Astara, Iran
Astara (pronounced [ɒstaɾɒ] (listen); Persian: آستارا, also romanized as Āstārā)[2] is a city and capital of Astara County, Gilan Province, Iran. It lies on the border with Azerbaijan Republic and on the Caspian Sea. It is an important border trade center between Iran and the Caucasus.
Astara آستارا | |
|---|---|
City | |
Skyline of Astara | |
Astara | |
| Coordinates: 38°25′45″N 48°52′19″E / 38.42917°N 48.87194°ECoordinates: 38°25′45″N 48°52′19″E / 38.42917°N 48.87194°E | |
| Country | Iran |
| Province | Gilan |
| County | Astara |
| Bakhsh | Central |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Javad Maayiati |
| Population (2016 Census) | |
| • Total | 51,579 [1] |
| Time zone | UTC+3:30 (IRST) |
History
The earliest mention, under the name Astārāb, comes in the Ḥodūd al-ʿālam, written toward the end of the 10th century. In the 14th century, Astara became the seat of the small principality of the Esfahbad or Espahbad (-bod) of Gīlān. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, the Ṭālešī Khans of Āstārā were either autonomous or nominally subordinate to the governors of Gīlān or Ardabīl; on several occasions they played an important role in the history of the Caspian provinces.[3] According to Minorsky, we do not know whether the later governors of Astara still continued the line of the Ispahbads. Even after the conquest of Northern Tālish by the Russians (1813) the family of the Tālish-khans retained certain rights.[4]
Astara was part of the short lived Talysh Khanate in the 18th and 19th centuries, and for a short while it was the capital of the Khanate before it was moved to Lankaran.[5] In 1828, with the signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Astara was split into two. The city of Astara in Azerbaijan is located just across the Astarachay River.
Tourism
Astara has various attractions and is considered a major tourist destination for Iranians and foreigners, especially those from the Caucasus. The city has a selection of beaches and is near to a Temperate rainforest. Annually over six million Iranians, and six hundred thousand foreigners visit the city.[6] The most popular beaches in this city are Shariati park and Sadaf beach. Shariati beach park is located in the city, and Sadaf beach is 7 kilometers from Astara city[7]
Culture
Astara is home to one of the first libraries established in the country.[8]
Agriculture
Rice has been cultivated in this region for many years, where some indigenous cultivars (landrace) were conventionally bred by farmers.[9]
Climate
Astara has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, Trewartha: Cf), with relatively cold, wet winters and warm, humid summers.
| Climate data for Astara (1986 - 2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 9.2 (48.6) | 11.6 (52.9) | 16.3 (61.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.7 (85.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 15.1 (59.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 18.8 (65.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 6.1 (43.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 17.9 (64.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.5 (77.9) | 21.8 (71.2) | 17.4 (63.3) | 12.0 (53.6) | 7.9 (46.2) | 15.3 (59.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 2.9 (37.2) | 5.6 (42.1) | 9.7 (49.5) | 14.4 (57.9) | 18.6 (65.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.3 (70.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 14.2 (57.6) | 8.9 (48.0) | 4.7 (40.5) | 11.9 (53.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) | −5.0 (23.0) | −1.6 (29.1) | 0.6 (33.1) | 5.4 (41.7) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.8 (58.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 11.4 (52.5) | 5.8 (42.4) | 0.0 (32.0) | −5.0 (23.0) | −7.8 (18.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 87.5 (3.44) | 92.3 (3.63) | 111.2 (4.38) | 80.5 (3.17) | 63.7 (2.51) | 45.9 (1.81) | 46.7 (1.84) | 77.8 (3.06) | 230.6 (9.08) | 243.4 (9.58) | 157.4 (6.20) | 108.0 (4.25) | 1,345 (52.95) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 9 | 112 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 81 | 75 | 73 | 75 | 83 | 87 | 86 | 84 | 82 |
| Source: Iranian Meteorological Organization [10] | |||||||||||||
Language
Linguistic composition of the city.[11]
Famous people from Astara
- Fereydun Ebrahimi – Procurator-General in Azerbaijan People's Government
- Ebrahim Nabavi – Iranian journalist
- Payan Rafat – football player
- Kamal Habibollahi – last Commander of the Imperial Iranian Navy
- Babak Fathi - Mechanical Engineer & University professor
Education
See also
References
- ^ "Statistical Center of Iran > Home".
- ^ Astara, Iran can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3054011" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Bazin, Marcel [in Persian] (August 18, 2011) [December 15, 1988]. "ĀSTĀRĀ i. Town and sub-province". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Fasc. 8. Vol. II. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 837–838. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
- ^ Minorsky, Vladimir (October 1954). "A Mongol Decree of 720/1320 to the Family of Shaykh Zāhid". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. London: SOAS, University of London. 16 (3): 515–527. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00086821. S2CID 159901706.
- ^ "دانشنامه جهان اسلام بنیاد دائرة المعارف اسلامی".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
- ^ zare, meysam (2019-04-02). . جاذبه های گردشگری - گیلان من (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2019-04-04. Retrieved 2019-04-06.
- ^ http://nikookaran.ir/Portal/Home/ShowPage.aspx?Object=Contact&CategoryID=f1a3ff2a-0a52-497e-966b-297d5d06abd8&WebPartID=a77e46f5-1402-46f2-81bc-778daaff99e6&ID=c3b86c88-5d30-4c26-913c-52e5a0161523
- ^ Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.
- ^ http://www.irimo.ir/english/statistics/climanormals/gilan/astara.txt[bare URL plain text file]
- ^ "Language distribution: Gilan Province". Iran Atlas. 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
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External links
- Astara entry in the
- Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.