formed family located within the Koronis family.[3]: 8, 18  cat list
611 Naëma family NAE 301 D C 0.08 2.940 0.036 11.99 845 Naëma, adj. Naëmian cat list
612 Tirela family
(Klumpkea family)		 TIR 1395 G S 0.07 3.116 0.195 17.06 1400 Tirela, alternatively named after 1040 Klumpkea (AstDyS) cat list
613 Lixiaohua family
(Gantrisch family)		 LIX 756 G CX 0.04 3.153 0.201 10.06 3556 Lixiaohua; although member 3330 Gantrisch is both larger and lower numbered (src) cat list
614 Telramund family
(Klytaemnestra family)		 TEL 468 E S 0.22 2.993 0.066 8.81 9506 Telramund; alternatively named after 179 Klytaemnestra by Masiero and by Milani cat list
615 unnamed family 615 104 D CX 0.17 2.848 0.106 9.14 (18405) 1993 FY12 — list
616 Charis family CHA 808 D C 0.08 2.900 0.047 5.73 627 Charis cat list
617 Theobalda family THB 376 G CX 0.06 3.178 0.263 14.05 778 Theobalda, adj. Theobaldian; a-e-i: (3.16 to 3.19; 0.24 to 0.27; 14 to 15) cat list
618 Terentia family TRE 79 D C 0.07 2.932 0.072 11.11 1189 Terentia cat list
619 Lau family LAU 56 D S 0.27 2.929 0.195 6.30 10811 Lau cat list
620 Beagle family BGL 148 G C 0.09 3.155 0.154 1.34 656 Beagle. Recently formed family is located within the Themis family (all members are also listed as Themistians). Includes 7968 Elst–Pizarro.[3]: 7, 8, 18  cat list
621 Koronis family (II) K-2 246 D S 0.14 2.869 0.045 2.15 158 Koronis "second family" cat list
622 Terpsichore family TRP 138 D C 0.05 2.854 0.182 8.23 81 Terpsichore cat list
623 Fringilla family FIR 134 D X 0.05 2.914 0.093 16.68 709 Fringilla cat list
624 Durisen family DUR 27 D X 0.04 2.943 0.185 16.19 5567 Durisen cat list
625 Yakovlev family YAK 67 D C 0.05 2.870 0.290 7.89 5614 Yakovlev cat list
626 San Marcello family SAN 144 D X 0.19 2.922 0.078 12.50 7481 San Marcello cat list
627 unnamed family 627 38 D CX 0.05 2.868 0.219 16.02 (15454) 1998 YB3 — list
628 unnamed family 628 248 D S 0.10 2.850 0.081 5.12 (15477) 1999 CG1 — list
629 unnamed family 629 58 D S 0.21 2.939 0.118 10.73 (36256) 1999 XT17 — list
630 Aegle family AEG 99 F CX 0.07 3.052 0.190 16.48 96 Aegle cat list
631 Ursula family URS 1466 G CX 0.06 3.128 0.098 16.21 375 Ursula cat list
632 Elfriede family ELF 63 G C 0.05 3.189 0.061 15.87 618 Elfriede cat list
633 Itha family ITH 54 D S 0.23 2.866 0.158 12.27 918 Itha cat list
634 Inarradas family INA 38 F CX 0.07 3.050 0.184 14.51 3438 Inarradas cat list
635 Anfimov family ANF 58 F S 0.16 3.044 0.089 3.48 7468 Anfimov cat list
636 Marconia family MRC 34 F CX 0.05 3.063 0.097 2.58 1332 Marconia cat list
637 unnamed family 637 64 G CX 0.05 3.109 0.180 3.46 (106302) 2000 UJ87 — list
638 Croatia family CRO 93 G X 0.07 3.133 0.026 10.66 589 Croatia cat list
639 Imhilde family IMH 43 E CX 0.05 2.983 0.237 14.59 926 Imhilde cat list
640 Gibbs family GBS 8 E – – 3.004 0.023 10.34 331P/Gibbs "P/2012 F5 (Gibbs)". Other members include (20674), (140429), and (177075) — —
641 Juliana family JLI 76 E CX 0.05 3.004 0.144 13.12 816 Juliana cat list
901 Euphrosyne family EUP 2035 G C 0.06 3.155 0.208 26.54 31 Euphrosyne cat list
902 Alauda family ALA 1294 G B 0.07 3.194 0.021 21.66 702 Alauda cat list
903 Ulla family ULA 26 rim X 0.05 3.543 0.050 17.96 909 Ulla; family within Cybele group cat list
904 Luthera family
(Kartvelia family)		 LUT 163 G X 0.04 3.219 0.121 18.77 1303 Luthera; fam. is also named after 781 Kartvelia cat list
905 Armenia family ARM 40 G C 0.05 3.117 0.070 18.19 780 Armenia cat list

Other families or dynamical groups

Other asteroid families from miscellaneous sources (not listed in the above table), as well as non-asteroid families include:

Family Parent Cat Description
Aemilia family 159 Aemilia — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 62 members.
Alinda family 887 Alinda cat Alinda group described by projectpluto.com
Amneris family 871 Amneris cat Small family of 22 asteroids identified by Zappalà (1995).[11] Most members have been assigned to the encompassing complex of the Flora family by Nesvorný (2014).[3]
Anius family 8060 Anius — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 31 members.
Ashkova family 3460 Ashkova — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 59 members.
Astraea family 5 Astraea cat Large MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 6,169 members. Lowest-numbered members: (5), (91), (262), (355), (765) and (1121). Not a listed family by Zappalà (1995).[11] Considered a HCM-artifact by Nesvorný (2014) due to a resonant alignment (z1 = g + s − g6 − s6 = 0).[3]: 19 
Augusta family 254 Augusta cat Small family of 23 asteroids identified by Zappalà (1995).[11] Most members have been assigned to the Flora family by Nesvorný (2014).[3]
Ausonia family 63 Ausonia — Single member. Unsourced. Member of the Vesta family according to AstDyS-2 and Nesvorný (2014).[3]
Bontekoe family 10654 Bontekoe — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 13 members.
Brokoff family 6769 Brokoff — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 58 members.
Bower family 1639 Bower — Micro-family with 10 members as per Zappalà (1995). Adj. Bowerian. Alternative name Endymion (Endymionian) family after 342 Endymion.[C] All members: (1639), (3815), (8832), (14306), (15666), (22286), (32637), (85133), (120446) and (145685).[11] This family corresponds in large parts with the König family by Nesvorný (2014).[3]
Cindygraber family 7605 Cindygraber — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 19 members.
Clematis family 1101 Clematis cat MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 17 members. Subset of the large Alauda family as per Nesvorný (2014).[3] All members: (1101), (5360), (22044), (25982), (29963), (32240), (37628), (66174), (71688), (83362), (83790), (97516), (110030), (132961), (147858), (181960) and (223933).
