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Doclea (Illyria)

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Doclea and Dioclea.

Doclea or Dioclea, also known as Docleia or Diocleia (Montenegrin: Дукља, romanized: Duklja; Greek: Διοκλεία; Albanian: Dioklea), was an ancient Illyrian, Roman and Byzantine city, in the region of the Docleatae tribe (late Roman province of Praevalitana), now an archeological site near Podgorica in modern Montenegro.[1][2]

Doclea
Aerial view of the ancient city site in Doclea
Shown within Montenegro
LocationPodgorica, Montenegro
RegionIllyria, Dalmatia, Praevalitana
Coordinates42°28′6″N 19°15′55″E / 42.46833°N 19.26528°E / 42.46833; 19.26528
TypeSettlement
History
PeriodsClassical, Roman
CulturesIllyrian, Roman
Site notes
OwnershipPublic

It was an episcopal see since the late Roman period, and during the Early Middle Ages. Today, it is a titular see, both in the Eastern Orthodox Church, and in the Catholic Church (Latin Rite).

When spelled as Diocleia or Diokleia, it should not be confused with ancient Phrygian city of Diokleia in Phrygia (Greek: Διόκλεια Φρυγίας).

History edit

 
Archeological remains of the Roman period in Doclea
 
The city of Doclea in the late Roman province of Praevalitana

The town was situated ca. 3 km north from present-day Podgorica, Montenegro's capital. The Illyrian Docleatae, which were later Romanized, inhabiting the area derived their name from the city.[3] Doclea was the largest settlement of the Docleatae, and became a municipality during the reign of Emperor Claudius, thus between year 41 and 54 AD.[4] A large town with between 8,000 and 10,000 inhabitants, Doclea had been built to conform to the terrain. The surrounding area had a relatively high population density within a radius of 10 km due to the city's geographical position, a favorable climate, positive economic conditions and defensive site that were of great importance at that time.

Pliny the Elder mentions the cheese of Doclea as a famous Illyrian product.[5]

After the administrative division of the Roman Empire in 297, Doclea became the capital of the new Roman province of Praevalitana, which Roman emperor Diocletian established in the imperial administrative reform of 293, splitting this southern part from the province of Dalmatia. The castle of Doclea was built as a typical Roman castrum with the purpose of controlling the road coming from Dalmatia and going to Scodra.[6]

In the 4th and the 5th centuries, it was taken by the barbarian tribes and went into decline. At the beginning of the 5th century, it was attacked by the Germanic Visigoths. A severe earthquake destroyed it in 518. The South Slavs migrated into the land and proceeded to rebuild the settlement in the 7th century. The historical ruins of the town can be seen today.

Ecclesiastical history edit

 
Location of the ancient city of Doclea
 
Old Christian "Basilica A" in Doclea, discovered in late 19th century by the English team led by John Arthur Ruskin Munro

Circa 400, the city became the seat of a bishopric, initially as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salona.[7] A letter from Pope Gregory I to bishop Constanti(n?)us (circa 602) suggests it had become suffragan of the Archdiocese of Scutari.

  • Around 877, the synod of Dumno (Delmitanus), elevatated it;, apparently justified as former capital of a Late Roman province Dalmatia Superior, to Metropolitan rank in chief of a Bulgarian ecclesiastical province at the expense of Scutari, but shifting Bulgarian borders made it lose the Metropolitan status again the next century [8]
  • The Byzantine Notitia Episcopatuum in the tenth century.[9] lists it fifth among the suffragans of the Metropolitanate of Dyrrachium, in the sway of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[10]
  • It was suppressed in 927, when the city was destroyed and its last bishop John took refuge in Ragusa, of which he was soon named Archbishop.
  • Allegedly from 1034 (no later than the 1062 letter from Pope Alexander II (1061–1073) to their Archbishop Peter) till circa 1100, its now hollow title was nominally united in personal union with the neighbouring, then still Archdiocese of Bar (Antivari), also in modern Montenegro, possibly mainly to justify its (later lost) Metropolitan status.

Few of its bishops are historically documented, and some sources may confound the see with Diocletiana.

  • Paulus (circa 590)
  • Nemesius (in 602)
  • (Anonymus) (circa 877)
  • Johannes = John (circa 900)

Serbian Orthodox titular see edit

Auxiliary bishops of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral (Serbian Orthodox Church) are given the title "Bishop of Dioclea" (Serbian: епископ диоклијски). Recent holders of the title were bishops Jovan Purić (2004-2011),[11] Kirilo Bojović (2016-2018),[12] and Metodije Ostojić (since 2018).[13]

Roman Catholic titular see edit

In 1910, the archdiocese was nominally restored as Latin titular archbishopric of the Metropolitan (highest) rank as Dioclea, renamed from 1925 (exclusively from 1933) as Doclea.

