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Armenian victims of the Great Purge

January 01, 1970

Armenian victims of the Great Purge included Armenian intellectuals, writers, artists, Bolshevik and later Soviet statesmen, military commanders, and religious figures. Orchestrated by Joseph Stalin, the Great Purge was a campaign of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union against supposed "enemies of the people," including members of the Communist Party, the peasantry, writers and intellectuals, and other unaffiliated persons. The worst period, under NKVD head Nikolay Yezhov, was known as the Yezhovschina ('period of Yezhov'). In the years from 1936 to 1938, thousands of people suffered from Stalinist repressions in Soviet Armenia.

The Statue of Stalin in Yerevan, removed in 1962 and replaced by Mother Armenia in 1967.

Background edit

The process of the Great Purge in Armenia is usually dated to 9 July 1936, with the assassination of Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian by Lavrentiy Beria in Tiflis (Tbilisi). The death was the result of a political struggle between Beria and Khanjian. At first, Beria framed Khanjian's death as "suicide," but soon condemned him for abetting "rabid nationalist elements."[1] After Khanjian's death, Beria promoted his loyalists in Armenia, Amatuni Amatuni as Armenian First Secretary and Khachik Mughdusi as chief of the Armenian NKVD.[2] Under the command of Beria's allies, the campaign against "enemies" intensified. Expressions of "nationalism" were suspect and many leading Armenian writers, artists, scientists, and intellectuals were executed or imprisoned, including Axel Bakunts, Yeghishe Charents, Gurgen Mahari, Nersik Stepanyan, and others. According to Amatuni in a June 1937 letter to Stalin, 1,365 people were arrested in the ten months after the death of Khanjian, among them 900 "Dashnak-Trotskyists."[1]

The arrest and death of Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan in August 1937 was a turning point in the repressions. When being interrogated by Mughdusi, Ter-Gabrielyan "either jumped or was thrown from" the window of the NKVD building in Yerevan.[3] Stalin was angered that Mughdusi and Amatuni neglected to inform him about the incident.[2] In response, in September 1937, he sent Georgy Malenkov, Mikhail Litvin, and later Anastas Mikoyan to oversee a purge of the Communist Party of Armenia. During his trip to Armenia, Mikoyan tried, but failed, to save one individual (Daniel "Danush" Shahverdyan) from being executed.[2] More than a thousand people were arrested and seven of nine members of the Armenian Politburo were sacked from office.[4] The trip also resulted in the appointment of a new Armenian Party leadership, headed by Grigory Arutinov, who was approved by Beria.[5]

The Armenian Apostolic Church was not spared from the repressions. Soviet attacks against the Church under Stalin were known since 1929, but momentarily eased to improve the Soviet Union's relations with the Armenian diaspora. In 1932, Khoren I became Catholicos of All Armenians and assumed the leadership of the church. However, in the late 1930s, the Armenian NKVD, led by Mughdusi and his successor, Viktor Khvorostyan, renewed the attacks against the Church.[6] These attacks culminated in the 1938 murder of Khoren and the closing of the Catholicate of Etchmiadzin, an act for which Beria is usually held responsible.[7] However, the Church survived and was later revived when Stalin eased restrictions on religion at the end of World War II.[6] In addition to the repression of the Church, thousands of Armenians were forcibly exiled to the Altai Krai in 1949.[8][9] Many were repatriated Armenians who arrived from the Armenian diaspora.[10]

After Stalin's death, Anastas Mikoyan called for the rehabilitation of Charents in a speech in Yerevan on 11 March 1954, beginning de-Stalinization and the Thaw in Armenia.[2]

List edit

Below is the incomplete list of Great Purge victims from the Armenian SSR, or victims of Stalinism of ethnic Armenian origin.