Cybele group 65 Cybele cat Cybele group according to Asteroids, Meteorites, and Comets – by Linda T. Elkins-Tanton and projectpluto.com. Corresponding wiki-category lists a total of 32 members. Not a listed family in HCM by Zappalà (1995), Nesvorný (2014) and AstDyS-2 (Src), where these bodies are predominantly assigned to the background population.[11][3]
Dejanira family 157 Dejanira cat Micro-family with 5 members as per Zappalà (1995). All members: (157), (2290), (5276), (10779) and (17377).[11] All belong to the background population according to Nesvorný (2014).[3]
Devine family 3561 Devine — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 19 members.
Duponta family 1338 Duponta — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 133 members.
Epeios family 2148 Epeios — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Eumelos family 5436 Eumelos — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Euryalos family 4007 Euryalos — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Faïna family 751 Faïna cat Carbonaceous family with 12 identified members as per Zappalà (1995).[11] All members: (751), (2089), (2420), (3637), (3904), (5083), (8087), (10741), (10744), (11497), (12975) and (29086). Predominantly background population with 3 bodies belonging to the stony Maria family per Nesvorný (2014). Not a listed family at AstDyS-2 (Src)
Griqua group 1362 Griqua cat Griqua group (not a collisional family) described by projectpluto.com. A marginally unstable group of asteroids observed in the 2 :1 resonance with Jupiter.
Hanskya family 1118 Hanskya — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 116 members.
Haumea family Haumea (dwarf planet) cat This is a TNO-family. As of 2017, and current categorization, the family consists of 10 members (including parent body).[D]
Helio family 895 Helio — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 50 members.
Hestia family 46 Hestia cat Nesvorný moved family (formerly FIN 503) to candidate status, and (46) to background.[3]: 19  Also background according to Milani and Knežević (AstDyS-2).
Higson family 3025 Higson — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 17 members.
Hippasos family 17492 Hippasos — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 7 members.
Huberta family 260 Huberta — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 26 members. Nesvorný moved family to candidate status.[3]: 19 
Kalchas family 4138 Kalchas — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Laodica family 507 Laodica cat Category with 2 members. 507 Laodica and 635 Vundtia are core members of the Eos family according to AstDyS-2 (507; 635) and background asteroid per Nesvorný (507; 635), respectively.[3]
Levin family 2076 Levin — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 1534 members.
Liberatrix family 125 Liberatrix cat 3 listed members. 125 Liberatrix is a background asteroid according to AstDyS-2, and a member of the Nemesis family according to Nesvorný.[3] Background asteroid: 301 Bavaria (both AstDyS-2 and Nesvorný). 9923 Ronaldthiel is a core member of the Agnia family at AstDyS-2.
Makhaon family 3063 Makhaon — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Marsili family 40134 Marsili — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 16 members.
Martes family 5026 Martes cat MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 481 members. Largest asteroids are members of the Erigone family according to Nesvorný (5026; 9879).[3]
Matterania family 883 Matterania — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 169 members.
Mecklenburg family 6124 Mecklenburg — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 78 members.
Melanthios family 12973 Melanthios — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Menelaus family 1647 Menelaus — Jupiter trojan family according Milani (1993).[13] Part of the Menelaus clan according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008).[12]
Nele family 1547 Nele — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 344 members.
Nocturna family 1298 Nocturna — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 186 members.
Nohavica family 6539 Nohavica cat Previously known as the "1982 QG" family. Second member: (9935) 1986 CP1; both are background asteroids according to AstDyS-2 and Nesvorný.
Podarkes family 13062 Podarkes — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Prokne family 194 Prokne — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 379 members.
Reginita family 1117 Reginita cat Claimed subgroup of the Flora family. Background asteroid according to both AstDyS-2 and Nesvorný.[3]
Sinden family 10369 Sinden — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 24 members.
Takehiro family 8737 Takehiro — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 57 members. Nesvorný moved family to candidate status.[3]: 19 
Telamon family 1749 Telamon — Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil-Hutton (2008). Part of the Menelaus clan.[12]
Traversa family 5651 Traversa — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 56 members.
Univermoscow family 6355 Univermoscow — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 13 members.
Zhvanetskij family 5931 Zhvanetskij — MBA-family (AstDys) according to Milani and Knežević (2014).[6][10] Total of 23 members.
Legend:

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "close" refers to asteroids inside the 9:2 resonance, "inner" refers to asteroids between the 9:2 and 4:1 resonance. A refers to between 4:1 and 3:1, B is 3:1 to 8:3, C is 8:3 to 5:2, D is 5:2 to 7:3, E is 7:3 to 9:4, F is 9:4 to 11:5, G is 11:5 to 2:1, "outer" refers to asteroids between the 2:1 and 11:6 resonance, and "rim" refers to asteroids beyond the 11:6 resonance.

References

  1. ^ Michael E. Brown, Kristina M. Barkume, Darin Ragozzine & Emily L. Schaller, A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt, Nature, 446, (March 2007), pp 294-296.
  2. ^ David Nesvorný, Brian L. Enke, William F. Bottke, Daniel D. Durda, Erik Ashaug & Derek C. Richardson Karin cluster formation by asteroid impact, Icarus 183, (2006) pp 296-311.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Nesvorný, D.; Broz, M.; Carruba, V. (December 2014). Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families. Asteroids IV. pp. 297–321. arXiv:1502.01628. Bibcode:2015aste.book..297N. doi:10.2458/azu_uapress_9780816532131-ch016. ISBN 9780816532131. S2CID 119280014.
  4. ^ . Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  5. ^ This is a joke by Nesvorný et al. In their Table 2 the reference is to the 1995 film, GoldenEye.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Milani, Andrea; Cellino, Alberto; Knezevic, Zoran; Novakovic, Bojan; Spoto, Federica; Paolicchi, Paolo (September 2014). "Asteroid families classification: Exploiting very large datasets". Icarus. 239: 46–73. arXiv:1312.7702. Bibcode:2014Icar..239...46M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.039. S2CID 118617163.
  7. ^ a b Carruba, V.; Domingos, R. C.; Nesvorný, D.; Roig, F.; Huaman, M. E.; Souami, D. (August 2013). "A multidomain approach to asteroid families' identification". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2075–2096. arXiv:1305.4847. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.433.2075C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt884.
  8. ^ Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Bauer, J. M.; Grav, T.; Nugent, C. R.; Stevenson, R. (June 2013). "Asteroid Family Identification Using the Hierarchical Clustering Method and WISE/NEOWISE Physical Properties". The Astrophysical Journal. 770 (1): 22. arXiv:1305.1607. Bibcode:2013ApJ...770....7M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/770/1/7. S2CID 119221614.
