Asayish (North and East Syria)
The Internal Security Forces,[a] also known as the Asayish[b] in the Jazira, Euphrates, and Afrin Regions,[1] is the internal security and police force in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria. Formed in the early stages of the Syrian Civil War, it had initially been established to police areas controlled by the Kurdish Supreme Committee. In October 2013, the Asayish claimed to have 4,000 members;[4] by 2017, the number had reportedly risen to over 15,000.[2]
| Internal Security Forces Asayish (Asayîş) | |
|---|---|
| Active | 2012–present |
| Country | Syria |
| Allegiance | Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria |
| Type | Police |
| Role | Security and policing |
| Size | c. 15,000[2] (2016) |
| Website | http://www.asayish.com/ |
| Commanders | |
| Chief of Asayish forces | Ciwan Ibrahim[2] |
| Spokesman | Brig. Gen. Aba Ali Hassan[3] |
Structure edit
Organization edit
According to the Constitution of North and East Syria, policing is the responsibility of the autonomous sub-regions. Overall, the local Asayish forces are composed of 26 official bureaus that aim to provide security and solutions to social problems. The six main units of the Asayish are Checkpoints Administration, Anti-Terror Forces Command (Kurdish: Hêzên Antî Teror, HAT), Intelligence Directorate, Organized Crime Directorate, Traffic Directorate and Treasury Directorate. By 2016, 218 Asayish centers were established and 385 checkpoints with 10 Asayish members in each checkpoint were set up. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across the region. Larger cities have general directorates that are responsible for all aspects of security including road controls. Each sub-region has a HAT command and each Asayish center organizes itself autonomously.[5] Overall chief of the police is the former journalist Ciwan Ibrahim.[2]
In the Jazira Region, the Asayish are further complemented by the Assyrian Sutoro police force, which is organized in every area with Christian population, and provides security and solutions to social problems in collaboration with other Asayish units.[5] Though the Sutoro is officially subordinate to the Asayish, and represented on the Asayish executive board, it operates largely autonomous in regard to its internal affairs. Thus, it patrols the Christian neighborhoods of Qamishli without interference by the Asayish, and when the Sutoro members want to appoint someone, they don't need the approval of the Asayish.[2] The Assyrian Khabour Guards and Nattoreh also provide security in towns along the Khabur River.[6]
On 17 May 2017, the Raqqa Internal Security Forces were established for policing in Raqqa.[7]
On 25 May 2017, a female branch of the Asayish was established in Al-Shaddadah.[8]
On 4 July 2018, a conference of the Internal Security Forces took place in Raqqa. At the conference, two flags were adopted for the ISF; one saying only Internal Security Forces in Arabic, used in the Raqqa, Tabqa, Deir Ezzor, and Manbij regions, and one saying Asayish as well, used in the Jazira, Afrin, and Euphrates regions.[1]
Strength, composition and budget edit
The Asayish police has around 15,000 personnel: 10,000 in the Jazira Region, 3,000 in the Afrin Region, and 2,000 in the Euphrates Region. Ethnically, Kurds dominate the Asayish, though half of the active personnel in Jazira Region is Arab, while around 300 Turkmens have also enlisted, mostly in Tell Abyad. About 30% of the Asayish are women. Members of the force are paid $120 monthly salaries, which is above the average monthly salaries of Syrian civil servants, so that Asayish employment is rather attractive.[2]
Involvement in military operations edit
While Asayish is primarily a police, the forces of Asayish were involved in tensions against the National Defense Forces, a pro-government militia. The tensions led to the Battle of Hasakah, in August 2016. Ultimately, the Syrian Arab Army was forced to give up neighborhoods in the city.[9] Following rising tensions in the city of Qamishli the Asayish and contingents of its HAT units were embroiled in further conflict with the National Defense Forces leading to the Battle of Qamishli, in April 2021.[10]
In the course of the Raqqa campaign, the Asayish established the Raqqa Internal Security Forces.[11]
Gender equality edit
As with other institutions in the autonomous region, the Asayish are striving for a force based on gender equality. An estimated 25% of Asayish members are women, and the local Asayish forces are co-led by a man and woman. In addition to protecting civilians from armed attacks, the Asayish has created a special branch composed solely of women which is dedicated to gender-based violence, family disputes between women and protection of women during protests, and public celebrations. Their objective is to take care of every case in which a woman gets involved, from gender-based violence to a bank robbery.
Female members of the force face additional risk from attacks by radical Islamists.[12] However, joining the Asayish is perceived as a huge act of personal and societal liberation from an extremely patriarchical background, for ethnic Kurdish and ethnic Arab women alike.[13]
Citizen-led policing edit
Throughout the region, the municipal Civilian Defense Forces (HPC)[14] and the regional Self-Defense Forces (HXP)[15] also serve local-level security.[5]
According to the pro-PYD Peace in Kurdistan Campaign, the region's government is working towards providing all citizens with Asayish training. The ultimate hope is that once the vast majority of citizens have been trained, security can be maintained amongst the citizens and the Asayish itself can be dissolved.[16]
Training edit
In addition to the use of weapons, Asayish members are also trained in "mediation, ethics, the history of Kurdistan, imperialism, the psychological war waged by popular culture and the importance of education and self-critique."[16] The Internal Security Forces receive training and equipment from the US Department of Defense, including Hêzên Anti-Terror (HAT) who act as the Internal Security Forces’ special forces, carrying out counterinsurgency operations such as High Value Target (HVT) raids[17]
See also edit
- Raqqa Internal Security Forces - the security force in Raqqa
- Sutoro – complementary Assyrian police force in the Jazira Region
- Anti-Terror Units
- Law enforcement in Syria
- Hêzên Komandos - SDF Commando units
References edit
- ^ a b c ANF (4 July 2018). "Northern Syrian Internal Security Forces hold congress in Raqqa". ANF News. Ajansa Nûçeyan a Firatê. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f Fehim Taştekin (30 January 2017). . Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017.
- ^ . Hawar News Agency. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- ^ . Inter Press Service. 13 October 2013. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
- ^ a b c . ANF. 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
- ^ . Zaman al-Wasl. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
- ^ Wladimir van Wilgenburg (17 May 2017). . ARA News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 28 May 2017. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ "Kurds clash with Syrian government forces, blurring lines of friend and foe in civil war". Los Angeles Times. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ "Ending clashes in Syria's Qamishli under Russian auspices". 22 April 2021. from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- ^ "Anti-IS coalition trains policemen for Syria's Raqqa". Middle East Eye. 23 May 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
- ^ Barbarani, Sofia (20 April 2015). "Syrian Kurdish female leader Aitan Farhad about life as an Islam State target". Ekurd Daily. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
- ^ "Syrian women liberated from Isis are joining the police to protect their city". The Independent. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ . Modern Slavery. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ Rudaw (6 April 2015). "Rojava defense force draws thousands of recruits". Rudaw. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
- ^ a b . Peace in Kurdistan. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ Defense, Department of (March 2023). "Justification for FY 2024 COUNTER-ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA (ISIS) TRAIN AND EQUIP FUND (CTEF)" (PDF). Comptroller.defense.gov. (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.