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Arion distinctus

December 07, 2023

Arion distinctus is a species of air-breathing land slug in the family Arionidae, sometimes known as the roundback slugs. It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc. Several vernacular names exist, but it is unclear if they are much in use: brown soil slug, common garden slug, darkface arion, Mabille's orange-soled slug, April slug.[1]

Arion distinctus
Arion distinctus from the Czech Republic
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Arionidae
Genus: Arion
Species:
A. distinctus
Binomial name
Arion distinctus
Mabille, 1868

Taxonomic background edit

Arion hortensis was described by Férussac in 1819.[2] Only in the 1970s did the amateur malacologist Stella Davies discover that in Britain that name had been applied to three distinct species.[3] Later the name Arion distinctus was used for the one of these species that Davies had provisionally called "form A".[4][5] Mabille's original 1868 description of A. distinctus[6] included details (coloration, date of collection) that tended to indicate this species rather than Arion hortensis s.s.[5] No type survived, so a neotype has been designated, collected from the same rough locality (near Sèvres, Paris).[5]

Identification edit

As in other members of the genus Arion, the pneumostome is in the anterior half of the mantle. Arion distinctus never gets bigger than about 4 cm extended.[1] In contrast with members of the subgenus Carinarion (e.g. Arion circumscriptus), there is no dorsal line of pale tubercles suggesting a keel and the shape of the body in cross-section is a segment of a circle rather than a bell shape.[7] Arion distinctus lacks the prickly tubercles of A. intermedius, and is larger and darker with prominent lateral bands.[1] Arion subfuscus and A. fuscus can look similar to A. distinctus when preserved, but these species in life have bright orange mucus on the body and a pale sole, whereas in A. distinctus the sole appears yellow or orange from the sole mucus, but the body mucus is not coloured.[1]

However, reliable discrimination from other members of the subgenus Kobeltia is not always straightforward on external characters.[1] In much of Western Europe the Kobeltia species most likely to be confused is A. hortensis; mixed populations often occur.[8] Authorities differ in their advice on how reliably the two species can be separated using external characters when alive.[5][9][8] Useful indications are that A. distinctus has dark tentacles without the red or violet tinge typical of A. hortensis, the general appearance of its back is yellower or browner than in A. hortensis, the row of tubercles directly above the sole is not as white as is typical of A. hortensis, and (least reliably) the lateral bands tend to be lower, running through the pneumostome rather than above.[3][5][8][1] If dissection reveals a two-partite oviduct, one can be sure of A. distinctus, but in most regions a sizeable proportion of individuals have a three-partite oviduct like that of A. hortensis.[3] The definitive character, distinguishing A. distinctus from all other Kobeltia species, is a conical structure inside the atrium that covers the entrance to the epiphallus,[3][10][11] but it is not developed in juveniles.[12] The structure is involved in receiving the partner's spermatophore.[3]

Habitat edit

Arion distinctus occurs in a variety of moist habitats, including gardens, waste ground and woodland, but may be absent in harsh upland habitats.[13] In Switzerland it occurs up to 2000 m.[14] It is typically found amongst ground litter or sheltering under wood, stones and soil clods. Studies in agriculture and horticulture have often not distinguished A. distinctus and A. hortensis, but both species are considered to be economically significant pests.[15][16]

Distribution edit

This species is believed native to Western, Northern and Central Europe, but has spread eastwards, particularly in synanthropic habitats. The Andorran occurrences are the only confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.

Arion distinctus has also been introduced beyond Europe. The following include only records in which A. distinctus has explicitly been distinguished from A. hortensis.