  9. ^ The Hansa Family: A New High-Inclination Asteroid Family
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Knezevic, Zoran; Milani, Andrea; Cellino, Alberto; Novakovic, Bojan; Spoto, Federica; Paolicchi, Paolo (July 2014). "Automated Classification of Asteroids into Families at Work". Complex Planetary Systems. 310: 130–133. Bibcode:2014IAUS..310..130K. doi:10.1017/S1743921314008035.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Zappalà, V.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; Froeschle, C. (1997). "Asteroid Dynamical Families". NASA Planetary Data System: EAR-A-5-DDR-FAMILY-V4.1. Retrieved 4 March 2020. (PDS main page)
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roig, F.; Ribeiro, A. O.; Gil-Hutton, R. (June 2008). "Taxonomy of asteroid families among the Jupiter Trojans: comparison between spectroscopic data and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 483 (3): 911–931. arXiv:0712.0046. Bibcode:2008A&A...483..911R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20079177. S2CID 118361725.
  13. ^ Milani, Andrea (October 1993). "The Trojan asteroid belt: Proper elements, stability, chaos and families". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 57 (1–2): 59–94. Bibcode:1993CeMDA..57...59M. doi:10.1007/BF00692462. ISSN 0923-2958. S2CID 189850747.

Further reading

  • Bendjoya, Philippe; and Zappalà, Vincenzo; "Asteroid Family Identification", in Asteroids III, pp. 613–618, University of Arizona Press (2002), ISBN 0-8165-2281-2
  • V. Zappalà et al. "Physical and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families", in Asteroids III, pp. 619–631, University of Arizona Press (2002), ISBN 0-8165-2281-2
  • A. Cellino et al. "Spectroscopic Properties of Asteroid Families", in Asteroids III, pp. 633–643, University of Arizona Press (2002), ISBN 0-8165-2281-2
  • Hirayama, Kiyotsugu; "Groups of asteroids probably of common origin", Astronomical Journal, Vol. 31, No. 743, pp. 185-188 (October 1918).
  • Nesvorný, David; Bottke Jr., William F.; Dones, Luke; and Levison, Harold F.; "The recent breakup of an asteroid in the main-belt region", Nature, Vol. 417, pp. 720-722 (June 2002).
  • Zappalà, Vincenzo; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Knežević, Zoran; "Asteroid families I - Identification by hierarchical clustering and reliability assessment", Astronomical Journal, Vol. 100, p. 2030 (December 1990).
  • Zappalà, Vincenzo; Cellino, Alberto; Farinella, Paolo; and Milani, Andrea; "Asteroid families II - Extension to unnumbered multiopposition asteroids", Astronomical Journal, Vol. 107, pp. 772-801 (February 1994)
  • Zappalà, V.; Bendjoya, Ph.; Cellino, A.; Farinella, P.; Froeschlé, C. (August 1995). "Asteroid families: Search of a 12,487-asteroid sample using two different clustering techniques". Icarus. 116 (2): 291–314. Bibcode:1995Icar..116..291Z. doi:10.1006/icar.1995.1127. ISSN 0019-1035.
  • M. S. Kelley & M. J. Gaffey 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea: A Genetic Asteroid Pair, Icarus Vol. 144, p. 27 (2000).

External links

  • Planetary Data System - Asteroid Families dataset, as per the Zappalà 1995 analysis.
  • Latest calculations of proper elements for numbered minor planets at astDys.
  • Asteroid (and Comet) Groups 2021-02-05 at the Wayback Machine by Petr Scheirich (with excellent plots).
  • Asteroid Families Portal

March 12, 2023
asteroid, family, asteroid, family, population, asteroids, that, share, similar, proper, orbital, elements, such, semimajor, axis, eccentricity, orbital, inclination, members, families, thought, fragments, past, asteroid, collisions, asteroid, family, more, sp. An asteroid family is a population of asteroids that share similar proper orbital elements such as semimajor axis eccentricity and orbital inclination The members of the families are thought to be fragments of past asteroid collisions An asteroid family is a more specific term than asteroid group whose members while sharing some broad orbital characteristics may be otherwise unrelated to each other Asteroid families become visible as distinct concentrations when asteroids are plotted in the proper orbital element space ip vs ap Some prominent families are the Vesta Eunomia Koronis Eos and Themis family located in different colorized regions of the asteroid belt Contents 1 General properties 2 Origin and evolution 3 Identification of members interlopers and background asteroids 3 1 Description 3 1 1 Hierarchical clustering method 4 Family types 4 1 Clusters clumps clans and tribes 5 List 5 1 Prominent families 5 2 All families 5 3 Other families or dynamical groups 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksGeneral properties Edit Plot of proper inclination vs eccentricity for numbered asteroids Large prominent families contain several hundred recognized asteroids and many more smaller objects which may be either not yet analyzed or not yet discovered Small compact families may have only about ten identified members About 33 to 35 of asteroids in the main belt are family members There are about 20 to 30 reliably recognized families with several tens of less certain groupings Most asteroid families are found in the main asteroid belt although several family like groups such as the Pallas family Hungaria family and the Phocaea family lie at smaller semi major axis or larger inclination than the main belt One family has been identified associated with the dwarf planet Haumea 1 Some studies have tried to find evidence of collisional families among the trojan asteroids but at present the evidence is inconclusive Origin and evolution EditThe families are thought to form as a result of collisions between asteroids In many or most cases the parent body was shattered but there are also several families which resulted from a large cratering event which did not disrupt the parent body e g the Vesta Pallas Hygiea and Massalia families Such cratering families typically consist of a single large body and a swarm of asteroids that are much smaller Some families e g the Flora family have complex internal structures which are not satisfactorily explained at the moment but may be due to several collisions in the same region at different times Due to the method of origin all the members have closely matching compositions for most families Notable exceptions are those families such as the Vesta family which formed from a large differentiated parent body Asteroid families are thought to have lifetimes of the order of a billion years depending on various factors e g smaller asteroids are lost faster This is significantly shorter than the