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Aqueous lithium-ion battery

April 12, 2024

An aqueous lithium-ion battery is a lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) that uses a concentrated saline solution as an electrolyte to facilitate the transfer of lithium ions between electrodes and induce an electrical current.[1] In contrast to non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries are nonflammable and do not pose any significant risks of explosion, because of the water-based nature of their electrolyte. They also lack the poisonous chemicals and environmental risks associated with their non-aqueous counterparts.[2][3]

Aqueous Li-ion batteries are currently severely limited in use due to their narrow electrochemical window of stability (1.23 V). When built using conventional methods, an aqueous Li-ion has a much smaller energy density than a non-aqueous Li-ion battery and can only reach a maximum voltage of 1.5 volts. However, researchers from the University of Maryland (UMD) and the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) made it possible for an aqueous Li-ion battery to remain electrochemically stable at approximately 3.0 volts and withstand severe external damage to a degree not present in non-aqueous Li-ion batteries.[3]

Development edit

The prototype for the lithium-ion aqueous rechargeable battery was first proposed by Jeff Dahn in 1994, who used lithium manganese oxide as the positive electrode and bronze-phase vanadium dioxide as the negative electrode.[4] In 2014, a team of researchers led by Chunsheung Wang from UMD and Kang Xu from ARL created a new class of aqueous electrolytes called water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSE), which operated under the principle that a high concentration of a specific type of lithium salt resulted in the formation of a protective solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) in between the electrode surfaces and electrolyte in water-based batteries. Previously, it was thought that this phenomenon could only occur in non-aqueous batteries.[2][3] Using this approach to create SEI, Wang and Xu dissolved extremely high concentrations of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in water (molality > 20 m) to create a WiSE that expanded the voltage window from 1.5V to around 3.0V.[5][6] The resulting aqueous Li-ion batteries was also capable of cycling up to 1000 times with almost 100% coulombic efficiency.[3]

In 2017, Wang and Xu's research team developed an "inhomogeneous additive" to coat the graphite electrode in their aqueous Li-ion battery, which allowed the battery to reach a 4V threshold and operate up to 70 cycles at that level or higher.[7][8] The coating, created using an extremely hydrophobic and highly fluorinated ether (HFE), 1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl-2′,2′,2′-trifluoroethyl ether, expelled water molecules from the electrode surface.[1][8] This minimizes competing water decomposition and creates a favorable environment for SEI to form. This version of the battery also demonstrated resilience against extreme levels of abuse due to the slow-reacting nature of the SEI[3] When subjected to cutting, external puncture, exposure to salt water, and ballistic testing, the battery did not produce any smoke or fire and continued to operate even with severe external damages.[6]

Applications edit

Aqueous Li-ion batteries have been of great interest for military use due to their safety and durability. Unlike the high voltage yet volatile non-aqueous Li-ion batteries, aqueous Li-ion batteries have the potential to serve as a more reliable energy source on the battlefield, because external damage to the battery would not diminish performance or cause it to explode. In addition, they are less heavy than traditional batteries and can be manufactured in different shapes, allowing for lighter gear and more efficient placement.[6]

The lower risk of danger that come with aqueous Li-ion batteries make them appealing for industries that manufacture vehicles that prioritize safety over energy density, such as airplanes and submarines.[8]

Challenges edit

The narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous Li-ion batteries has remained the bottleneck for development of high-energy aqueous batteries with long cycle life and infallible safety.[9] Water electrolysis occurs outside the stability window causing either oxygen or hydrogen gas formation. Keeping the output voltage low avoids gas evolution and promotes cycling stability, however, it limits energy density and the usage of highly reducing and highly oxidizing electrodes. On the other hand, continuous gas evolution of water during high voltage battery cycling or idling lowers the Coulombic efficiency (CE) and causes serious safety concerns over explosions.[9]

Aqueous Li-ion batteries have a relatively short battery cycle life, ranging from 50 to 100 cycles. As of 2018, research is being conducted to increase the number of cycles to 500 to 1000 cycles, allowing them to feasibly compete against other types of batteries that have a higher energy density. In addition, issues relating to the manufacturing of the protective HFE coating would need to be resolved before the batteries can be scaled up in production for commercial use.[8]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Malik, Rahul (September 2017). "Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries: Now in Striking Distance". Joule. 1 (1): 17–19. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.016.
  2. ^ a b "UMD & Army Researchers Discover Salty Solution to Better, Safer Batteries". www.batterypoweronline.com. December 2, 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  3. ^ a b c d e Suo, L.; Borodin, O.; Gao, T.; Olguin, M.; Ho, J.; Fan, X.; Luo, C.; Wang, C.; Xu, K. (2015). "'Water-in-salt' electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries". Science. 350 (6263): 938–943. doi:10.1126/science.aab1595. PMID 26586759. S2CID 206637574.
    • "Water-based lithium-ion batteries without explosive risks now a reality". Phys.org. September 6, 2017.
  4. ^ Liu, Jilei; Xu, Chaohe; Chen, Zhen; Ni, Shibing; Shen, Ze Xiang (January 2018). "Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries". Green Energy & Environment. 3 (1): 20–41. doi:10.1016/j.gee.2017.10.001.
  5. ^ Xu, Kang; Wang, Chunsheng (6 October 2016). "Batteries: Widening voltage windows". Nature Energy. 1 (10): 16161. Bibcode:2016NatEn...116161X. doi:10.1038/nenergy.2016.161. S2CID 100576016.
  6. ^ a b c Hopkins, Gina (November 16, 2017). "Watch: Cuts and dunks don't stop new lithium-ion battery - Futurity". Futurity. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  7. ^ Yang, Chongyin; Chen, Ji; Qing, Tingting; Fan, Xiulin; Sun, Wei; von Cresce, Arthur; Ding, Michael S.; Borodin, Oleg; Vatamanu, Jenel; Schroeder, Marshall A.; Eidson, Nico; Wang, Chunsheng; Xu, Kang (September 2017). "4.0 V Aqueous Li-Ion Batteries". Joule. 1 (1): 122–132. doi:10.1016/j.joule.2017.08.009.
  8. ^ a b c d Schelmetic, Tracey (September 22, 2017). "UMD and U.S. Army Research Lab Engineers Develop 4.0 Aqueous Lithium-Ion Battery". Design News. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  9. ^ a b Sui, Yiming; Ji, Xiulei (2021-06-09). "Anticatalytic Strategies to Suppress Water Electrolysis in Aqueous Batteries". Chemical Reviews. 121 (11): 6654–6695. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00191. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 33900728. S2CID 233409171.

Sources edit

  • Liang, Yanliang; Yao, Yan (15 November 2022). "Designing modern aqueous batteries". Nature Reviews Materials. 8 (2): 109–122. doi:10.1038/s41578-022-00511-3. eISSN 2058-8437.

