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Andrew Johnson and slavery

Andrew Johnson, who became the 17th U.S. president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, was one of the last U.S. Presidents to personally own slaves. (Ulysses S. Grant married into slave ownership.) Johnson also oversaw the first years of the Reconstruction era as the head of the executive branch of the U.S. government. This professional obligation clashed with Johnson's long-held personal resentments: "Johnson's attitudes showed much consistency. All of his life he held deep-seated Jacksonian convictions along with prejudices against blacks, sectionalists, and the wealthy."[2] Johnson's engagement with Southern Unionism and Abraham Lincoln is summarized by his statement, "Damn the negroes; I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!"[2]

Bill of sale, for a slave girl named Dolly, from John W. Gragg to Andrew Johnson, dated January 2, 1843 (Gilder Lehrman Collection #GLC02041)[1]

According to Reconstruction historian Manisha Sinha, Johnson is remembered today for making white supremacy the overriding principle of his presidency through "his obdurate opposition to Reconstruction, the project to establish an interracial democracy in the United States after the destruction of slavery. He wanted to prevent, as he put it, the 'Africanization' of the country. Under the guise of strict constructionism, states' rights and opposition to big government, previously deployed by Southern slaveholders to defend slavery, Johnson vetoed all federal laws intended to protect former slaves from racial terror and from the Black Codes passed in the old Confederate states. This reduced African-Americans to a state of semi-servitude. Johnson peddled the racist myth that Southern whites were victimized by black emancipation and citizenship, which became an article of faith among Lost Cause proponents in the postwar South."[3]

In 1935, W.E.B. DuBois included an essay called "Transubstantiation of a Poor White" in his book Black Reconstruction in America. The topic was Johnson's Reconstruction, about which DuBois wrote: "Andrew Johnson could not include Negroes in any conceivable democracy. He tried to, but as a poor white, steeped in the limitations, prejudices, and ambitions of his social class, he could not; and this is the key to his career...For [the future of the] Negroes...he had nothing...except the bare possibility that, if given freedom, they might continue to exist and not die out."[4]

Personal ownership of slaves edit

Andrew Johnson typically said he owned between eight and 10 slaves, although the exact number is "surprisingly difficult to determine."[5] Eight enslaved persons are listed below; Liz, Florence, and William Johnson were born enslaved. Additional people enslaved by Johnson may be Sam Johnson's wife Margaret and their first three children, Dora, Robert, and Hattie, although their inclusion from a legal standpoint is entirely speculative, as the documentary record of Johnson's slave holdings is scant.[6] Other possible candidates are an unnamed child who may have been born to Dolly between Florence and William Andrew but who died young,[6] and possibly the wife of Henry Brown.[7]

When meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African-American leaders about the prospects for black male suffrage, Andrew Johnson's counterargument to black empowerment was a feigned victimhood. He told the group of visitors: "'I might say, however, that practically, so far as my connection with slaves has gone, I have been their slave instead of their being mine. Some have even followed me here, while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent.'"[8] Similarly, in March 1869, shortly after the end of his term in the White House, a newspaperman from Cincinnati found the ex-president at his home in Greeneville and conducted an interview. When asked about slavery, Johnson's reply was rich in me, my, and I statements, as was typical for him:[9] "I never bought but two or three slaves in my life, and I never sold one. The fact is [laughs] I was always more of a slave than any I owned. Slavery existed here among us, and those that I bought I bought because they wanted me to."[10] The most charitable possible interpretation of this statement, which implies a number of shocking presumptions, is that on some level Johnson understood that his slaves had substantially more character than he himself, a man who has been described as "all in all one of the most unlovable characters in U.S. presidential history,"[9] and "in some respects...the most pitiful figure of American history. A man who, despite great power and great ideas, became a puppet, played upon by mighty fingers and selfish, subtle minds; groping, self-made, unlettered and alone; drunk, not so much with liquor, as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success."[4]


Image Name Slave name Purchase date Purchase price Freedom date Born Died Family Notes
  Sam Johnson Sam 1842-11-29 US$549 (equivalent to $16,648 in 2022) 1863-08-08 1835 after 1883 Married, children Emancipation Day traditions
  Dolly Johnson Dolly 1843-01-02 US$500 (equivalent to $15,704 in 2022) 1863-08-08 1825–1830 (est.) after 1886 Married, children Emancipation Day traditions
Elizabeth Johnson Forby Liz Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother 1863-08-08 1846-03 1905-10-03 Married, children
  Florence Johnson Smith Florence Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother 1863-08-08 1850-05 1920-09-20 Married, children; she was survived by her son Edgar Smith;[11] Worked as a maid at the White House during Johnson's Presidency; died at Knoxville[6][12]
  William Andrew Johnson William Andrew Born enslaved under U.S. law because Johnson owned her mother 1863-08-08 1858 1943 No spouse, no children
Henry Brown Unknown, Henry is implied or presumed to have been a former slave, and has likely been historically conflated with Henry Johnson;[13] his exact legal status before the Civil War is unknown Unknown 1866-10-25 Married Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson's presidency, and died there of cholera; had previously been a family servant for a long time[7]
Henry Johnson 1857-05-06 US$1,050 (equivalent to $32,978 in 2022) 1863-08-08 about 1844 1890 Unknown Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson's presidency, later worked at the post office; died at Knoxville[6]
Bill Unknown Unknown 1863-08-08 Married, children Robert W. Winston, an early 20th century biographer, describes Bill as a "manservant" whose wife worked as the Johnson family cook[14]

Paternity of Dolly Johnson's children edit

Since the late 20th century historians have begun to speculate or insinuate that Andrew Johnson may have been the father of two, if not all three, of Dolly Johnson's children.[8][15][16][17][18][19][20] Dolly was enslaved by Johnson from 1843 until 1863.[8] Robert Johnson, Andrew Johnson's second-born son, was listed as father on William Andrew Johnson's death certificate in 1943.[21] There is no concrete evidence either proving or disproving paternity, and there have been no suggested alternate candidates over the last 175 years.[8] The National Park Service, which operates the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, notes "questionable paternity,"[22] and dedicates a page on their website to "Dolly's Children" but goes no further.[23] The father of Dolly Johnson's children could have been "anybody in Greeneville" and yet the relationship between the white and black Johnsons led "Tennessee whites to speculate that Andrew Johnson maintained a 'colored concubine.'"[24] Interestingly, writes historian Annette Gordon-Reed, "[Johnson] fixated on the 'problem' of interracial sex. In fact, he believed that slavery promoted it because it brought blacks and whites into such intimate and daily contact with one another. In the days when the writing was on the wall, and he knew that slavery would die at the hands of the Civil War, Johnson adopted an antislavery stance and began to denounce the institution. All his speeches on the subject 'dwell almost obsessively on racial miscegenation as the institution's main evil.'...the slaveholding Johnson may have used all this hard talk against racial mixture as a cover for his own circumstances. He would not have been the first, or the last, southern white man to travel this tortured psychological route."[17]

If Johnson did have a shadow family with Dolly while hypocritically upholding a race-based caste system, it would have put him in the company of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, Supreme Court Justice John Catron, sexual-predator U.S Senator James Henry Hammond, and in the 20th century, U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond.[25] Johnson's possibly having fathered several multiracial children would have been part of a widespread "racial and sexual double standard...in the slaveholding states [that] gave elite white men a free pass for their sexual relationships with black women, as long as the men neither flaunted nor legitimated such unions."[25] American national leaders in less-hypocritical interracial relationships included U.S. Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson[26] and most likely Thaddeus Stevens (chair of the House Ways and Means committee and one of President Johnson's fiercest Congressional opponents).[27] Andrew Johnson lectured newly emancipated blacks on the necessity of avoiding "licentiousness" and the importance of learning the "laws of marriage,"[28] but, hypocritically, he himself may not have followed those laws. In addition to suspicions about his sexual exploitation of Dolly, he was accused twice in separate sworn testimonies of being familiar with sex workers;[29][30] in 1872, he was accused of seducing his neighbor's wife;[31] and he was posthumously described as the source of a "canker" in his wife's heart "fed or created, as the gossips have said, by the marital infidelity of her graceless lord."[32] In 1856 a Knoxville newspaper argued, "Honor conferred upon him is like a jewel put into the nose of a hog—it can escape no possible defilement."[33]

Emancipation Day edit

 
Areas colored in teal were exempted from the effect of Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, which only applied to areas considered to be in effective rebellion against the U.S. government
 
"Celebration at Greeneville" (Knoxville Daily Chronicle, August 9, 1871)[34]

According to family and historical records, Andrew Johnson freed his personal slaves on August 8, 1863, a date that falls between Abraham Lincoln's January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, from which Tennessee was exempted, and mass emancipation in Tennessee occurred on October 24, 1864, by declaration of military governor Johnson.[10][35] A new Tennessee constitution abolished slavery in the state as of February 22, 1865.[35] The Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified in December 1865.[36] According to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth Maron, "Fearing that emancipation by federal edict would alienate Tennessee's slaveholding Unionists, Johnson urged that the state be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation, so he could promote the issue from the inside: in August 1863, Johnson freed his own slaves, seeking to set an example for his fellow Tennesseans."[37]

The August 8 date eventually become known as Freedom Day in Tennessee, and was also eventually celebrated in some neighboring communities in Kentucky, Missouri, and southern Illinois.[20] Andrew Johnson himself attended a Freedom Day celebration organized by Sam Johnson in 1871.[6][38] For the many decades between emancipation and desegregation, the annual August 8 picnic was the only day of the year that blacks were allowed to be in Knoxville's Chilhowee Park.[36] In 1938, William Andrew Johnson, then 80 years old, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.[39]

Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday.

— The Knoxville Journal, August 8, 1938[39]

From Moses to Pharoah edit

 
Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill extending funding for the Freedmen's Bureau (editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast, Harper's Weekly, April 14, 1866)[40]

Andrew Johnson made what is remembered as the Moses speech, on October 24, 1864, in Nashville, Tennessee,[41] when he was military governor of Tennessee and a candidate for Vice President on the Lincoln Unionist ticket. "Before an audience of ten thousand colored men...amidst cheers which shook the sky," Johnson proclaimed that he would act for their benefit and advancement as a race now that the slaves of the United States had been emancipated.[42]

I will indeed be your Moses, and lead you through the Red Sea of war and bondage, to a fairer future of liberty and peace. I speak, too, as a citizen of Tennessee. I am here on my own soil, and here I mean to stay and fight this great battle of truth and justice to a triumphant end. Rebellion and slavery shall, by God's good help, no longer pollute our State. Loyal men, whether white or black, shall alone control her destinies: and when this strife in which we are all engaged is past, I trust, I know, we shall have a better state of things, and shall all rejoice that honest labor reaps the fruit of its own industry, and that every man has a fair chance in the race of life.

— Andrew Johnson

Johnson refers to the Biblical figure Moses from the book of Exodus, who led the enslaved Jews of ancient Egypt out of bondage with the aid of his god, who parts the Red Sea so that they may pass, and then releases the waters upon their pursuers.

 
Brownlow's Knoxville Whig resurfaced some of Johnson's past vows on July 4, 1866

Johnson betrayed those who trusted in this campaign promise. As a 1989 book review put it, "Nowhere was Johnson's duplicitous nature more cruelly evident than on questions of race."[43] Per historian Robert S. Levine, "...Johnson worked to undermine the Freedmen's Bureau, to dismantle other Reconstruction initiatives, and to prevent African Americans from attaining equal rights through federal legislation."[44] The betrayal, which contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and another 100 years of racial oppression,[44] continues to be a central focus of historians, but was recognized and criticized in his own time.[45] Johnson's turn from staunch Unionist to Confederate apologist, and his centrality to the diminishment of the goals of Reconstruction, was also gratefully lauded by his fellow white supremacists of the legacy South:[46]

To show the great change effected in Mr. Johnson, no further proof is needed than extracts from Southern papers. The Memphis Argus, one of the most uncompromising rebel sheets published, said in 1862:

"We should to like to see Andrew Johnson's lying tongue torn from his foul mouth, and his miserable carcass thrown to the dogs, or hung on a gibbet as high as Haman to feed the carrion buzzards."

The same paper, edited by the same man, says in 1866:

"The iron firmness, the undismayed soul of a single man (Andrew Johnson) is all that stands between us and the fatal vortex of anarchy and resultant despotism which has engulphed the lives and fortunes of many millions before us.—Let us rally to the side of that man, determined to save or perish with the Republic."[46]


In a report about Johnson's supposed tears over superficial gestures of national comity at the pro-Johnson 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia: "There is good reason to believe, that when Miss Columbia, in imitation of Miss Pharaoh, fished among the bulrushes and slimy waters of Southern plebeianism for a little Moses, she slung out a young crocodile instead. He is a crocodile by nature, although he calls himself Moses. He craunches and gulps down whatever stands in his way, without any signs of mercy, yet is always prepared to shed tears to order."[47] The image that Johnson provided of himself-as-Moses was sufficiently rich that it continues to be applied with grim irony to present day.[48][49]

 
Thomas Nast depicted the supposed crocodile tears of "Moses" in this cartoon about the 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia.

Congressmen, including U.S. Senator Sumner, referenced the Moses speech during the Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings:[50]

Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power. In him it lives again. He is the lineal successor of John C. Calhoun and Jefferson Davis; and he gathers about him the same supporters. Original partisans of slavery north and south; habitual compromisers of great principles; maligners of the Declaration of Independence; politicians without heart; lawyers, for whom a technicality is everything, and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights; these are his allies. It is the old troop of slavery, with a few recruits, ready as of old for violence...With the President at their head, they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion. Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history...Not a month, not a week, not day should be lost. The safety of the Republic requires action at once. The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice. I would not in this judgment depart from that moderation which belongs to the occasion; but God forbid that, when called to deal with so great an offender, should affect a coldness which I cannot feel. Slavery has been our worst enemy, assailing all, murdering our children, filling our homes with mourning, and darkening the land with tragedy; and now it rears its crest anew, with Andrew Johnson as its representative. Through him assumes once more to rule the Republic and to impose its cruel law. The enormity of his conduct is aggravated by his bare faced treachery. He once declared himself the Moses of the colored race. Behold him now the Pharaoh.

— U.S. Senator Charles Sumner (R-Massachusetts), written statement regarding impeachment vote

Andrew Johnson and civil rights edit

Johnson vetoed several pieces of Congressional legislation that were designed to improve the humanitarian conditions of recently emancipated slaves and/or provide black men with rights that had previously been held only by white men.[28] Johnson would typically "claim that the future status of freed people was not an issue of racism, but an issue of constitutionality."[28] He thus opposed almost all aspects of Congressional Reconstruction, including the Fourteenth Amendment.[28] He argued that improvements in the status of black Americans would only be legitimate if passed on the state, rather than federal level,[28] but he also vetoed the D.C. Franchise Bill, and the District of Columbia is constitutionally defined as the jurisdiction of no state but solely of the U.S. Congress.[17]

Andrew Johnson presidential vetoes (partial list)
Veto date Bill
1866-02-19 Freedmen's Bureau Bill
1866-03-27 Civil Rights Bill
1866-07-16 Freedmen's Bureau Bill
1867-01-05 District of Columbia Suffrage Act
1867-03-02 First Military Reconstruction Act (see Reconstruction Acts)
1867-03-23 Second Military Reconstruction Act
1867-07-19 Third Military Reconstruction Act
1868-07-25 Freedmen's Bureau Bill

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Bill of sale to Andrew Johnson for a slave girl named Dolly". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Greene County, Tenn. 1843. GLC02041. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
  2. ^ a b Cimprich, John (1980). "Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks, 1862-65". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 39 (4): 459–470. ISSN 0040-3261.
  3. ^ Sinha, Manisha (November 29, 2019). "Donald Trump, Meet Your Precursor". Opinion. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-30.
  4. ^ a b DuBois, W.E.B. (1935). "Transubstantiation of a Poor White". Black Reconstruction: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860-1888. New York: Russell. pp. 242–244 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ Bowen, David Warren (1989). Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Slaves of Andrew Johnson". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (nps.gov). Retrieved 2023-06-23.
  7. ^ a b "Washington: By Telegraph to the Tribune". New York Tribune. October 29, 1866. p. 10. Retrieved 2023-06-26 – via NewspaperArchive.com.
  8. ^ a b c d Fling, Sarah (2020). "The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson". WHHA (en-US). Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  9. ^ a b Browne, Stephen Howard (2008). "Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Character". In Medhurst, Martin J. (ed.). Before the Rhetorical Presidency. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 194–212. ISBN 978-1-60344-626-6. Retrieved 2023-07-30 – via Project MUSE.
  10. ^ a b "Interviewed: A Confab with Andrew Johnson, What the ex-President Says About Matters and Things". Republican Banner. March 28, 1869. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-03.
  11. ^ "Negro Woman, Served as White House Maid, Dies Here at Age of 80 Years". The Journal and Tribune. September 16, 1920. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  12. ^ "Johnson's Housemaid". Chattanooga Daily Times. September 16, 1920. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  13. ^ Holland, Jesse J. (January 2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4930-2419-3.
  14. ^ Winston, Robert W. (1928). Andrew Johnson, Plebeian and Patriot. New York: Henry Holt & Company. LCCN 28007534. OCLC 475518. OL 6712742M – via HathiTrust.
  15. ^ Boren, Rance A. (September 2022). "A case of neglect". Cortex. 154: 254–258. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2022.06.003. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 35810499. S2CID 249650951.
  16. ^ Wineapple, Brenda (2020). The Impeachers: The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation. Random House Publishing Group. p. 52. ISBN 9780812987911 – via Libby.
  17. ^ a b c Gordon-Reed, Annette (2011). Andrew Johnson. The American Presidents Series. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt. pp. 16, 41–42, 128–129. ISBN 978-0-8050-6948-8. LCCN 2010032595. OCLC 154806758.
  18. ^ Holland, Jesse J. (2016). The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. pp. 193–201. ISBN 978-1-4930-0846-9. LCCN 2015034010. OCLC 926105956.
  19. ^ Bowen, David Warren (2005) [1976, 1989]. "Chapter 3: The Defender of Slavery". Andrew Johnson and the Negro. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-87049-584-7. LCCN 88009668. OCLC 17764213. Originally published as a thesis: ProQuest 7710753.
  20. ^ a b Miller, Zachary A. (August 2022). False Idol: The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville, Tennessee 1869-2022 (Master of Arts thesis). Eastern Tennessee State University. p. 117. Paper 4096.
  21. ^ "William A. Johnson, 16 May 1943; Death, Knox, Tennessee, United States", Tennessee Deaths, 1914-1966, Tennessee State Library and Archives, Nashville – via FamilySearch
  22. ^ Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. "Slaves of Andrew Johnson - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Greeneville, Mailing Address: Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave; Us, TN 37743 Phone: 423 638-3551 Contact. "Dolly's Children - Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-08-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ Egerton, Douglas R. (2014). The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-60819-566-4.
  25. ^ a b Clinton, