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Aqueous battery

January 01, 1970

This article is about a generic battery type. For a lithium-ion battery, see Aqueous lithium-ion battery.

An aqueous battery is an electric battery that uses a water-based solution as an electrolyte. The aqueous batteries are known since 1860s, do not have the energy density and cycle life required by the grid storage and electric vehicles,[1] but are considered safe, reliable and inexpensive in comparison with the lithium-ion ones.[2] Until 2010s they also had an advantage in high-power applications (like cordless power tools), but this was overcome by developments in the Li-ion chemistry.[3]

Commercial history edit

The lead–acid battery was invented by Gaston Planté in 1859, although the commercialization of the diluted sulphuric acid electrolyte design took twenty years of work by multiple inventors. After an additional half a century the modern valve-regulated ("sealed") batteries appeared in 1930s.[1]

Alkaline batteries first appeared at the turn of the 20th century with nickel–cadmium battery replaced by nickel–metal hydride one in the 1980s (the nickel–hydrogen battery was developed in the 1970s and is still used in the satellites).[1]

In the early 2020s the aqueous batteries comprised half of the market for rechargeable batteries.[1]

Advantages edit

When compared to the lithium-ion batteries, the aqueous ones have the following advantages:[2][4][5]

  • safety and reliability is related to non-flammability (due to high water content; battery can still explode if overheated), high tolerance against mechanical mishandling, and resistance to overcharging (due to the oxygen cycle);
  • low cost is based on cheap raw materials (sulphuric acid is very inexpensive compared to, say, lithium hexafluorophosphate), manufacturing that does not require oxygen-free environments, minimum of electronics due to inherent safety and reliability;
  • fast reaction rate allows faster charging and discharging and provides consistency over the temperature range.

Disadvantages edit

In comparison to the lithium-ion batteries have the following drawbacks:[6][4]

  • a narrow electrochemical window: water starts electrolysing at the potential of 1.23 volts. Although a clever choice of materials can stretch the window to 2.3 V and utilizing a high-concentration electrolyte (so called water-in-salt electrolyte) can widen the window to 3 V,[7] in practice only the lead-acid batteries reach 2 V, with the rest of the designs in production limited to the potential slightly above 1 V, thus greatly limiting the energy density (Li-ion cells typically deliver 3.3–3.9 V). Both volumetric and mass energy densities of the lithium-ion batteries are 2-3 times better;[8]
  • water being an aggressive solvent causes solvation and dissociation of battery components and can cause corrosion, limiting the choice of materials and lifetime of the battery;
  • cycle life is an order of magnitude lower.

Research edit

The aqueous batteries are subject to an extensive research in the 21st century[5] (with an "astounding" increase in publications since 2015[4]); the material innovations since the beginning of the century allow better performance that that of the "traditional" aqueous batteries might lead to these batteries evolving into a companion to the lithium-ion ones in the fields of transportation and electricity storage.[6]

Tahir et al.[9] identify the following directions of research:

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Liang & Yao 2022, p. 110.
  2. ^ a b Liang & Yao 2022, p. 111.
  3. ^ Pistola 2013, pp. 33–34.
  4. ^ a b c Chao et al. 2020, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b Tahir, Agarwal & Csóka 2020, p. 379.
  6. ^ a b Liang & Yao 2022, p. 112.
  7. ^ Suo, Liumin; Borodin, Oleg; Gao, Tao; Olguin, Marco; Ho, Janet; Fan, Xiulin; Luo, Chao; Wang, Chunsheng; Xu, Kang (20 November 2015). ""Water-in-salt" electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries". Science. 350 (6263): 938–943. doi:10.1126/science.aab1595.
  8. ^ Pistola 2013, p. 33.
  9. ^ Tahir, Agarwal & Csóka 2020.

Sources edit

  • Liang, Yanliang; Yao, Yan (15 November 2022). "Designing modern aqueous batteries". Nature Reviews Materials. 8 (2): 109–122. doi:10.1038/s41578-022-00511-3. eISSN 2058-8437.
  • Chao, Dongliang; Zhou, Wanhai; Xie, Fangxi; Ye, Chao; Li, Huan; Jaroniec, Mietek; Qiao, Shi-Zhang (22 May 2020). "Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries: From design of materials to applications". Science Advances. 6 (21). doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba4098. eISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7244306. PMID 32494749.
  • Tahir, Chenar A.; Agarwal, Charu; Csóka, Levente (13 April 2020). "Advances in "Green" Ion‐Batteries Using Aqueous Electrolytes". Rechargeable Batteries: History, Progress, and Applications. Wiley. pp. 379–401. doi:10.1002/9781119714774.ch16.
  • Pistola, G. (20 May 2013). "Portable Devices: Batteries". In Jürgen Garche; Chris K. Dyer; Patrick T. Moseley; Zempachi Ogumi; David A. J. Rand; Bruno Scrosati (eds.). Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources. Newnes. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-444-52745-5. OCLC 1136567377.