April 12, 2024
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An aqueous lithium ion battery is a lithium ion battery Li ion that uses a concentrated saline solution as an electrolyte to facilitate the transfer of lithium ions between electrodes and induce an electrical current 1 In contrast to non aqueous lithium ion batteries aqueous Li ion batteries are nonflammable and do not pose any significant risks of explosion because of the water based nature of their electrolyte They also lack the poisonous chemicals and environmental risks associated with their non aqueous counterparts 2 3 Aqueous Li ion batteries are currently severely limited in use due to their narrow electrochemical window of stability 1 23 V When built using conventional methods an aqueous Li ion has a much smaller energy density than a non aqueous Li ion battery and can only reach a maximum voltage of 1 5 volts However researchers from the University of Maryland UMD and the Army Research Laboratory ARL made it possible for an aqueous Li ion battery to remain electrochemically stable at approximately 3 0 volts and withstand severe external damage to a degree not present in non aqueous Li ion batteries 3 Contents 1 Development 2 Applications 3 Challenges 4 References 5 SourcesDevelopment editThe prototype for the lithium ion aqueous rechargeable battery was first proposed by Jeff Dahn in 1994 who used lithium manganese oxide as the positive electrode and bronze phase vanadium dioxide as the negative electrode 4 In 2014 a team of researchers led by Chunsheung Wang from UMD and Kang Xu from ARL created a new class of aqueous electrolytes called water in salt electrolytes WiSE which operated under the principle that a high concentration of a specific type of lithium salt resulted in the formation of a protective solid electrolyte interphase SEI in between the electrode surfaces and electrolyte in water based batteries Previously it was thought that this phenomenon could only occur in non aqueous batteries 2 3 Using this approach to create SEI Wang and Xu dissolved extremely high concentrations of lithium bis trifluoromethanesulfonyl imide LiTFSI in water molality gt 20 m to create a WiSE that expanded the voltage window from 1 5V to around 3 0V 5 6 The resulting aqueous Li ion batteries was also capable of cycling up to 1000 times with almost 100 coulombic efficiency 3 In 2017 Wang and Xu s research team developed an inhomogeneous additive to coat the graphite electrode in their aqueous Li ion battery which allowed the battery to reach a 4V threshold and operate up to 70 cycles at that level or higher 7 8 The coating created using an extremely hydrophobic and highly fluorinated ether HFE 1 1 2 2 Tetrafluoroethyl 2 2 2 trifluoroethyl ether expelled water molecules from the electrode surface 1 8 This minimizes competing water decomposition and creates a favorable environment for SEI to form This version of the battery also demonstrated resilience against extreme levels of abuse due to the slow reacting nature of the SEI 3 When subjected to cutting external puncture exposure to salt water and ballistic testing the battery did not produce any smoke or fire and continued to operate even with severe external damages 6 Applications editAqueous Li ion batteries have been of great interest for military use due to their safety and durability Unlike the high voltage yet volatile non aqueous Li ion batteries aqueous Li ion batteries have the potential to serve as a more reliable energy source on the battlefield because external damage to the battery would not diminish performance or cause it to explode In addition they are less heavy than traditional batteries and can be manufactured in different shapes allowing for lighter gear and more efficient placement 6 The lower risk of danger that come with aqueous Li ion batteries make them appealing for industries that manufacture vehicles that prioritize safety over energy density such as airplanes and submarines 8 Challenges editThe narrow electrochemical stability window of aqueous Li ion batteries has remained the bottleneck for development of high energy aqueous batteries with long cycle life and infallible safety 9 Water electrolysis occurs outside the stability window causing either oxygen or hydrogen gas formation Keeping the output voltage low avoids gas evolution and promotes cycling stability however it limits energy density and the usage of highly reducing and highly oxidizing electrodes On the other hand continuous gas evolution of water during high voltage battery cycling or idling lowers the Coulombic efficiency CE and causes serious safety concerns over explosions 9 Aqueous Li ion batteries have a relatively short battery cycle life ranging from 50 to 100 cycles As of 2018 research is being conducted to increase the number of cycles to 500 to 1000 cycles allowing them to feasibly compete against other types of batteries that have a higher energy density In addition issues relating to the manufacturing of the protective HFE coating would need to be resolved before the batteries can be scaled up in production for commercial use 8 References edit a b Malik Rahul September 2017 Aqueous Li Ion Batteries Now in Striking Distance Joule 1 1 17 19 doi 10 1016 j joule 2017 08 016 a b UMD amp Army Researchers Discover Salty Solution to Better Safer Batteries www batterypoweronline com December 2 2015 Retrieved 2018 07 10 a b c d e Suo L Borodin O Gao T Olguin M Ho J Fan X Luo C Wang C Xu K 2015 Water in salt electrolyte enables high voltage aqueous lithium ion chemistries Science 350 6263 938 943 doi 10 1126 science aab1595 PMID 26586759 S2CID 206637574 Water based lithium ion batteries without explosive risks now a reality Phys org September 6 2017 Liu Jilei Xu Chaohe Chen Zhen Ni Shibing Shen Ze Xiang January 2018 Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries Green Energy amp Environment 3 1 20 41 doi 10 1016 j gee 2017 10 001 Xu Kang Wang Chunsheng 6 October 2016 Batteries Widening voltage windows Nature Energy 1 10 16161 Bibcode 2016NatEn 116161X doi 10 1038 nenergy 2016 161 S2CID 100576016 a b c Hopkins Gina November 16 2017 Watch Cuts and dunks don t stop new lithium ion battery Futurity Futurity Retrieved 2018 07 10 Yang Chongyin Chen Ji Qing Tingting Fan Xiulin Sun Wei von Cresce Arthur Ding Michael S Borodin Oleg Vatamanu Jenel Schroeder Marshall A Eidson Nico Wang Chunsheng Xu Kang September 2017 4 0 V Aqueous Li Ion Batteries Joule 1 1 122 132 doi 10 1016 j joule 2017 08 009 a b c d Schelmetic Tracey September 22 2017 UMD and U S Army Research Lab Engineers Develop 4 0 Aqueous Lithium Ion Battery Design News Retrieved 2018 07 10 a b Sui Yiming Ji Xiulei 2021 06 09 Anticatalytic Strategies to Suppress Water Electrolysis in Aqueous Batteries Chemical Reviews 121 11 6654 6695 doi 10 1021 acs chemrev 1c00191 ISSN 0009 2665 PMID 33900728 S2CID 233409171 Sources editLiang Yanliang Yao Yan 15 November 2022 Designing modern aqueous batteries Nature Reviews Materials 8 2 109 122 doi 10 1038 s41578 022 00511 3 eISSN 2058 8437 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aqueous lithium ion battery amp oldid 1210475606, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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