"False fruit" redirects here. For artificial fruit, see Food model.
An accessory fruit is a fruit that contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary. In other words, the flesh of the fruit develops not from the floral ovary, but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel (for example, from receptacles or sepal). As a general rule, the accessory fruit is a combination of several floral organs, including the ovary. In contrast, true fruit forms exclusively from the ovary of the flower.[1]
A selection of accessory fruits (from left to right: pear, fig, and strawberry)
Accessory fruits are usually indehiscent, meaning that they do not split open to release seeds when they have reached maturity.[2]
Alternative terms for accessory fruit are false fruit, spurious fruit, pseudofruit, or pseudocarp. These are older terms for accessory fruit that have been criticized as "inapt",[1] and are not used by some botanists today.[citation needed]
Fruit with fleshy seeds, such as pomegranate or mamoncillo, are not considered to be accessory fruits.[4]
Examplesedit
Apples and pearsedit
Apple section, showing seeds plus papery expression of the ovary, surrounded by tissue formed from ripening of the hypanthium
The part of apples and pears that is consumed is, in fact, the hypanthium. The ovary is the papery core that surrounds the apple seeds. As the hypanthium ripens it forms the edible tissues. [5]
Rosesedit
For roses, the hypanthium is the tissue that composes the edible part of rosehips. Roses and apples are both members of the Rosaceae family; the fact that they have similar fruit morphology is a major consideration in placing them in the same taxonomic family.[5]
Strawberriesedit
On this strawberry, the many pips located on the surface have germinated in a phenomenon known as vivipary. The pips of the strawberry are its true fruit.
The edible part of the strawberry is formed, as part of the ripening process, from the receptacle of the strawberry flower. The true fruits (hence, containing the seeds) are the roughly 200 pips (which are, technically, achenes, a true fruit that contains a single seed from a single ovary). These pips dot the exterior of the strawberry.[6]
Cashew appleedit
The cashew ‘apple’ and its attached drupe, which contains the edible seed
The cashew apple is an oval- or pear-shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower and is technically called a hypocarpium.[7][8][9] It ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5–11 cm (2–4+1⁄4 in) long.[10][8] The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney–shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple; the seed inside this drupe is the cashew nut of commerce.[10]
Pineappleedit
Pineapple in flower
The pineapple is formed when 50 to 200 unpollinated flowers coalesce in a spiral arrangement— the flowers form individually and then fuse as a single 'multiple fruit'. The ovaries develop into berries and the fruit forms around an intercalary spike. The intercalary inflorescence (cluster of flowers) results when the terminal cluster of flowers are left behind by the growth of the main axis of the plant. Each polygonal area on the pineapple's surface is an individual flower.[11]
Researchedit
Current research has proposed that a single class of genes may be responsible for regulating accessory fruit formation and ripening.[12] A study using strawberries concluded that hormone signaling pathways involving gibberellic acid and auxin affect gene expression, and contribute to the initiation of accessory fruit development.[6] Metabolic modifications in different developing accessory fruit tissues are due to the varied distributions of compounds such as triterpenoids and steroids.[13]
^Varghese, T.; Pundir, Y. (1964). "Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L.". Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B. 59 (5): 252–258. doi:10.1007/BF03052341. S2CID 83230755.
^ abJames A Duke (1983). "Anacardium occidentale L." Handbook of Energy Crops. (unpublished); In: NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
^"Cashew". Encyclopedia Britannica. 7 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
^ abMorton, Julia F. (1987). Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. pp. 239–240. ISBN978-0-9610184-1-2. from the original on 15 March 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2007. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^"Plant Details - Information about Ananas comosus Plant". www.efloraofgandhinagar.in. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
^Ireland, Hilary; Yao, Jia-Long; Tomes, Sumathi; Sutherland, Paul; Nieuwenhuizen, Niels; Gunaseelan, Kularajathevan; Winz, Robert; David, Karine; Schaffer, Robert (13 December 2012). "Apple SEPALLATA1/2-like genes control fruit flesh development and ripening". The Plant Journal. 73 (6): 1004–1056. doi:10.1111/tpj.12094. PMID 23236986.
^Dashbaldan, Soyol; Rogowska, Agata; Pączkowski, Cezary; Szakiel, Anna (25 August 2021). "Distribution of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Developing Rugosa Rose (Rosarugosa Thunb.) Accessory Fruit". Molecules. 26 (17): 5158. doi:10.3390/molecules26175158. PMC8433923. PMID 34500591.