Solar System s age so few if any are relics of the early Solar System Decay of families occurs both because of slow dissipation of the orbits due to perturbations from Jupiter or other large bodies and because of collisions between asteroids which grind them down to small bodies Such small asteroids then become subject to perturbations such as the Yarkovsky effect that can push them towards orbital resonances with Jupiter over time Once there they are relatively rapidly ejected from the asteroid belt Tentative age estimates have been obtained for some families ranging from hundreds of millions of years to less than several million years as for the compact Karin family Old families are thought to contain few small members and this is the basis of the age determinations It is supposed that many very old families have lost all the smaller and medium sized members leaving only a few of the largest intact A suggested example of such old family remains are the 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea asteroid pair Further evidence for a large number of past families now dispersed comes from analysis of chemical ratios in iron meteorites These show that there must have once been at least 50 to 100 parent bodies large enough to be differentiated that have since been shattered to expose their cores and produce the actual meteorites Kelley amp Gaffey 2000 Identification of members interlopers and background asteroids Edit Interloper asteroid redirects here For other meanings of Interloper see Interloper When the orbital elements of main belt asteroids are plotted typically inclination vs eccentricity or vs semi major axis a number of distinct concentrations are seen against the rather uniform distribution of non family background asteroids These concentrations are the asteroid families see above Interlopers are asteroids classified as family members based on their so called proper orbital elements but having spectroscopic properties distinct from the bulk of the family suggesting that they contrary to the true family members did not originate from the same parent body that once fragmented upon a collisional impact Description Edit Comparison osculating Keplerian orbital elements on the left families indistinguishable vs proper elements on the right families visible Strictly speaking families and their membership are identified by analysing the proper orbital elements rather than the current osculating orbital elements which regularly fluctuate on timescales of tens of thousands of years The proper elements are related constants of motion that remain almost constant for at least tens of millions of years and perhaps longer The Japanese astronomer Kiyotsugu Hirayama 1874 1943 pioneered the estimation of proper elements for asteroids and first identified several of the most prominent families in 1918 In his honor asteroid families are sometimes called Hirayama families This particularly applies to the five prominent groupings discovered by him Hierarchical clustering method Edit Further information Hierarchical clustering Present day computer assisted searches have identified more than a hundred asteroid families The most prominent algorithms have been the hierarchical clustering method HCM which looks for groupings with small nearest neighbour distances in orbital element space and wavelet analysis which builds a density of asteroids map in orbital element space and looks for density peaks The boundaries of the families are somewhat vague because at the edges they blend into the background density of asteroids in the main belt For this reason the number of members even among discovered asteroids is usually only known approximately and membership is uncertain for asteroids near the edges Additionally some interlopers from the heterogeneous background asteroid population are expected even in the central regions of a family Since the true family members caused by the collision are expected to have similar compositions most such interlopers can in principle be recognised by spectral properties which do not match those of the bulk of family members A prominent example is 1 Ceres the largest asteroid which is an interloper in the family once named after it the Ceres family now the Gefion family Spectral characteristics can also be used to determine the membership or otherwise of asteroids in the outer regions of a family as has been used e g for the Vesta family whose members have an unusual composition Family types EditAs previously mentioned families caused by an impact that did not disrupt the parent body but only ejected fragments are called cratering families Other terminology has been used to distinguish various types of groups which are less distinct or less statistically certain from the most prominent nominal families or clusters Clusters clumps clans and tribes Edit The term cluster is also used to describe a small asteroid family such as the Karin cluster 2 Clumps are groupings which have relatively few members but are clearly distinct from the background e g the Juno clump Clans are groupings which merge very gradually into the background density and or have a complex internal structure making it difficult to decide whether they are one complex group or several unrelated overlapping groups e g the Flora family has been called a clan Tribes are groups that are less certain to be statistically significant against the background either because of small density or large uncertainty in the orbital parameters of the members List EditProminent families Edit Nysa 19 073 4 8 Vesta 15 252 3 8 Flora 13 786 3 5 Eos 9 789 2 5 Koronis 5 949 1 5 Eunomia 5 670 1 4 Hygiea 4 854 1 2 Themis 4 782 1 2 Hungaria 2 965 0 7 All other families 21 500 5 4 Background 295 000 74 0 Distribution of the most prominent families other families and background asteroids up to number 398 000 3 23 Among the many asteroid families the Eos Eunomia Flora Hungaria Hygiea Koronis Nysa Themis and Vesta families are the most prominent ones in the asteroid belt For a complete list see All families Eos family The Eos family adj Eoan 9 789 members named after 221 Eos Eunomia family The Eunomia family adj Eunomian 5 670 known members named after 15 Eunomia is a family of S type asteroids It is the most prominent family in the intermediate asteroid belt and the 6th largest family with approximately 1 4 of all main belt asteroids 3 23 Flora family The Flora family adj Florian 13 786 members named after 8 Flora is the 3rd largest family Broad in extent it has no clear boundary and gradually fades into the surrounding background population Several distinct groupings within the