Death date and location Name Photo Occupation Rehabilitation
9 July 1936[11]
in Tiflis[11] 		Aghasi Khanjian   First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia 1930-1936
25 August 1936[12]
in Moscow[12] 		Vagarshak Ter-Vaganyan   Bolshevik revolutionary
8 July 1937[13] Axel Bakunts   Writer
8 July 1937[14] Nersik Stepanyan Soviet economist, statesman
21 August 1937[15] Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan   Bolshevik revolutionary
September 1937[16] Sarkis Kasyan   Bolshevik revolutionary[17]
20 September 1937[18] Lev Karakhan   Bolshevik revolutionary
22 November 1937[19] Movses Silikyan   Military commander in the Russian and Armenian armies
27 November 1937[20]
in Yerevan prison hospital 		Yeghishe Charents   Poet, "the main Armenian poet of the 20th century"[21] 11 March 1954 (exonerated)[2]
9 March 1955 (rehabilitated)[2]
27 November 1937[22] Ruben Rubenov Politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan 1933
10 December 1937[23] Christophor Araratov   Military commander in the Russian and Armenian armies
11 December 1937[24]
in Moscow 		Hayk Bzhishkyan   Bolshevik revolutionary, military commander 1956
1937 Sargis Lukashin   Politician, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Armenia from 1922 to 1925
19 March 1938[25] Ashkharbek Kalantar   Archaeologist
6 April 1938[26]
by NKVD[27] 		Khoren I   Head of the Armenian Church
21 April 1938[28] Suren Shadunts   Politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan 1934-1937
18 July 1938[29][30] Vahan Totovents   Writer
1 August 1938[31] Alexander Bekzadyan   Soviet politician 1956
1938[32] Hovhannes Katchaznouni   Former Dashnak politician, Prime Minister of Armenia 1918-19
26 February 1939[33][34] Levon Mirzoyan   Politician, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan 1926-29, First Secretary of Kazakh Communist Party 1937-38
24 October 1941[2] Daniel "Danush" Shahverdyan 80px Soviet statesman 25 September 1954[2]
1943[35] Zabel Yesayan Novelist

References edit

  1. ^ a b Barseghyan, Artak R. (July 9, 2021). "Кто убил Агаси Ханджяна?" [Who killed Aghasi Khanjian?]. armradio.am (in Russian). Public Radio of Armenia. from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Shakarian, Pietro A. (12 November 2021). "Yerevan 1954: Anastas Mikoyan and Nationality Reform in the Thaw, 1954–1964". Peripheral Histories. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  3. ^ Melkonian, Eduard (1 December 2010). "Repressions in 1930s Soviet Armenia" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. p. 8. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  4. ^ Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power: The Revolution from Above, 1928-1941. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 488–489. ISBN 0-393-30869-3.
  5. ^ Mirzoyan, Gamlet (March 2009). "Советские правители Армении: ЭСКИЗ седьмой - Арутюнян (Арутинов) Г.А." [Soviet Leaders of Armenia: Excerpt Seven - Arutyunyan (Arutinov) G. A.]. noev-kovcheg.ru (in Russian). from the original on 2014-11-16. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b Matossian, Mary Kilbourne (1962). The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 150, 194.
  7. ^ Hayrapetyan, Kanakara (2018). "Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա. Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ [Historiographical analysis of the mysterious death of Khoren I Muradbekyan, Catholicos of All Armenians]". Etchmiadzin (in Armenian). 75 (7): 145.
  8. ^ Yalanuzyan, Mikael (31 August 2021). "Exile to Siberia". EVN Report. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  9. ^ Polian, Pavel Markovich (2004). Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR. Translated by Anna Yastrzhembska. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 333. ISBN 9789639241688.
  10. ^ Jo Laycock (2016). "Survivor or Soviet Stories? Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories, Memories and Identities" (PDF). History and Memory. 28 (2): 123–151. doi:10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. ISSN 0935-560X. JSTOR 10.2979/histmemo.28.2.0123. S2CID 159467141.
  11. ^ a b Adalian 2010, p. 383.
  12. ^ a b . Noev Kovcheg. February 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 14 September 2013.
  13. ^ Bardakjian, Kevork B. (2000). A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature, 1500-1920: With an Introductory History. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press. p. 302. ISBN 9780814327470.
  14. ^ Mirzoyan, Gamlet (February 2009). "Советские правители Армении: Эскиз Шестой - Аматуни (Вардапетян) А.С." [Soviet Leaders of Armenia: Excerpt Six - Amatuni (Vardapetyan) A. S.]. noev-kovcheg.ru (in Russian). from the original on 2009-03-14. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Армяне в "деле Лаврентия Берия"". Noev Kovcheg. October 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  16. ^ Studies on the Soviet Union, Volumes 6-7, Institute for the Study of the USSR., 1966, p. 76
  17. ^ Adalian 2010, p. 374.
  18. ^ Rogovin, Vadim (2009). Stalin's Terror of 1937-1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Oak Park, MI: Mehring Books. p. 112. ISBN 9781893638044.
  19. ^ Սահակյան, Ռուբեն (26 September 2012). "Գեներալ-լեյտենանտ Մովսես Սիլիկյան (կենսագրության անհայտ էջեր)". Պատմա-բանասիրական հանդես (2): 63–74.
  20. ^ Nichanian, Marc (2002). Writers of Disaster: Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century, Volume 1. Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Institute. p. 2. ISBN 9781903656099.
  21. ^ Coene, Frederik (2010). The Caucasus: an introduction. London: Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 9780415486606.
  22. ^ Реабилитация--как это было: Март 1953-февраль 1956 Андрей Артизов Междунар. фонд "Демократия", 2000 p. 181
  23. ^ . Novoye Vremya. 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  24. ^ http://lists.memo.ru/d7/f487.htm Memorial (society)
  25. ^ Ter Minassian, Taline (2007). Erevan : la construction d'une capitale à l'époque soviétique (in French). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. p. 44. ISBN 978-2753503694.
  26. ^ Payaslian, Simon (2007). The History of Armenia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN 9781403974679.
  27. ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 259. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
  28. ^ "Шадунц Сурен Константинович". Sakharov Center. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  29. ^ "Vahan Totovents". writers.am. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  30. ^ . 1in.am (in Armenian). 18 July 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  31. ^ "1937 К 75-летию великого террора". Kommersant. 19 November 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  32. ^ Walker 1990, p. 424.
  33. ^ "Мирзоян Левон Исаевич". Sakharov Center. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  34. ^ "Мирзоян Левон Исаевич". Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  35. ^ Ruth Bedevian. "Zabel Yessayan Biography". Armenianhouse. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
Bibliography