January 01, 1970
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This article is about a generic battery type For a lithium ion battery see Aqueous lithium ion battery An aqueous battery is an electric battery that uses a water based solution as an electrolyte The aqueous batteries are known since 1860s do not have the energy density and cycle life required by the grid storage and electric vehicles 1 but are considered safe reliable and inexpensive in comparison with the lithium ion ones 2 Until 2010s they also had an advantage in high power applications like cordless power tools but this was overcome by developments in the Li ion chemistry 3 Contents 1 Commercial history 2 Advantages 3 Disadvantages 4 Research 5 References 6 SourcesCommercial history editThe lead acid battery was invented by Gaston Plante in 1859 although the commercialization of the diluted sulphuric acid electrolyte design took twenty years of work by multiple inventors After an additional half a century the modern valve regulated sealed batteries appeared in 1930s 1 Alkaline batteries first appeared at the turn of the 20th century with nickel cadmium battery replaced by nickel metal hydride one in the 1980s the nickel hydrogen battery was developed in the 1970s and is still used in the satellites 1 In the early 2020s the aqueous batteries comprised half of the market for rechargeable batteries 1 Advantages editWhen compared to the lithium ion batteries the aqueous ones have the following advantages 2 4 5 safety and reliability is related to non flammability due to high water content battery can still explode if overheated high tolerance against mechanical mishandling and resistance to overcharging due to the oxygen cycle low cost is based on cheap raw materials sulphuric acid is very inexpensive compared to say lithium hexafluorophosphate manufacturing that does not require oxygen free environments minimum of electronics due to inherent safety and reliability fast reaction rate allows faster charging and discharging and provides consistency over the temperature range Disadvantages editIn comparison to the lithium ion batteries have the following drawbacks 6 4 a narrow electrochemical window water starts electrolysing at the potential of 1 23 volts Although a clever choice of materials can stretch the window to 2 3 V and utilizing a high concentration electrolyte so called water in salt electrolyte can widen the window to 3 V 7 in practice only the lead acid batteries reach 2 V with the rest of the designs in production limited to the potential slightly above 1 V thus greatly limiting the energy density Li ion cells typically deliver 3 3 3 9 V Both volumetric and mass energy densities of the lithium ion batteries are 2 3 times better 8 water being an aggressive solvent causes solvation and dissociation of battery components and can cause corrosion limiting the choice of materials and lifetime of the battery cycle life is an order of magnitude lower Research editThe aqueous batteries are subject to an extensive research in the 21st century 5 with an astounding increase in publications since 2015 4 the material innovations since the beginning of the century allow better performance that that of the traditional aqueous batteries might lead to these batteries evolving into a companion to the lithium ion ones in the fields of transportation and electricity storage 6 Tahir et al 9 identify the following directions of research lithium ion aqueous battery LIAB The first prototype was produced in 1994 sodium ion aqueous battery SIAB potassium ion aqueous battery PIAB zinc ion aqueous battery ZIAB magnesium ion aqueous battery MIAB aluminum ion aqueous battery AIAB References edit a b c d Liang amp Yao 2022 p 110 a b Liang amp Yao 2022 p 111 Pistola 2013 pp 33 34 a b c Chao et al 2020 p 1 a b Tahir Agarwal amp Csoka 2020 p 379 a b Liang amp Yao 2022 p 112 Suo Liumin Borodin Oleg Gao Tao Olguin Marco Ho Janet Fan Xiulin Luo Chao Wang Chunsheng Xu Kang 20 November 2015 Water in salt electrolyte enables high voltage aqueous lithium ion chemistries Science 350 6263 938 943 doi 10 1126 science aab1595 Pistola 2013 p 33 Tahir Agarwal amp Csoka 2020 Sources editLiang Yanliang Yao Yan 15 November 2022 Designing modern aqueous batteries Nature Reviews Materials 8 2 109 122 doi 10 1038 s41578 022 00511 3 eISSN 2058 8437 Chao Dongliang Zhou Wanhai Xie Fangxi Ye Chao Li Huan Jaroniec Mietek Qiao Shi Zhang 22 May 2020 Roadmap for advanced aqueous batteries From design of materials to applications Science Advances 6 21 doi 10 1126 sciadv aba4098 eISSN 2375 2548 PMC 7244306 PMID 32494749 Tahir Chenar A Agarwal Charu Csoka Levente 13 April 2020 Advances in Green Ion Batteries Using Aqueous Electrolytes Rechargeable Batteries History Progress and Applications Wiley pp 379 401 doi 10 1002 9781119714774 ch16 Pistola G 20 May 2013 Portable Devices Batteries In Jurgen Garche Chris K Dyer Patrick T Moseley Zempachi Ogumi David A J Rand Bruno Scrosati eds Encyclopedia of Electrochemical Power Sources Newnes p 33 ISBN 978 0 444 52745 5 OCLC 1136567377 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aqueous battery amp oldid 1215656866, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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