family possibly created by later secondary collisions It has also been described as an asteroid clan Hungaria family The Hungaria family adj Hungarian 2 965 members named after 434 Hungaria Hygiea family The Hygiea family adj Hygiean 4 854 members named after 10 Hygiea Koronis family The Koronis family adj Koronian 5 949 members named after 158 Koronis Nysa family The Nysa family adj Nysian 19 073 members named after 44 Nysa Alternatively named Hertha family after 135 Hertha Themis family The Themis family adj Themistian 4 782 members named after 24 Themis Vesta family The Vesta family adj Vestian 15 252 members named after 4 Vesta All families Edit In 2015 a study identified 122 notable families with a total of approximately 100 000 member asteroids based on the entire catalog of numbered minor planets which consisted of almost 400 000 numbered bodies at the time see catalog index for a current listing of numbered minor planets 3 23 The data has been made available at the Small Bodies Data Ferret 4 The first column of this table contains the family identification number or family identifier number FIN which is an attempt for a numerical labeling of identified families independent of their currently used name as a family s name may change with refined observations leading to multiple names used in literature and to subsequent confusion 3 17 FIN Family Lbl of Members Loc note 1 Taxonomy mean albedo mean a mean e mean i Parent body Notes Cat LoMP001 Hilda family HIL 409 rim C 0 04 3 965 0 174 8 92 153 Hilda adj Hildian within the larger dynamical group with the same name a e i 3 7 4 2 AU gt 0 07 lt 20 cat list002 Schubart family SHU 352 rim C 0 03 3 966 0 191 2 92 1911 Schubart within the dynamical Hilda group cat list003 Hungaria family H 2965 close E 0 35 1 944 0 078 20 87 434 Hungaria located within the dynamical group of the same name a e i 1 78 2 0 AU lt 0 18 16 34 cat list004 Hektor family HEK 12 trojan 5 204 0 054 19 02 624 Hektor Jupiter trojan cat list005 Eurybates family ERY 218 trojan CP 0 06 5 204 0 044 7 42 3548 Eurybates Jupiter trojan cat list006 unnamed family 006 7 trojan 0 06 5 204 0 049 31 75 9799 Thronium Jupiter trojan list007 James Bond family 5 007 1 A ASP 2 474 0 129 6 32 9007 James Bond list008 Arkesilaos family ARK 37 trojan 5 204 0 029 8 89 20961 Arkesilaos Jupiter trojan cat list009 Ennomos family ENM 30 trojan 0 06 5 204 0 041 26 79 4709 Ennomos Jupiter trojan cat list010 unnamed family 010 13 trojan 0 09 5 204 0 041 24 23 247341 2001 UV209 Jupiter trojan list401 Vesta family V 15252 A V 0 35 2 362 0 099 6 36 4 Vesta adj Vestian cat list402 Flora family Ariadne family FLO 13786 A S 0 30 2 201 0 144 5 34 8 Flora adj Florian also named after 43 Ariadne typical asteroid clan Not a legitimate asteroid family according to Carruba and Milani instead the Florian core region is labelled Belgica family and Duponta family 1338 respectively 6 7 cat list403 Baptistina family BAP 2500 A X 0 16 2 264 0 149 6 00 298 Baptistina merges with the Belgica family 1052 at 100 m s according to Carruba 7 cat list404 Massalia family MAS 6424 A S 0 22 2 409 0 162 1 42 20 Massalia adj Massalian a e i 2 37 to 2 45 0 12 to 0 21 0 4 to 2 4 cat list405 Nysa Polana complex Hertha family Eulalia family NYS 19073 A SFC 0 280 06 2 423 0 174 3 04 44 Nysa 142 Polana also known as the Hertha family 135 Hertha Includes the Eulalia family 495 Eulalia cat 44 142 406 Erigone family ERI 1776 A CX 0 06 2 367 0 210 4 74 163 Erigone adj Erigonian Can be joined with the dynamically different Martes family into a single collisional family Src cat list407 Clarissa family CLA 179 A X 0 05 2 406 0 107 3 35 302 Clarissa cat list408 Sulamitis family SUL 303 A C 0 04 2 463 0 091 5 04 752 Sulamitis cat list409 Lucienne family LCI 142 A S 0 22 2 462 0 111 14 51 1892 Lucienne cat list410 Euterpe family EUT 474 A S 0 26 2 347 0 187 0 72 27 Euterpe cat list411 Datura family DAT 6 A S 0 21 2 235 0 156 5 21 1270 Datura Recently formed family with members 60151 90265 203370 215619 and 338309 cat list412 Lucascavin family LCA 3 A S 2 281 0 127 5 20 21509 Lucascavin members 180255 209570 cat list413 Klio family KLI 330 A C 0 07 2 362 0 193 9 38 84 Klio cat list414 Chimaera family CIM 108 A CX 0 06 2 460 0 155 14 65 623 Chimaera cat list415 Chaldaea family Salli family CHL 132 A C 0 07 2 376 0 236 11 60 313 Chaldaea alt named after 1715 Salli by Masiero cat list416 Svea family SVE 48 A CX 0 06 2 476 0 088 16 09 329 Svea cat list417 unnamed family 417 9 A 2 465 0 153 3 93 108138 2001 GB11 list701 Phocaea family PHO 1989 A S 0 22 2 400 0 228 23 41 25 Phocaea cat list501 Juno family JUN 1684 B S 0 25 2 669 0 232 13 34 3 Juno adj Junonian cat list502 Eunomia family EUN 5670 B S 0 19 2 644 0 148 13 08 15 Eunomia cat list504 Nemesis family Liberatrix or Zdenekhorsky family NEM 1302 C C 0 05 2 750 0 088 5 18 128 Nemesis adj Nemesian also named after 58 Concordia adj Concordian and 3827 Zdenekhorsky Formerly Liberatrix family by Zappala 1995 and Cellino 2002 cat list505 Adeona family ADE 2236 B C 0 07 2 673 0 169 11 71 145 Adeona cat list506 Maria family Roma family MAR 2940 B S 0 25 2 554 0 101 15 02 170 Maria alternatively named after 472 Roma 8 cat list507 Padua family Lydia family PAD 1087 C X 0 10 2 747 0 035 5 09 363 Padua also known as Lydia family C 110 Lydia adj Paduan Lydian cat list508 Aeolia family AEO 296 C X 0 17 2 742 0 168 3 49 396 Aeolia cat list509 Chloris family CLO 424 C C 0 06 2 727 0 255 9 23 410 Chloris adj Chloridian cat list510 Misa family MIS 702 B C 0 03 2 658 0 178 2 26 569 Misa adj Misian cat list511 Brangane family BRG 195 B S 0 10 2 587 0 179 9 64 606 Brangane cat list512 Dora family DOR 1259 C C 0 05 2 797 0 198 7 83 668 Dora adj Dorian cat list513 Merxia family MRX 1215 C S 0 23 2 745 0 133 4 85 808 Merxia adj Merxian cat list514 Agnia family AGN 2125 C S 0 18 2 783 0 066 3 58 847 Agnia cat list515 Astrid family AST 489 C C 0 08 2 788 0 048 0 66 1128 Astrid adj Astridian cat list516 Gefion family Ceres family Minerva family GEF 2547 C S 0 20 2 784 0 129 9 01 1272 Gefion adj Gefionian a e i 2 74 to 2 82 0 08 to 0 18 7 4 to 10 5 also known as Ceres family adj Cererian after 1 Ceres and Minerva adj Minervian family after 93 Minerva identified interloper cat list517 Konig family KON 354 B CX 0 04 2 571 0 139 8 85 3815 Konig cat list518 Rafita family RAF 1295 B S 0 25 2 547 0 173 7 74 1644 Rafita adj Rafitian namesake is a suspected interloper not listed in family members 1587 and 1658 cat list519 Hoffmeister family HOF 1819 C CF 0 04 2 787 0 047 4 36 1726 Hoffmeister cat list520 Iannini family IAN 150 B S 0 32 2 644 0 267 12 19 4652 Iannini cat list521 Kazuya family KAZ 44 B S 0 21 2 568 0 141 14 56 7353 Kazuya cat list522 Ino family INO 463 C S 0 24 2 743 0 172 13 52 173 Ino cat list523 Emilkowalski family EMI 4 B S 0 20 2 599 0 178 17 42 14627 Emilkowalski members 126761 224559 and 256124 cat list524 Brugmansia family 524 3 B S 2 620 0 179 2 80 16598 Brugmansia members 190603 and 218697 cat list525 Schulhof family SHF 5 B S 0 27 2 610 0 163 13 30 2384 Schulhof members 81337 140600 271044 286239 cat list526 unnamed family 526 58 C C 0 06 2 721 0 173 14 35 53546 2000 BY6 list527 Lorre family LOR 2 C C 0 05 2 747 0 263 28 18 5438 Lorre other member 208099 cat list528 Leonidas family LEO 135 B CX 0 07 2 681 0 193 3 81 2782 Leonidas identical to the Vibilia family VIB and listed as such 4793 cat list529 Vibilia family VIB 180 B C 0 06 2 655 0 191 3 82 144 Vibilia namesake only listed in family by Zappala but not by Nesvory identical to the Leonidas family LEO cat list530 Phaeo family PAE 146 C X 0 06 2 782 0 199 9 47 322 Phaeo cat list531 Mitidika family MIT 653 B C 0 06 2 587 0 247 12 50 2262 Mitidika not listed in family itself members 404 and 99 cat list532 Henan family HEN 1872 B L 0 20 2 699 0 063 2 80 2085 Henan cat list533 Hanna family HNA 280 C CX 0 05 2 807 0 180 4 17 1668 Hanna cat list534 Karma family KRM 124 B CX 0 05 2 577 0 106 10 75 3811 Karma cat list535 Witt family WIT 1618 C S 0 26 2 760 0 030 5 79 2732 Witt cat list536 Xizang family XIZ 275 C 0 12 2 754 0 154 2 76 2344 Xizang cat list537 Watsonia family WAT 99 C L 0 13 2 760 0 122 17 33 729 Watsonia cat list538 Jones family asteroids JNS 22 B T 0 05 2 626 0 110 12 35 3152 Jones cat list539 Aeria family AER 272 B X 0 17 2 649 0 056 11 76 369 Aeria cat list540 Julia family asteroids JUL 33 B S 0 19 2 552 0 124 16 70 89 Julia cat list541 Postrema family POS 108 C CX 0 05 2 738 0 242 16 53 1484 Postrema cat list801 Pallas family PAL 128 C B 0 16 2 771 0 281 33 20 2 Pallas adj Palladian cat list802 Gallia family GAL 182 C S 0 17 2 771 0 132 25 16 148 Gallia cat list803 Hansa family HNS 1094 B S 0 26 2 644 0 004 22 06 480 Hansa adj Hansian a e i 2 66 0 06 22 0 9 cat list804 Gersuind family GER 415 B S 0 15 2 589 0 175 17 34 686 Gersuind cat list805 Barcelona family BAR 306 B S 0 25 2 637 0 251 30 83 945 Barcelona cat list806 Tina family TIN 96 C X 0 34 2 793 0 082 20 76 1222 Tina cat list807 Brucato family BRU 342 B CX 0 06 2 605 0 132 28 90 4203 Brucato cat list601 Hygiea family HYG 4854 G CB 0 06 3 142 0 136 5 07 10 Hygiea cat list602 Themis family THM 4782 G C 0 07 3 134 0 152 1 08 24 Themis adj Themistian cat list603 Sylvia family SYL 255 rim X 0 05 3 485 0 054 9 76 87 Sylvia family within Cybele group cat list604 Meliboea family MEL 444 G C 0 05 3 119 0 186 14 54 137 Meliboea adj Meliboean cat list605 Koronis family Lacrimosa family KOR 5949 D S 0 15 2 869 0 045 2 15 158 Koronis also named after 208 Lacrimosa cat list606 Eos family EOS 9789 E K 0 13 3 012 0 077 9 94 221 Eos cat list607 Emma family EMA 76 F C 0 05 3 046 0 113 9 09 283 Emma cat list608 Brasilia family BRA 579 D X 0 18 2 862 0 127 14 98 293 Brasilia adj Brazilian namesake is a suspected interloper not listed in family cat list609 Veritas family VER 1294 G CPD 0 07 3 174 0 066 9 06 490 Veritas adj Veritasian alt Undina Undinian family after 92 Undina cat list610 Karin family KAR 541 D S 0 21 2 864 0 044 2 10 832 Karin Recently formed family located within the Koronis family 3 8 18 cat list611 Naema family NAE 301 D C 0 08 2 940 0 036 11 99 845 Naema adj Naemian cat list612 Tirela family Klumpkea family TIR 1395 G S 0 07 3 116 0 195 17 06 1400 Tirela alternatively named after 1040 Klumpkea AstDyS cat list613 Lixiaohua family Gantrisch family LIX 756 G CX 0 04 3 153 0 201 10 06 3556 Lixiaohua although member 3330 Gantrisch is both larger and lower numbered src cat list614 Telramund family Klytaemnestra family TEL 468 E S 0 22 2 993 0 066 8 81 9506 Telramund alternatively named after 179 Klytaemnestra by Masiero and by Milani cat list615 unnamed family 615 104 D CX 0 17 2 848 0 106 9 14 18405 1993 FY12 list616 Charis family CHA 808 D C 0 08 2 900 0 047 5 73 627 Charis cat list617 Theobalda family THB 376 G CX 0 06 3 178 0 263 14 05 778 Theobalda adj Theobaldian a e i 3 16 to 3 19 0 24 to 0 27 14 to 15 cat list618 Terentia family TRE 79 D C 0 07 2 932 0 072 11 11 1189 Terentia cat list619 Lau family LAU 56 D S 0 27 2 929 0 195 6 30 10811 Lau cat list620 Beagle family BGL 148 G C 0 09 3 155 0 154 1 34 656 Beagle Recently formed family is located within the Themis family all members are also listed as Themistians Includes 7968 Elst Pizarro 3 7 8 18 cat list621 Koronis family II K 2 246 D S 0 14 2 869 0 045 2 15 158 Koronis second family cat list622 Terpsichore family TRP 138 D C 0 05 2 854 0 182 8 23 81 Terpsichore cat list623 Fringilla family FIR 134 D X 0 05 2 914 0 093 16 68 709 Fringilla cat list624 Durisen family DUR 27 D X 0 04 2 943 0 185 16 19 5567 Durisen cat list625 Yakovlev family YAK 67 D C 0 05 2 870 0 290 7 89 5614 Yakovlev cat list626 San Marcello family SAN 144 D X 0 19 2 922 0 078 12 50 7481 San Marcello cat list627 unnamed family 627 38 D CX 0 05 2 868 0 219 16 02 15454 1998 YB3 list628 unnamed family 628 248 D S 0 10 2 850 0 081 5 12 15477 1999 CG1 list629 unnamed family 629 58 D S 0 21 2 939 0 118 10 73 36256 1999 XT17 list630 Aegle family AEG 99 F CX 0 07 3 052 0 190 16 48 96 Aegle cat list631 Ursula family URS 1466 G CX 0 06 3 128 0 098 16 21 375 Ursula cat list632 Elfriede family ELF 63 G C 0 05 3 189 0 061 15 87 618 Elfriede cat list633 Itha family ITH 54 D S 0 23 2 866 0 158 12 27 918 Itha cat list634 Inarradas family INA 38 F CX 0 07 3 050 0 184 14 51 3438 Inarradas cat list635 Anfimov family ANF 58 F S 0 16 3 044 0 089 3 48 7468 Anfimov cat list636 Marconia family MRC 34 F CX 0 05 3 063 0 097 2 58 1332 Marconia cat list637 unnamed family 637 64 G CX 0 05 3 109 0 180 3 46 106302 2000 UJ87 list638 Croatia family CRO 93 G X 0 07 3 133 0 026 10 66 589 Croatia cat list639 Imhilde family IMH 43 E CX 0 05 2 983 0 237 14 59 926 Imhilde cat list640 Gibbs family GBS 8 E 3 004 0 023 10 34 331P Gibbs P 2012 F5 Gibbs Other members include 20674 140429 and 177075 641 Juliana family JLI 76 E CX 0 05 3 004 0 144 13 12 816 Juliana cat list901 Euphrosyne family EUP 2035 G C 0 06 3 155 0 208 26 54 31 Euphrosyne cat list902 Alauda family ALA 1294 G B 0 07 3 194 0 021 21 66 702 Alauda cat list903 Ulla family ULA 26 rim X 0 05 3 543 0 050 17 96 909 Ulla family within Cybele group cat list904 Luthera family Kartvelia family LUT 163 G X 0 04 3 219 0 121 18 77 1303 Luthera fam is also named after 781 Kartvelia cat list905 Armenia family ARM 40 G C 0 05 3 117 0 070 18 19 780 Armenia cat listOther families or dynamical groups Edit Other asteroid families from miscellaneous sources not listed in the above table as well as non asteroid families include Family Parent Cat DescriptionAemilia family 159 Aemilia MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 62 members Alinda family 887 Alinda cat Alinda group described by projectpluto comAmneris family 871 Amneris cat Small family of 22 asteroids identified by Zappala 1995 11 Most members have been assigned to the encompassing complex of the Flora family by Nesvorny 2014 3 Anius family 8060 Anius MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 31 members Ashkova family 3460 Ashkova MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 59 members Astraea family 5 Astraea cat Large MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 6 169 members Lowest numbered members 5 91 262 355 765 and 1121 Not a listed family by Zappala 1995 11 Considered a HCM artifact by Nesvorny 2014 due to a resonant alignment z1 g s g6 s6 0 3 19 Augusta family 254 Augusta cat Small family of 23 asteroids identified by Zappala 1995 11 Most members have been assigned to the Flora family by Nesvorny 2014 3 Ausonia family 63 Ausonia Single member Unsourced Member of the Vesta family according to AstDyS 2 and Nesvorny 2014 3 Bontekoe family 10654 Bontekoe MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 13 members Brokoff family 6769 Brokoff MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 58 members Bower family 1639 Bower Micro family with 10 members as per Zappala 1995 Adj Bowerian Alternative name Endymion Endymionian family after 342 Endymion C All members 1639 3815 8832 14306 15666 22286 32637 85133 120446 and 145685 11 This family corresponds in large parts with the Konig family by Nesvorny 2014 3 Cindygraber family 7605 Cindygraber MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 19 members Clematis family 1101 Clematis cat MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 17 members Subset of the large Alauda family as per Nesvorny 2014 3 All members 1101 5360 22044 25982 29963 32240 37628 66174 71688 83362 83790 97516 110030 132961 147858 181960 and 223933 Cybele group 65 Cybele cat Cybele group according to Asteroids Meteorites and Comets by Linda T Elkins Tanton and projectpluto com Corresponding wiki category lists a total of 32 members Not a listed family in HCM by Zappala 1995 Nesvorny 2014 and AstDyS 2 Src where these bodies are predominantly assigned to the background population 11 3 Dejanira family 157 Dejanira cat Micro family with 5 members as per Zappala 1995 All members 157 2290 5276 10779 and 17377 11 All belong to the background population according to Nesvorny 2014 3 Devine family 3561 Devine MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 19 members Duponta family 1338 Duponta MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 133 members Epeios family 2148 Epeios Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Eumelos family 5436 Eumelos Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Euryalos family 4007 Euryalos Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Faina family 751 Faina cat Carbonaceous family with 12 identified members as per Zappala 1995 11 All members 751 2089 2420 3637 3904 5083 8087 10741 10744 11497 12975 and 29086 Predominantly background population with 3 bodies belonging to the stony Maria family per Nesvorny 2014 Not a listed family at AstDyS 2 Src Griqua group 1362 Griqua cat Griqua group not a collisional family described by projectpluto com A marginally unstable group of asteroids observed in the 2 1 resonance with Jupiter Hanskya family 1118 Hanskya MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 116 members Haumea family Haumea dwarf planet cat This is a TNO family As of 2017 and current categorization the family consists of 10 members including parent body D Helio family 895 Helio MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 50 members Hestia family 46 Hestia cat Nesvorny moved family formerly FIN 503 to candidate status and 46 to background 3 19 Also background according to Milani and Knezevic AstDyS 2 Higson family 3025 Higson MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 17 members Hippasos family 17492 Hippasos MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 7 members Huberta family 260 Huberta MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 26 members Nesvorny moved family to candidate status 3 19 Kalchas family 4138 Kalchas Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Laodica family 507 Laodica cat Category with 2 members 507 Laodica and 635 Vundtia are core members of the Eos family according to AstDyS 2 507 635 and background asteroid per Nesvorny 507 635 respectively 3 Levin family 2076 Levin MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 1534 members Liberatrix family 125 Liberatrix cat 3 listed members 125 Liberatrix is a background asteroid according to AstDyS 2 and a member of the Nemesis family according to Nesvorny 3 Background asteroid 301 Bavaria both AstDyS 2 and Nesvorny 9923 Ronaldthiel is a core member of the Agnia family at AstDyS 2 Makhaon family 3063 Makhaon Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Marsili family 40134 Marsili MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 16 members Martes family 5026 Martes cat MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 481 members Largest asteroids are members of the Erigone family according to Nesvorny 5026 9879 3 Matterania family 883 Matterania MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 169 members Mecklenburg family 6124 Mecklenburg MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 78 members Melanthios family 12973 Melanthios Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Menelaus family 1647 Menelaus Jupiter trojan family according Milani 1993 13 Part of the Menelaus clan according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 12 Nele family 1547 Nele MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 344 members Nocturna family 1298 Nocturna MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 186 members Nohavica family 6539 Nohavica cat Previously known as the 1982 QG family Second member 9935 1986 CP1 both are background asteroids according to AstDyS 2 and Nesvorny Podarkes family 13062 Podarkes Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Prokne family 194 Prokne MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 379 members Reginita family 1117 Reginita cat Claimed subgroup of the Flora family Background asteroid according to both AstDyS 2 and Nesvorny 