February 16, 2024
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False fruit redirects here For artificial fruit see Food model An accessory fruit is a fruit that contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary In other words the flesh of the fruit develops not from the floral ovary but from some adjacent tissue exterior to the carpel for example from receptacles or sepal As a general rule the accessory fruit is a combination of several floral organs including the ovary In contrast true fruit forms exclusively from the ovary of the flower 1 A selection of accessory fruits from left to right pear fig and strawberry Accessory fruits are usually indehiscent meaning that they do not split open to release seeds when they have reached maturity 2 Contents 1 Terminology 2 Incorporated organs 3 Examples 3 1 Apples and pears 3 2 Roses 3 3 Strawberries 3 4 Cashew apple 3 5 Pineapple 4 Research 5 See also 6 ReferencesTerminology editAlternative terms for accessory fruit are false fruit spurious fruit pseudofruit or pseudocarp These are older terms for accessory fruit that have been criticized as inapt 1 and are not used by some botanists today citation needed Incorporated organs editSee also Glossary of botanical terms The following are examples of accessory fruits listed by the plant organ from which the accessory tissue is derived 3 Accessory Fruit Organs Organ FruitHypanthium apple pear rose hipInvolucre pineapplePeduncle cashew applePerianth anthocarps of the NyctaginaceaeReceptacle fig mulberry pineapple strawberryCalyx eastern teaberry rose appleFruit with fleshy seeds such as pomegranate or mamoncillo are not considered to be accessory fruits 4 Examples editApples and pears edit nbsp Apple section showing seeds plus papery expression of the ovary surrounded by tissue formed from ripening of the hypanthiumThe part of apples and pears that is consumed is in fact the hypanthium The ovary is the papery core that surrounds the apple seeds As the hypanthium ripens it forms the edible tissues 5 Roses edit For roses the hypanthium is the tissue that composes the edible part of rosehips Roses and apples are both members of the Rosaceae family the fact that they have similar fruit morphology is a major consideration in placing them in the same taxonomic family 5 Strawberries edit nbsp On this strawberry the many pips located on the surface have germinated in a phenomenon known as vivipary The pips of the strawberry are its true fruit The edible part of the strawberry is formed as part of the ripening process from the receptacle of the strawberry flower The true fruits hence containing the seeds are the roughly 200 pips which are technically achenes a true fruit that contains a single seed from a single ovary These pips dot the exterior of the strawberry 6 Cashew apple edit nbsp The cashew apple and its attached drupe which contains the edible seedThe cashew apple is an oval or pear shaped structure that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower and is technically called a hypocarpium 7 8 9 It ripens into a yellow or red structure about 5 11 cm 2 4 1 4 in long 10 8 The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple the seed inside this drupe is the cashew nut of commerce 10 Pineapple edit nbsp Pineapple in flowerThe pineapple is formed when 50 to 200 unpollinated flowers coalesce in a spiral arrangement the flowers form individually and then fuse as a single multiple fruit The ovaries develop into berries and the fruit forms around an intercalary spike The intercalary inflorescence cluster of flowers results when the terminal cluster of flowers are left behind by the growth of the main axis of the plant Each polygonal area on the pineapple s surface is an individual flower 11 Research editCurrent research has proposed that a single class of genes may be responsible for regulating accessory fruit formation and ripening 12 A study using strawberries concluded that hormone signaling pathways involving gibberellic acid and auxin affect gene expression and contribute to the initiation of accessory fruit development 6 Metabolic modifications in different developing accessory fruit tissues are due to the varied distributions of compounds such as triterpenoids and steroids 13 See also editAggregate fruit Compound fruit Multiple fruitReferences edit a b Esau K 1977 Anatomy of seed plants John Wiley and Sons New York Glossary Details The William amp Lynda Steere Herbarium sweetgum nybg org Retrieved 2021 03 17 Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary entries for syconium accessory fruit core and strawberry Merriam Webster Inc 2006 Holland D Hatib K Bar Ya akov I 2009 Pomegranate Botany Horticulture Breeding Horticultural Reviews John Wiley amp Sons Ltd pp 127 191 doi 10 1002 9780470593776 ch2 ISBN 978 0 470 59377 6 retrieved 2021 11 28 a b Michaels Tom Clark Matt Hoover Emily Irish Laura Smith Alan Tepe Emily 2022 06 20 8 1 Fruit Morphology a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help a b Zhou Junhui Sittmann John Guo Lei Xiao Yuwei Huang Xiaolong Pulapaka Anuhya Liu Zhongchi March 2021 Gibberellin and auxin signaling genes RGA1 and ARF8 repress accessory fruit initiation in diploid strawberry Plant Physiology 185 3 1059 1075 doi 10 1093 plphys kiaa087 PMC 8133647 PMID 33793929 Varghese T Pundir Y 1964 Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences Section B 59 5 252 258 doi 10 1007 BF03052341 S2CID 83230755 a b James A Duke 1983 Anacardium occidentale L Handbook of Energy Crops unpublished In NewCROP New Crop Resource Online Program Center for New Crops and Plant Products Purdue University Retrieved 10 December 2019 Cashew Encyclopedia Britannica 7 April 2020 Retrieved 8 May 2021 a b Morton Julia F 1987 Cashew apple Anacardium occidentaleL Center for New Crops and Plant Products Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture Purdue University W Lafayette IN pp 239 240 ISBN 978 0 9610184 1 2 Archived from the original on 15 March 2007 Retrieved 18 March 2007 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Plant Details Information about Ananas comosus Plant www efloraofgandhinagar in Retrieved 2023 03 18 Ireland Hilary Yao Jia Long Tomes Sumathi Sutherland Paul Nieuwenhuizen Niels Gunaseelan Kularajathevan Winz Robert David Karine Schaffer Robert 13 December 2012 Apple SEPALLATA1 2 like genes control fruit flesh development and ripening The Plant Journal 73 6 1004 1056 doi 10 1111 tpj 12094 PMID 23236986 Dashbaldan Soyol Rogowska Agata Paczkowski Cezary Szakiel Anna 25 August 2021 Distribution of Triterpenoids and Steroids in Developing Rugosa Rose Rosarugosa Thunb Accessory Fruit Molecules 26 17 5158 doi 10 3390 molecules26175158 PMC 8433923 PMID 34500591 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Accessory fruit amp oldid 1201233857, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