It has had the following archiepiscopal incumbents :

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Stevović 2016, p. 121-136.
  2. ^ Wilkes 2017: "Doclea"
  3. ^ A Stipcevic (1977). The Illyrians. History and Culture. Noyes Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8155-5052-9.
  4. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2005. p. 210.
  5. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2005. p. 217: "Among other famous Illyrian products, Pliny mentions the cheese of Doclea, the iris from the forests of the Drinus valley, which was best used for perfumes and medicine, the gentiana (Gentiana lute), a medicinal herb whose qualities were discovered by Gentius, and the bitumen of Apollonia, which was used to protect vines from parasites and also for veterinary purposes.".
  6. ^ Neritan Ceka: The Illyrians to the Albanians. Tirana: Migjeni. 2005. p. 291.
  7. ^ Farlati, op. cit., p. 1.
  8. ^ Farlati, op. cit., p. 1 & 5.
  9. ^ which Lequien attributes however to Byzantine emperor Leo VI (886-912) Cfr. op. cit., col. 277.
  10. ^ Hieroclis Synecdemus et notitiae graecae episcopatuum, editor Gustav Parthey, Berlin 1866, p. 125, nº 610 (Diocleias). This Notitia distinguishes Doclea explicitly from Antivari (nº 617)
  11. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2021-06-20. Retrieved 2019-04-28.
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2021-09-10. Retrieved 2019-04-30.

Sources edit

  • Stevović, Ivan (2016). "Early Byzantine Doclea and its citizens: Longe ab patriam" (PDF). Niš and Byzantium. 14: 121–136.
  • Koprivica T. Sacral Topography of Late Antique and Early Christian Doclea (Montenegro): the First Modern Preliminary Investigation. //Актуальные проблемы теории и истории искусства: сб. науч. статей. Вып. 2 . Под ред. А.В.Захаровой— Санкт-Петербург: НП-Принт — 2012. — с.314-320 ISBN 978-5-91542-185-0
  • Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, vol. II, coll. 277-282 & Index, p. III
  • Daniele Farlati-Jacopo Coleti, Illyricum Sacrum, vol. VII, Venice 1817, pp. 1–7
  • Wilkes, John J. (2017). "Places: 481808 (Doclea)". Pleiades. Retrieved 2020-11-07.

January 01, 1970
doclea, illyria, other, uses, doclea, dioclea, doclea, dioclea, also, known, docleia, diocleia, montenegrin, Дукља, romanized, duklja, greek, Διοκλεία, albanian, dioklea, ancient, illyrian, roman, byzantine, city, region, docleatae, tribe, late, roman, provinc. For other uses see Doclea and Dioclea Doclea or Dioclea also known as Docleia or Diocleia Montenegrin Dukљa romanized Duklja Greek Diokleia Albanian Dioklea was an ancient Illyrian Roman and Byzantine city in the region of the Docleatae tribe late Roman province of Praevalitana now an archeological site near Podgorica in modern Montenegro 1 2 DocleaAerial view of the ancient city site in DocleaShown within MontenegroLocationPodgorica MontenegroRegionIllyria Dalmatia PraevalitanaCoordinates42 28 6 N 19 15 55 E 42 46833 N 19 26528 E 42 46833 19 26528TypeSettlementHistoryPeriodsClassical RomanCulturesIllyrian RomanSite notesOwnershipPublic It was an episcopal see since the late Roman period and during the Early Middle Ages Today it is a titular see both in the Eastern Orthodox Church and in the Catholic Church Latin Rite When spelled as Diocleia or Diokleia it should not be confused with ancient Phrygian city of Diokleia in Phrygia Greek Diokleia Frygias Contents 1 History 2 Ecclesiastical history 2 1 Serbian Orthodox titular see 2 2 Roman Catholic titular see 3 See also 4 References 5 SourcesHistory edit nbsp Archeological remains of the Roman period in Doclea nbsp The city of Doclea in the late Roman province of Praevalitana The town was situated ca 3 km north from present day Podgorica Montenegro s capital The Illyrian Docleatae which were later Romanized inhabiting the area derived their name from the city 3 Doclea was the largest settlement of the Docleatae and became a municipality during the reign of Emperor Claudius thus between year 41 and 54 AD 4 A large town with between 8 000 and 10 000 inhabitants Doclea had been built to conform to the terrain The surrounding area had a relatively high population density within a radius of 10 km due to the city s geographical position a favorable climate positive economic conditions and defensive site that were of great importance at that time Pliny the Elder mentions the cheese of Doclea as a famous Illyrian product 5 After the administrative division of the Roman Empire in 297 Doclea became the capital of the new Roman province of Praevalitana which Roman emperor Diocletian established in the imperial administrative reform of 293 splitting this southern part from the province of Dalmatia The castle of Doclea was built as a typical Roman castrum with the purpose of controlling the road coming from Dalmatia and going to Scodra 6 In the 4th and the 5th centuries it was taken by the barbarian tribes and went into decline At the beginning of the 5th century it was attacked by the Germanic Visigoths A severe earthquake destroyed it in 518 The South Slavs migrated into the land and proceeded to rebuild the settlement in the 7th century The historical ruins of the town can be seen today Ecclesiastical history edit nbsp Location of the ancient city of Doclea nbsp Old Christian Basilica A in Doclea discovered in late 19th century by the English team led by John Arthur Ruskin Munro Circa 400 the city became the seat of a bishopric initially as suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salona 7 A letter from Pope Gregory I to bishop Constanti n us circa 602 suggests it had become suffragan of the Archdiocese of Scutari Around 877 the synod of Dumno Delmitanus elevatated it apparently justified as former capital of a Late Roman province Dalmatia Superior to Metropolitan rank in chief of a Bulgarian ecclesiastical province at the expense of Scutari but shifting Bulgarian borders made it lose the Metropolitan status again the next century 8 The Byzantine Notitia Episcopatuum in the tenth century 9 lists it fifth among the suffragans of the Metropolitanate of Dyrrachium in the sway of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 10 It was suppressed in 927 when the city was destroyed and its last bishop John took refuge in Ragusa of which he was soon named Archbishop Allegedly from 1034 no later than the 1062 letter from Pope Alexander II 1061 1073 to their Archbishop Peter till circa 1100 its now hollow title was nominally united in personal union with the neighbouring then still Archdiocese of Bar Antivari also in modern Montenegro possibly mainly to justify its later lost Metropolitan status Few of its bishops are historically documented and some sources may confound the see with Diocletiana Paulus circa 590 Nemesius in 602 Anonymus circa 877 Johannes John circa 900 Serbian Orthodox titular see edit Auxiliary bishops of the Metropolitanate of Montenegro and the Littoral Serbian Orthodox Church are given the title Bishop of Dioclea Serbian episkop diokliјski Recent holders of the title were bishops Jovan Puric 2004 2011 11 Kirilo Bojovic 2016 2018 12 and Metodije Ostojic since 2018 13 Roman Catholic titular see edit In 1910 the archdiocese was nominally restored as Latin titular archbishopric of the Metropolitan highest rank as Dioclea renamed from 1925 exclusively from 1933 as Doclea It has had the following archiepiscopal incumbents Carlo Bertuzzi Italian 1910 05 10 death 1914 01 04 emeritate as former Bishop of Rieti Italy 1889 02 11 1895 03 18 and Bishop of Foligno Italy 1895 03 18 retired 1910 05 10 Henri Doulcet French Passionists C P 1914 03 17 death 1916 07 27 on emeritates formerly Bishop of Nikopol Bulgaria 1895 01 07 retired 1913 03 31 and Titular Bishop of Ionopolis 1913 06 03 resigned 1914 03 17 Pietro Fumasoni Biondi 1916 11 14 1933 03 13 Italian as papal diplomat and Roman Curia official Apostolic Delegate to East India 1916 11 15 1919 12 06 Apostolic Delegate to Japan 1919 12 06 1921 06 16 Secretary of Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith 1921 06 14 1922 12 14 Apostolic Delegate to United States of America 1922 12 14 1933 03 13 created Cardinal Priest of S Croce in Gerusalemme 1933 03 16 death 1960 07 12 Prefect of above Sacred Congregation of the Propagation of the Faith 1933 03 16 1960 07 12 Paolo Marella 1933 09 15 1959 12 14 Italian as papal diplomat and Roman Curia official Apostolic Delegate to Japan 1933 10 30 1948 10 27 Apostolic Delegate to Australia New Zealand and Oceania 1948 10 27 1953 04 15 Apostolic Nuncio papal ambassador to France 1953 04 15 1959 12 14 Apostolic Pro Nuncio to France 1959 12 14 1960 04 16 created Cardinal Priest of S Andrea delle Fratte 1960 03 31 1972 03 15 President of Sacred Congregation of the Reverend Basilica of St Peter 1961 08 14 1967 Archpriest of Papal Basilica of St Peter 1961 08 14 1983 02 08 President of Secretariat for Non Christians 1964 05 19 1973 02 26 President of Reverend Fabric of St Peter 1967 1983 02 08 promoted Cardinal Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina 1972 03 15 death 1984 10 15 Cardinal Vice Dean of College of Cardinals 1977 12 12 1984 10 15 Egano Righi Lambertini Italian 1960 07 09 1979 06 30 papal diplomat Apostolic Delegate to Korea 1957 12 28 1960 07 09 Apostolic Nuncio to Lebanon 1960 07 09 1963 12 09 Apostolic Nuncio to Chile 1963 12 09 1967 07 08 Apostolic Nuncio to Italy 1967 07 08 1969 04 23 Apostolic Nuncio to France 1969 04 23 1979 06 30 created Cardinal Deacon of S Giovanni Bosco in Via Tuscolana 1979 06 30 1990 11 26 promoted Cardinal Priest of S Maria in Via 1990 11 26 death 2000 10 04 Jozef Tomko 1979 07 12 1985 05 25 Slovakia Roman Curia official Adjunct Secretary of International Theological Commission 1969 1971 Undersecretary of Sacred Congregation for Bishops 1974 1979 07 12 Secretary General of Synod of Bishops 1979 07 12 1985 04 24 Pro Prefect of Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith 1985 04 24 1985 05 27 created Cardinal Deacon of Gesu Buon Pastore alla Montagnola 1985 05 25 1996 01 29 Prefect of above Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples 1985 05 27 2001 04 09 President of Interdicasterial Commission for Consecrated Religious 1989 03 18 2001 04 09 promoted Cardinal Priest of S Sabina 1996 01 29 death President of Pontifical Committee for International Eucharistic Congresses 2001 10 23 2007 10 01 Member of Commission of Cardinals overseeing the Institute for Works of Religion 2002 01 08 2008 02 24 Pier Luigi Celata 1985 12 12 present See also editHistory of Montenegro Docleatae Doracium List of Catholic dioceses in Montenegro List of ancient cities in IllyriaReferences edit Stevovic 2016 p 121 136 Wilkes 2017 Doclea A Stipcevic 1977 The Illyrians History and Culture Noyes Press p 31 ISBN 0 8155 5052 9 Neritan Ceka The Illyrians to the Albanians Tirana Migjeni 2005 p 210 Neritan Ceka The Illyrians to the Albanians Tirana Migjeni 2005 p 217 Among other famous Illyrian products Pliny mentions the cheese of Doclea the iris from the forests of the Drinus valley which was best used for perfumes and medicine the gentiana Gentiana lute a medicinal herb whose qualities were discovered by Gentius and the bitumen of Apollonia which was used to protect vines from parasites and also for veterinary purposes Neritan Ceka The Illyrians to the Albanians Tirana Migjeni 2005 p 291 Farlati op cit p 1 Farlati op cit p 1 amp 5 which Lequien attributes however to Byzantine emperor Leo VI 886 912 Cfr op cit col 277 Hieroclis Synecdemus et notitiae graecae episcopatuum editor Gustav Parthey Berlin 1866 p 125 nº 610 Diocleias This Notitia distinguishes Doclea explicitly from Antivari nº 617 Serbian Orthodox Church Bishop Jovan Puric Archived from the original on 2020 08 14 Retrieved 2019 04 28 Serbian Orthodox Church Consecration of Bishop Electus Kiril of Dioclea Archived from the original on 2021 06 20 Retrieved 2019 04 28 Serbian Orthodox Church Consecration of the Bishop elect Metodije of Dioclea Archived from the original on 2021 09 10 Retrieved 2019 04 30 Sources editStevovic Ivan 2016 Early Byzantine Doclea and its citizens Longe ab patriam PDF Nis and Byzantium 14 121 136 Koprivica T Sacral Topography of Late Antique and Early Christian Doclea Montenegro the First Modern Preliminary Investigation Aktualnye problemy teorii i istorii iskusstva sb nauch statej Vyp 2 Pod red A V Zaharovoj Sankt Peterburg NP Print 2012 s 314 320 ISBN 978 5 91542 185 0 Michel Lequien Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus Paris 1740 vol II coll 277 282 amp Index p III Daniele Farlati Jacopo Coleti Illyricum Sacrum vol VII Venice 1817 pp 1 7 Wilkes John J 2017 Places 481808 Doclea Pleiades Retrieved 2020 11 07 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Doclea Illyria amp oldid 1203874851 Ecclesiastical History, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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