Life cycle and reproduction edit

Unfortunately with most relevant studies it is unclear to what extent the authors were dealing with populations of the sibling species A. hortensis or with mixed populations. However, a more recent study of a pure A. distinctus population in southern England reports results comparable with most others[41] (but not with Hunter 1968,[42] so that study might have concerned A. hortensis). The majority of individuals matured in early winter and adults persisted until summer. Eggs laid at the beginning of this period produced animals of adult size already by the start of summer, but these disappeared underground over summer and did not mature reproductively until the end of the year. This is an annual life cycle. The development of slugs hatching from eggs laid later in spring appeared to be delayed by the dry summer conditions, generating a bimodal size distribution in autumn, and these slugs only matured in spring, with possibly some delaying further. Hence, most studies have reported a full range of sizes of this species throughout the year, although reproducing adults are largely absent over summer and autumn. Arion distinctus matures several weeks or more later than the sibling species A. hortensis.[3][8] In captivity eggs took about 27 days to hatch at 12–15 °C.[41]

Genetic evidence implies that A. distinctus is at least predominantly an outbreeder.[43] In captivity it only produced offspring when it had had the company of a conspecific.[3] The two oviduct morphs of A. distinctus mate with each other freely, even though only the tripartite form is able to evert its oviduct over the back of the partner.[3] Coitus lasts 20–30 min, considerably shorter than in A. hortensis.[3] Arion distinctus has been observed mating with A. hortensis in the wild, but no hybrids have been observed.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Rowson, Ben; Turner, James; Anderson, Roy; Symondson, Bill (2014). Slugs of Britain and Ireland: identification, understanding and control. Telford: Field Studies Council. ISBN 978-1-908819-13-0.
  2. ^ Férussac, J. B. L. d'Audebard de (1819). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles 2. p. 196.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Davies, S.M. (1977). "The Arion hortensis complex with notes on A. intermedius Normand (Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Journal of Conchology. 29: 173–187.
  4. ^ Davies, S.M. (1979). "Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae), with the description of a new species, Arion owenii". Journal of Conchology. 30: 123–127.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Winter, A.J. de (1984). "The Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae): designation of types, descriptions, and distributional patterns, with special reference to the Netherlands". Zoologische Mededelingen. 59 (1): 1–17.
  6. ^ Mabille, J. (1868). Archives malacologiques, 3. Des Limaciens européens. Paris. pp. 33–52.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Kerney, M.P.; Cameron, R.A.D. (1979). A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-West Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0002196765.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Iglesias, J.; Speiser, B. (2001). "Distribution of Arion hortensis s.s. and Arion distinctus in northern Switzerland". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 67 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1093/mollus/67.2.209.
  9. ^ a b Barker, G.M. (1999). Fauna of New Zealand 38: naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 978-0-478-09322-3.
  10. ^ Backeljau, T.; Van Beeck, M. (1986). "Epiphallus anatomy in the Arion hortensis species aggregate (Mollusca, Pulmonata)". Zoologica Scripta. 15: 61–68. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00209.x. S2CID 84574780.
  11. ^ Dvořák, L.; Backeljau, T.; Reischütz, P.L.; Horsák, M.; Breugelmans, K.; Jordaens, K. (2006). "Arion alpinus Pollonera, 1887 in the Czech Republic (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 5: 51–55. doi:10.5817/MaB2006-5-51.
  12. ^ De Wilde, J.J.A. (1983). "Notes on the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium (Mollusca, Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Annales de la Société royale zoologique de Belgique. 113 (1): 87–96.
  13. ^ Kerney, M.P. (1999). Atlas of Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Harley Books: Harley Books. ISBN 9780946589487.
  14. ^ Boschi, C. (2011). Die Schneckenfauna der Schweiz: ein umfassendes Bild- und Bestimmungsbuch. Bern: Haupt Verlag. ISBN 9783258076973.
  15. ^ Glen, D.M.; Milsom, N.F.; Wiltshire, C.W. (1989). "Effects of seed‐bed conditions on slug numbers and damage to winter wheat in a clay soil". Annals of Applied Biology. 115 (1): 177–190. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1989.tb06825.x.
  16. ^ Allen-Stevens, T., ed. (July 2018). Slug control, a grower's guide (PDF). Crop Production Magazine.
  17. ^ Borredà, V.; Martínez-Ortí, A.; Nicolau, J. (2010). Guia de camp dels Molluscs d'Andorra. Sant Julià de la Lòria, Andorra: Centre d'Estudis de la Neu i de la Muntanya de l'Institut d'Estudis Andorrans. ISBN 978-99920-2-055-5.
  18. ^ Reischütz, P.L. (1986). "Die Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken Österreichs (Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae, Boettgerillidae) (Supplement 2 des Catalogus Faunae Austriae)" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung I. 195 (5): 67–190.
  19. ^ De Wilde, J.J. (1986). "Further notes on the species of the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium (Mollusca, Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Annales de la Société royale zoologique de Belgique. 116 (1): 71–74.
  20. ^ a b c d Wiktor, A. (1996). "The slugs of the former Yugoslavia (Gastropoda terrestria nuda--Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae)". Annales Zoologici. 46: 1–110.
  21. ^ a b Horsáak, M.; Juřičková, L.; Picka, J. (2013). Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Zlín: Kabourek. ISBN 978-80-86447-15-5.
  22. ^ Backeljau, T.; De Bruyn, L. (1988). "Notes on Arion hortensis s.l. and Arion fasciatus s.l. in Denmark (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Apex. 4 (3): 41–48.
  23. ^ Solhøy, T. (1981). "Terrestrial invertebrates of the Faroe Islands: IV. Slugs and snails (Gastropoda): Checklist, distribution, and habitats". Fauna Norv. Ser. A. 2: 14–27.
  24. ^ Koivunen, A.; Malinen, P.; Ormio, H.; Terhivuo, J.; Valovirta, I. (2014). Suomen kotilot ja etanat: opas maanilviästen maailmaan. Helsinki: Hyönteistarvike Tibale Oy. ISBN 978-952-67544-6-8.
  25. ^ Deutsche Namen für einheimische Schnecken und Muscheln
  26. ^ Manganelli, G.; Bodon, M.; Favilli, L.; Giusti, F. (1995). "16. Gastropoda Pulmonata". In Minelli, A.; Ruffo, S.; La Posta, S. (eds.). Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Bologna: Calderini. pp. 1–60.
  27. ^ Greke, C. (1999). "Die Arionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) Lettlands" (PDF). Nachrichtenblatt der Ersten Vorarlberger Malakologischen Gesellschaft. 7: 6–8.
  28. ^ Skujienė, G. (2004). "Arion distinctus Mabille, 1868 (Gastropoda: Pilmonata: Arionidae) in Lithuania". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 14 (2): 71–76. doi:10.1080/13921657.2004.10512582.
  29. ^ Backeljau, T.; De Meyer, M.; Janssens, L.; Proesmans, R. (1983). "Some interesting records of land molluscs in northern Norway". Fauna norvegica. Serie A. 4: 7–10.
  30. ^ Wiktor, A (2004). Ślimaki lądowe Polski. Olsztyn: Mantis. ISBN 978-83-918125-1-8.
  31. ^ Tappert, A. (2009). "Die Molluskenfauna von Moskau und Moskauer Oblast, Russland". Schriften zur Malakozooogie. 24: 5–62.
  32. ^ von Proschwitz, T. "Arion distinctus: Trädgårdssnigel". Artfakta. SLU. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  33. ^ Gural-Sverlova, N.V.; Gural, R.I. (2016). "New findings of the slugs Arion distinctus and Arion circumscriptus (Arionidae) in the territory of Ukraine [in Russian]". Ruthenica. 26 (1): 17–23.
  34. ^ Cunha, R.; Rodrigues, P.; Martins, A. Frias (2010). "List of molluscs (Mollusca)". In Borges, P.A.V.; et al. (eds.). A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Cascais: Princípia. pp. 165–177. ISBN 978-989-8131-75-1.
  35. ^ Seddon, M.B. (2008). BIOTIR2: the landsnails of Madeira. Cardiff: Amgeddfa Cymru—National Museum Wales. ISBN 978-0-7200-0585-1.
  36. ^ Herbert, D.G. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. Pretoria: South African Biodiversity Institute. ISBN 978-1-919976-56-3.
  37. ^ Grimm, F.W.; Forsyth, R.G.; Schueler, F.W.; Karstad, A. (2009). Identifying land snails and slugs in Canada: introduced species and native genera. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. ISBN 978-1-100-12439-1.
  38. ^ Mc Donnell, R.J.; Paine, T.D.; Gormally, M.J. (2009). Slugs: a guide to the invasive and native fauna of California (PDF). University of California. ISBN 978-1-60107-564-2.
  39. ^ Pearce, T.A.; Bayne, E.G. (2003). "Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819, species complex in Delaware and Pennsylvania, eastern USA (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Veliger. 46 (4): 362–363.
  40. ^ Tsai, C.-L.; Wu, S.-K. (2008). (PDF). Zoological Studies. 47 (6): 759–766. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  41. ^ a b Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H.; Skujienė, G (2017). "Life cycles and adult sizes of five co-occurring species of Arion slugs". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 83: 88–105. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyw042.
  42. ^ Hunter, P.J. (1968). "Studies of slugs of arable ground II. Life cycles". Malacologia. 6: 379–389.
  43. ^ Foltz, D.W.; Ochman, H.; Jones, J.S.; Evangeli, S.M.; Selander, R.K. (1982). "Genetic population structure and breeding systems in arionid slugs (Mollusca: Pulmonata)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 17 (3): 225–241. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02018.x.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arion distinctus.
  • Arion distinctus at Animalbase: taxonomy, short description, distribution, biology,status (threats), images
  • Arion distinctus images at the Encyclopedia of Life

December 07, 2023
arion, distinctus, species, breathing, land, slug, family, arionidae, sometimes, known, roundback, slugs, terrestrial, pulmonate, gastropod, mollusc, several, vernacular, names, exist, unclear, they, much, brown, soil, slug, common, garden, slug, darkface, ari. Arion distinctus is a species of air breathing land slug in the family Arionidae sometimes known as the roundback slugs It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc Several vernacular names exist but it is unclear if they are much in use brown soil slug common garden slug darkface arion Mabille s orange soled slug April slug 1 Arion distinctusArion distinctus from the Czech RepublicScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass GastropodaSubclass HeterobranchiaOrder StylommatophoraFamily ArionidaeGenus ArionSpecies A distinctusBinomial nameArion distinctusMabille 1868 Contents 1 Taxonomic background 2 Identification 3 Habitat 4 Distribution 5 Life cycle and reproduction 6 References 7 External linksTaxonomic background editArion hortensis was described by Ferussac in 1819 2 Only in the 1970s did the amateur malacologist Stella Davies discover that in Britain that name had been applied to three distinct species 3 Later the name Arion distinctus was used for the one of these species that Davies had provisionally called form A 4 5 Mabille s original 1868 description of A distinctus 6 included details coloration date of collection that tended to indicate this species rather than Arion hortensis s s 5 No type survived so a neotype has been designated collected from the same rough locality near Sevres Paris 5 Identification editAs in other members of the genus Arion the pneumostome is in the anterior half of the mantle Arion distinctus never gets bigger than about 4 cm extended 1 In contrast with members of the subgenus Carinarion e g Arion circumscriptus there is no dorsal line of pale tubercles suggesting a keel and the shape of the body in cross section is a segment of a circle rather than a bell shape 7 Arion distinctus lacks the prickly tubercles of A intermedius and is larger and darker with prominent lateral bands 1 Arion subfuscus and A fuscus can look similar to A distinctus when preserved but these species in life have bright orange mucus on the body and a pale sole whereas in A distinctus the sole appears yellow or orange from the sole mucus but the body mucus is not coloured 1 However reliable discrimination from other members of the subgenus Kobeltia is not always straightforward on external characters 1 In much of Western Europe the Kobeltia species most likely to be confused is A hortensis mixed populations often occur 8 Authorities differ in their advice on how reliably the two species can be separated using external characters when alive 5 9 8 Useful indications are that A distinctus has dark tentacles without the red or violet tinge typical of A hortensis the general appearance of its back is yellower or browner than in A hortensis the row of tubercles directly above the sole is not as white as is typical of A hortensis and least reliably the lateral bands tend to be lower running through the pneumostome rather than above 3 5 8 1 If dissection reveals a two partite oviduct one can be sure of A distinctus but in most regions a sizeable proportion of individuals have a three partite oviduct like that of A hortensis 3 The definitive character distinguishing A distinctus from all other Kobeltia species is a conical structure inside the atrium that covers the entrance to the epiphallus 3 10 11 but it is not developed in juveniles 12 The structure is involved in receiving the partner s spermatophore 3 Habitat editArion distinctus occurs in a variety of moist habitats including gardens waste ground and woodland but may be absent in harsh upland habitats 13 In Switzerland it occurs up to 2000 m 14 It is typically found amongst ground litter or sheltering under wood stones and soil clods Studies in agriculture and horticulture have often not distinguished A distinctus and A hortensis but both species are considered to be economically significant pests 15 16 Distribution editThis species is believed native to Western Northern and Central Europe but has spread eastwards particularly in synanthropic habitats The Andorran occurrences are the only confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula Andorra 17 Austria 5 18 Belgium 19 Bulgaria 20 Croatia 20 Czech Republic 21 Denmark 5 22 Faroe Islands 23 Finland 24 France 5 Germany 5 25 Great Britain 3 1 Hungary 20 Iceland 5 Ireland 3 1 Italy north only 26 Latvia 27 Lithuania 28 The Netherlands 5 Norway up to 69 6 N 29 Poland 30 Russia Moscow 31 Serbia 20 Slovakia 21 Sweden below 61 N 5 32 Switzerland 5 8 Ukraine 33 Arion distinctus has also been introduced beyond Europe The following include only records in which A distinctus has explicitly been distinguished from A hortensis Azores 34 Madeira 35 South Africa probable identification 36 Canada British Columbia Ontario Nova Scotia 37 USA California 38 Pennsylvania 39 Taiwan 40 New Zealand 9 Life cycle and reproduction editUnfortunately with most relevant studies it is unclear to what extent the authors were dealing with populations of the sibling species A hortensis or with mixed populations However a more recent study of a pure A distinctus population in southern England reports results comparable with most others 41 but not with Hunter 1968 42 so that study might have concerned A hortensis The majority of individuals matured in early winter and adults persisted until summer Eggs laid at the beginning of this period produced animals of adult size already by the start of summer but these disappeared underground over summer and did not mature reproductively until the end of the year This is an annual life cycle The development of slugs hatching from eggs laid later in spring appeared to be delayed by the dry summer conditions generating a bimodal size distribution in autumn and these slugs only matured in spring with possibly some delaying further Hence most studies have reported a full range of sizes of this species throughout the year although reproducing adults are largely absent over summer and autumn Arion distinctus matures several weeks or more later than the sibling species A hortensis 3 8 In captivity eggs took about 27 days to hatch at 12 15 C 41 Genetic evidence implies that A distinctus is at least predominantly an outbreeder 43 In captivity it only produced offspring when it had had the company of a conspecific 3 The two oviduct morphs of A distinctus mate with each other freely even though only the tripartite form is able to evert its oviduct over the back of the partner 3 Coitus lasts 20 30 min considerably shorter than in A hortensis 3 Arion distinctus has been observed mating with A hortensis in the wild but no hybrids have been observed 8 References edit a b c d e f g h Rowson Ben Turner James Anderson Roy Symondson Bill 2014 Slugs of Britain and Ireland identification understanding and control Telford Field Studies Council ISBN 978 1 908819 13 0 Ferussac J B L d Audebard de 1819 Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles 2 p 196 a b c d e f g h i j k Davies S M 1977 The Arion hortensis complex with notes on A intermedius Normand Pulmonata Arionidae Journal of Conchology 29 173 187 Davies S M 1979 Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex Pulmonata Arionidae with the description of a new species Arion owenii Journal of Conchology 30 123 127 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Winter A J de 1984 The Arion hortensis complex Pulmonata Arionidae designation of types descriptions and distributional patterns with special reference to the Netherlands Zoologische Mededelingen 59 1 1 17 Mabille J 1868 Archives malacologiques 3 Des Limaciens europeens Paris pp 33 52 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Kerney M P Cameron R A D 1979 A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North West Europe London Collins ISBN 978 0002196765 a b c d e f Iglesias J Speiser B 2001 Distribution of Arion hortensis s s and Arion distinctus in northern Switzerland Journal of Molluscan Studies 67 2 209 214 doi 10 1093 mollus 67 2 209 a b Barker G M 1999 Fauna of New Zealand 38 naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora Lincoln New Zealand Manaaki Whenua Press ISBN 978 0 478 09322 3 Backeljau T Van Beeck M 1986 Epiphallus anatomy in the Arion hortensis species aggregate Mollusca Pulmonata Zoologica Scripta 15 61 68 doi 10 1111 j 1463 6409 1986 tb00209 x S2CID 84574780 Dvorak L Backeljau T Reischutz P L Horsak M Breugelmans K Jordaens K 2006 Arion alpinus Pollonera 1887 in the Czech Republic Gastropoda Arionidae Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 5 51 55 doi 10 5817 MaB2006 5 51 De Wilde J J A 1983 Notes on the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium Mollusca Pulmonata Arionidae Annales de la Societe royale zoologique de Belgique 113 1 87 96 Kerney M P 1999 Atlas of Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland Harley Books Harley Books ISBN 9780946589487 Boschi C 2011 Die Schneckenfauna der Schweiz ein umfassendes Bild und Bestimmungsbuch Bern Haupt Verlag ISBN 9783258076973 Glen D M Milsom N F Wiltshire C W 1989 Effects of seed bed conditions on slug numbers and damage to winter wheat in a clay soil Annals of Applied Biology 115 1 177 190 doi 10 1111 j 1744 7348 1989 tb06825 x Allen Stevens T ed July 2018 Slug control a grower s guide PDF Crop Production Magazine Borreda V Martinez Orti A Nicolau J 2010 Guia de camp dels Molluscs d Andorra Sant Julia de la Loria Andorra Centre d Estudis de la Neu i de la Muntanya de l Institut d Estudis Andorrans ISBN 978 99920 2 055 5 Reischutz P L 1986 Die Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken Osterreichs Arionidae Milacidae Limacidae Agriolimacidae Boettgerillidae Supplement 2 des Catalogus Faunae Austriae PDF Sitzungsberichte Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Klasse Abteilung I 195 5 67 190 De Wilde J J 1986 Further notes on the species of the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium Mollusca Pulmonata Arionidae Annales de la Societe royale zoologique de Belgique 116 1 71 74 a b c d Wiktor A 1996 The slugs of the former Yugoslavia Gastropoda terrestria nuda Arionidae Milacidae Limacidae Agriolimacidae Annales Zoologici 46 1 110 a b Horsaak M Jurickova L Picka J 2013 Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics Zlin Kabourek ISBN 978 80 86447 15 5 Backeljau T De Bruyn L 1988 Notes on Arion hortensis s l and Arion fasciatus s l in Denmark Gastropoda Pulmonata Apex 4 3 41 48 Solhoy T 1981 Terrestrial invertebrates of the Faroe Islands IV Slugs and snails Gastropoda Checklist distribution and habitats Fauna Norv Ser A 2 14 27 Koivunen A Malinen P Ormio H Terhivuo J Valovirta I 2014 Suomen kotilot ja etanat opas maanilviasten maailmaan Helsinki Hyonteistarvike Tibale Oy ISBN 978 952 67544 6 8 Deutsche Namen fur einheimische Schnecken und Muscheln Manganelli G Bodon M Favilli L Giusti F 1995 16 Gastropoda Pulmonata In Minelli A Ruffo S La Posta S eds Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana Bologna Calderini pp 1 60 Greke C 1999 Die Arionidae Gastropoda Pulmonata Lettlands PDF Nachrichtenblatt der Ersten Vorarlberger Malakologischen Gesellschaft 7 6 8 Skujiene G 2004 Arion distinctus Mabille 1868 Gastropoda Pilmonata Arionidae in Lithuania Acta Zoologica Lituanica 14 2 71 76 doi 10 1080 13921657 2004 10512582 Backeljau T De Meyer M Janssens L Proesmans R 1983 Some interesting records of land molluscs in northern Norway Fauna norvegica Serie A 4 7 10 Wiktor A 2004 Slimaki ladowe Polski Olsztyn Mantis ISBN 978 83 918125 1 8 Tappert A 2009 Die Molluskenfauna von Moskau und Moskauer Oblast Russland Schriften zur Malakozooogie 24 5 62 von Proschwitz T Arion distinctus Tradgardssnigel Artfakta SLU Retrieved 19 September 2018 Gural Sverlova N V Gural R I 2016 New findings of the slugs Arion distinctus and Arion circumscriptus Arionidae in the territory of Ukraine in Russian Ruthenica 26 1 17 23 Cunha R Rodrigues P Martins A Frias 2010 List of molluscs Mollusca In Borges P A V et al eds A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores Cascais Principia pp 165 177 ISBN 978 989 8131 75 1 Seddon M B 2008 BIOTIR2 the landsnails of Madeira Cardiff Amgeddfa Cymru National Museum Wales ISBN 978 0 7200 0585 1 Herbert D G 2010 The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa Pretoria South African Biodiversity Institute ISBN 978 1 919976 56 3 Grimm F W Forsyth R G Schueler F W Karstad A 2009 Identifying land snails and slugs in Canada introduced species and native genera Canadian Food Inspection Agency ISBN 978 1 100 12439 1 Mc Donnell R J Paine T D Gormally M J 2009 Slugs a guide to the invasive and native fauna of California PDF University of California ISBN 978 1 60107 564 2 Pearce T A Bayne E G 2003 Arion hortensis Ferussac 1819 species complex in Delaware and Pennsylvania eastern USA Gastropoda Arionidae Veliger 46 4 362 363 Tsai C L Wu S K 2008 A new Meghimatium slug Pulmonata Philomycidae from Taiwan PDF Zoological Studies 47 6 759 766 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 11 28 Retrieved 2010 09 15 a b Hutchinson J M C Reise H Skujiene G 2017 Life cycles and adult sizes of five co occurring species of Arion slugs Journal of Molluscan Studies 83 88 105 doi 10 1093 mollus eyw042 Hunter P J 1968 Studies of slugs of arable ground II Life cycles Malacologia 6 379 389 Foltz D W Ochman H Jones J S Evangeli S M Selander R K 1982 Genetic population structure and breeding systems in arionid slugs Mollusca Pulmonata Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 17 3 225 241 doi 10 1111 j 1095 8312 1982 tb02018 x External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arion distinctus Arion distinctus at Animalbase taxonomy short description distribution biology status threats images Arion distinctus images at the Encyclopedia of Life Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arion distinctus amp oldid 1184124853, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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