3 Sinden family 10369 Sinden MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 24 members Takehiro family 8737 Takehiro MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 57 members Nesvorny moved family to candidate status 3 19 Telamon family 1749 Telamon Jupiter trojan family according to Roig and Gil Hutton 2008 Part of the Menelaus clan 12 Traversa family 5651 Traversa MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 56 members Univermoscow family 6355 Univermoscow MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 13 members Zhvanetskij family 5931 Zhvanetskij MBA family AstDys according to Milani and Knezevic 2014 6 10 Total of 23 members Legend C These are families listed as robustly identified in Bendjoya and Zappala 2002 D TNOs are not considered asteroids but are included here for completeness Candidate families Nesvorny 3 19 929 Algunde 1296 Andree 1646 Rosseland 1942 Jablunka 2007 McCuskey 2409 Chapman 4689 Donn 6246 Komurotoru 13698 1998 KF35 539 Pamina 300163 2006 VW139 3567 Alvema 7744 1986 QA1 260 Huberta 928 Hildrun 2621 Goto 1113 Katja 8737 Takehiro 46 Hestia 5 Astraea 1044 Teutonia 3110 Wagman 4945 Ikenozenni 7744 1986 QA1 8905 Bankakuko 25315 1999 AZ8 28804 2000 HC81 See also EditProper orbital elements Category Asteroid groups and familiesNotes Edit close refers to asteroids inside the 9 2 resonance inner refers to asteroids between the 9 2 and 4 1 resonance A refers to between 4 1 and 3 1 B is 3 1 to 8 3 C is 8 3 to 5 2 D is 5 2 to 7 3 E is 7 3 to 9 4 F is 9 4 to 11 5 G is 11 5 to 2 1 outer refers to asteroids between the 2 1 and 11 6 resonance and rim refers to asteroids beyond the 11 6 resonance References Edit Michael E Brown Kristina M Barkume Darin Ragozzine amp Emily L Schaller A collisional family of icy objects in the Kuiper belt Nature 446 March 2007 pp 294 296 David Nesvorny Brian L Enke William F Bottke Daniel D Durda Erik Ashaug amp Derek C Richardson Karin cluster formation by asteroid impact Icarus 183 2006 pp 296 311 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Nesvorny D Broz M Carruba V December 2014 Identification and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families Asteroids IV pp 297 321 arXiv 1502 01628 Bibcode 2015aste book 297N doi 10 2458 azu uapress 9780816532131 ch016 ISBN 9780816532131 S2CID 119280014 Small Bodies Data Ferret Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3 0 Archived from the original on 2 August 2017 Retrieved 22 July 2017 This is a joke by Nesvorny et al In their Table 2 the reference is to the 1995 film GoldenEye a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Milani Andrea Cellino Alberto Knezevic Zoran Novakovic Bojan Spoto Federica Paolicchi Paolo September 2014 Asteroid families classification Exploiting very large datasets Icarus 239 46 73 arXiv 1312 7702 Bibcode 2014Icar 239 46M doi 10 1016 j icarus 2014 05 039 S2CID 118617163 a b Carruba V Domingos R C Nesvorny D Roig F Huaman M E Souami D August 2013 A multidomain approach to asteroid families identification Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 433 3 2075 2096 arXiv 1305 4847 Bibcode 2013MNRAS 433 2075C doi 10 1093 mnras stt884 Masiero Joseph R Mainzer A K Bauer J M Grav T Nugent C R Stevenson R June 2013 Asteroid Family Identification Using the Hierarchical Clustering Method and WISE NEOWISE Physical Properties The Astrophysical Journal 770 1 22 arXiv 1305 1607 Bibcode 2013ApJ 770 7M doi 10 1088 0004 637X 770 1 7 S2CID 119221614 The Hansa Family A New High Inclination Asteroid Family a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Knezevic Zoran Milani Andrea Cellino Alberto Novakovic Bojan Spoto Federica Paolicchi Paolo July 2014 Automated Classification of Asteroids into Families at Work Complex Planetary Systems 310 130 133 Bibcode 2014IAUS 310 130K doi 10 1017 S1743921314008035 a b c d e f g Zappala V Bendjoya Ph Cellino A Farinella P Froeschle C 1997 Asteroid Dynamical Families NASA Planetary Data System EAR A 5 DDR FAMILY V4 1 Retrieved 4 March 2020 PDS main page a b c d e f g h i Roig F Ribeiro A O Gil Hutton R June 2008 Taxonomy of asteroid families among the Jupiter Trojans comparison between spectroscopic data and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey colors Astronomy and Astrophysics 483 3 911 931 arXiv 0712 0046 Bibcode 2008A amp A 483 911R doi 10 1051 0004 6361 20079177 S2CID 118361725 Milani Andrea October 1993 The Trojan asteroid belt Proper elements stability chaos and families Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 57 1 2 59 94 Bibcode 1993CeMDA 57 59M doi 10 1007 BF00692462 ISSN 0923 2958 S2CID 189850747 Further reading EditBendjoya Philippe and Zappala Vincenzo Asteroid Family Identification in Asteroids III pp 613 618 University of Arizona Press 2002 ISBN 0 8165 2281 2 V Zappala et al Physical and Dynamical Properties of Asteroid Families in Asteroids III pp 619 631 University of Arizona Press 2002 ISBN 0 8165 2281 2 A Cellino et al Spectroscopic Properties of Asteroid Families in Asteroids III pp 633 643 University of Arizona Press 2002 ISBN 0 8165 2281 2 Hirayama Kiyotsugu Groups of asteroids probably of common origin Astronomical Journal Vol 31 No 743 pp 185 188 October 1918 Nesvorny David Bottke Jr William F Dones Luke and Levison Harold F The recent breakup of an asteroid in the main belt region Nature Vol 417 pp 720 722 June 2002 Zappala Vincenzo Cellino Alberto Farinella Paolo and Knezevic Zoran Asteroid families I Identification by hierarchical clustering and reliability assessment Astronomical Journal Vol 100 p 2030 December 1990 Zappala Vincenzo Cellino Alberto Farinella Paolo and Milani Andrea Asteroid families II Extension to unnumbered multiopposition asteroids Astronomical Journal Vol 107 pp 772 801 February 1994 Zappala V Bendjoya Ph Cellino A Farinella P Froeschle C August 1995 Asteroid families Search of a 12 487 asteroid sample using two different clustering techniques Icarus 116 2 291 314 Bibcode 1995Icar 116 291Z doi 10 1006 icar 1995 1127 ISSN 0019 1035 M S Kelley amp M J Gaffey 9 Metis and 113 Amalthea A Genetic Asteroid Pair Icarus Vol 144 p 27 2000 External links EditPlanetary Data System Asteroid Families dataset as per the Zappala 1995 analysis Latest calculations of proper elements for numbered minor planets at astDys Asteroid and Comet Groups Archived 2021 02 05 at the Wayback Machine by Petr Scheirich with excellent plots Asteroid Families Portal Portals Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Asteroid family amp oldid 1127693532 Family types, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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