January 01, 1970
armenian, victims, great, purge, included, armenian, intellectuals, writers, artists, bolshevik, later, soviet, statesmen, military, commanders, religious, figures, orchestrated, joseph, stalin, great, purge, campaign, political, repression, persecution, sovie. Armenian victims of the Great Purge included Armenian intellectuals writers artists Bolshevik and later Soviet statesmen military commanders and religious figures Orchestrated by Joseph Stalin the Great Purge was a campaign of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union against supposed enemies of the people including members of the Communist Party the peasantry writers and intellectuals and other unaffiliated persons The worst period under NKVD head Nikolay Yezhov was known as the Yezhovschina period of Yezhov In the years from 1936 to 1938 thousands of people suffered from Stalinist repressions in Soviet Armenia The Statue of Stalin in Yerevan removed in 1962 and replaced by Mother Armenia in 1967 Background editThe process of the Great Purge in Armenia is usually dated to 9 July 1936 with the assassination of Armenian First Secretary Aghasi Khanjian by Lavrentiy Beria in Tiflis Tbilisi The death was the result of a political struggle between Beria and Khanjian At first Beria framed Khanjian s death as suicide but soon condemned him for abetting rabid nationalist elements 1 After Khanjian s death Beria promoted his loyalists in Armenia Amatuni Amatuni as Armenian First Secretary and Khachik Mughdusi as chief of the Armenian NKVD 2 Under the command of Beria s allies the campaign against enemies intensified Expressions of nationalism were suspect and many leading Armenian writers artists scientists and intellectuals were executed or imprisoned including Axel Bakunts Yeghishe Charents Gurgen Mahari Nersik Stepanyan and others According to Amatuni in a June 1937 letter to Stalin 1 365 people were arrested in the ten months after the death of Khanjian among them 900 Dashnak Trotskyists 1 The arrest and death of Sahak Ter Gabrielyan in August 1937 was a turning point in the repressions When being interrogated by Mughdusi Ter Gabrielyan either jumped or was thrown from the window of the NKVD building in Yerevan 3 Stalin was angered that Mughdusi and Amatuni neglected to inform him about the incident 2 In response in September 1937 he sent Georgy Malenkov Mikhail Litvin and later Anastas Mikoyan to oversee a purge of the Communist Party of Armenia During his trip to Armenia Mikoyan tried but failed to save one individual Daniel Danush Shahverdyan from being executed 2 More than a thousand people were arrested and seven of nine members of the Armenian Politburo were sacked from office 4 The trip also resulted in the appointment of a new Armenian Party leadership headed by Grigory Arutinov who was approved by Beria 5 The Armenian Apostolic Church was not spared from the repressions Soviet attacks against the Church under Stalin were known since 1929 but momentarily eased to improve the Soviet Union s relations with the Armenian diaspora In 1932 Khoren I became Catholicos of All Armenians and assumed the leadership of the church However in the late 1930s the Armenian NKVD led by Mughdusi and his successor Viktor Khvorostyan renewed the attacks against the Church 6 These attacks culminated in the 1938 murder of Khoren and the closing of the Catholicate of Etchmiadzin an act for which Beria is usually held responsible 7 However the Church survived and was later revived when Stalin eased restrictions on religion at the end of World War II 6 In addition to the repression of the Church thousands of Armenians were forcibly exiled to the Altai Krai in 1949 8 9 Many were repatriated Armenians who arrived from the Armenian diaspora 10 After Stalin s death Anastas Mikoyan called for the rehabilitation of Charents in a speech in Yerevan on 11 March 1954 beginning de Stalinization and the Thaw in Armenia 2 List editBelow is the incomplete list of Great Purge victims from the Armenian SSR or victims of Stalinism of ethnic Armenian origin Death date and location Name Photo Occupation Rehabilitation 9 July 1936 11 in Tiflis 11 Aghasi Khanjian nbsp First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia 1930 1936 25 August 1936 12 in Moscow 12 Vagarshak Ter Vaganyan nbsp Bolshevik revolutionary 8 July 1937 13 Axel Bakunts nbsp Writer 8 July 1937 14 Nersik Stepanyan Soviet economist statesman 21 August 1937 15 Sahak Ter Gabrielyan nbsp Bolshevik revolutionary September 1937 16 Sarkis Kasyan nbsp Bolshevik revolutionary 17 20 September 1937 18 Lev Karakhan nbsp Bolshevik revolutionary 22 November 1937 19 Movses Silikyan nbsp Military commander in the Russian and Armenian armies 27 November 1937 20 in Yerevan prison hospital Yeghishe Charents nbsp Poet the main Armenian poet of the 20th century 21 11 March 1954 exonerated 2 9 March 1955 rehabilitated 2 27 November 1937 22 Ruben Rubenov Politician First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan 1933 10 December 1937 23 Christophor Araratov nbsp Military commander in the Russian and Armenian armies 11 December 1937 24 in Moscow Hayk Bzhishkyan nbsp Bolshevik revolutionary military commander 1956 1937 Sargis Lukashin nbsp Politician the Chairman of the Council of People s Commissars of Armenia from 1922 to 1925 19 March 1938 25 Ashkharbek Kalantar nbsp Archaeologist 6 April 1938 26 by NKVD 27 Khoren I nbsp Head of the Armenian Church 21 April 1938 28 Suren Shadunts nbsp Politician First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan 1934 1937 18 July 1938 29 30 Vahan Totovents nbsp Writer 1 August 1938 31 Alexander Bekzadyan nbsp Soviet politician 1956 1938 32 Hovhannes Katchaznouni nbsp Former Dashnak politician Prime Minister of Armenia 1918 19 26 February 1939 33 34 Levon Mirzoyan nbsp Politician First Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan 1926 29 First Secretary of Kazakh Communist Party 1937 38 24 October 1941 2 Daniel Danush Shahverdyan 80px Soviet statesman 25 September 1954 2 1943 35 Zabel Yesayan NovelistReferences edit a b Barseghyan Artak R July 9 2021 Kto ubil Agasi Handzhyana Who killed Aghasi Khanjian armradio am in Russian Public Radio of Armenia Archived from the original on 2021 07 09 Retrieved 12 December 2021 a b c d e f g h Shakarian Pietro A 12 November 2021 Yerevan 1954 Anastas Mikoyan and Nationality Reform in the Thaw 1954 1964 Peripheral Histories Retrieved 12 December 2021 Melkonian Eduard 1 December 2010 Repressions in 1930s Soviet Armenia PDF Caucasus Analytical Digest p 8 Retrieved 12 December 2021 Tucker Robert 1992 Stalin in Power The Revolution from Above 1928 1941 New York W W Norton amp Company pp 488 489 ISBN 0 393 30869 3 Mirzoyan Gamlet March 2009 Sovetskie praviteli Armenii ESKIZ sedmoj Arutyunyan Arutinov G A Soviet Leaders of Armenia Excerpt Seven Arutyunyan Arutinov G A noev kovcheg ru in Russian Archived from the original on 2014 11 16 Retrieved 12 December 2021 a b Matossian Mary Kilbourne 1962 The Impact of Soviet Policies in Armenia Leiden E J Brill pp 150 194 Hayrapetyan Kanakara 2018 Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոս Խորէն Ա Մուրադբեկյանի մահվան առեղծվածի վերլուծությունը պատմագիտության մեջ Historiographical analysis of the mysterious death of Khoren I Muradbekyan Catholicos of All Armenians Etchmiadzin in Armenian 75 7 145 Yalanuzyan Mikael 31 August 2021 Exile to Siberia EVN Report Retrieved 12 December 2021 Polian Pavel Markovich 2004 Against Their Will The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR Translated by Anna Yastrzhembska Budapest Central European University Press p 333 ISBN 9789639241688 Jo Laycock 2016 Survivor or Soviet Stories Repatriate Narratives in Armenian Histories Memories and Identities PDF History and Memory 28 2 123 151 doi 10 2979 histmemo 28 2 0123 ISSN 0935 560X JSTOR 10 2979 histmemo 28 2 0123 S2CID 159467141 a b Adalian 2010 p 383 a b Sovetskie praviteli Armenii Noev Kovcheg February 2009 Archived from the original on 13 March 2019 Retrieved 14 September 2013 Bardakjian Kevork B 2000 A Reference Guide to Modern Armenian Literature 1500 1920 With an Introductory History Detroit Wayne State Univ Press p 302 ISBN 9780814327470 Mirzoyan Gamlet February 2009 Sovetskie praviteli Armenii Eskiz Shestoj Amatuni Vardapetyan A S Soviet Leaders of Armenia Excerpt Six Amatuni Vardapetyan A S noev kovcheg ru in Russian Archived from the original on 2009 03 14 Retrieved 29 January 2021 Armyane v dele Lavrentiya Beriya Noev Kovcheg October 2009 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Studies on the Soviet Union Volumes 6 7 Institute for the Study of the USSR 1966 p 76 Adalian 2010 p 374 Rogovin Vadim 2009 Stalin s Terror of 1937 1938 Political Genocide in the USSR Oak Park MI Mehring Books p 112 ISBN 9781893638044 Սահակյան Ռուբեն 26 September 2012 Գեներալ լեյտենանտ Մովսես Սիլիկյան կենսագրության անհայտ էջեր Պատմա բանասիրական հանդես 2 63 74 Nichanian Marc 2002 Writers of Disaster Armenian Literature in the Twentieth Century Volume 1 Princeton NJ Gomidas Institute p 2 ISBN 9781903656099 Coene Frederik 2010 The Caucasus an introduction London Routledge p 204 ISBN 9780415486606 Reabilitaciya kak eto bylo Mart 1953 fevral 1956 Andrej Artizov Mezhdunar fond Demokratiya 2000 p 181 Otechestvo i chest Hristofora Araratova Novoye Vremya 14 January 2012 Archived from the original on 18 November 2015 Retrieved 25 September 2013 http lists memo ru d7 f487 htm Memorial society Ter Minassian Taline 2007 Erevan la construction d une capitale a l epoque sovietique in French Rennes Presses universitaires de Rennes p 44 ISBN 978 2753503694 Payaslian Simon 2007 The History of Armenia New York Palgrave Macmillan p 179 ISBN 9781403974679 Hewsen Robert H 2001 Armenia A Historical Atlas Chicago University of Chicago Press p 259 ISBN 0 226 33228 4 Shadunc Suren Konstantinovich Sakharov Center Retrieved 25 September 2013 Vahan Totovents writers am Retrieved 21 September 2013 1938 թ այս օրը վախճանվեց հայ արձակագիր դրամատուրգ և բանաստեղծ Վահան Թոթովենցը 1in am in Armenian 18 July 2012 Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 Retrieved 21 September 2013 1937 K 75 letiyu velikogo terrora Kommersant 19 November 2012 Retrieved 25 September 2013 Walker 1990 p 424 Mirzoyan Levon Isaevich Sakharov Center Retrieved 25 September 2013 Mirzoyan Levon Isaevich Great Soviet Encyclopedia Retrieved 25 September 2013 Ruth Bedevian Zabel Yessayan Biography Armenianhouse Retrieved 10 October 2011 Bibliography Adalian Rouben Paul 2010 Historical Dictionary of Armenia Lanham Maryland Scarecrow Press ISBN 978 0 8108 7450 3 Manoukian A S 18 September 2000 Հայաստանի հասարակական քաղաքական գործիչները ստալինյան բռնությունների տարիներին Armenian public political figures in the years of Stalin repressions Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri in Armenian 1 1 27 41 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a volume has extra text help Walker Christopher J 1990 Armenia The Survival of a Nation revised second ed New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0 312 04230 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Armenian victims of the Great Purge amp oldid 1220653459, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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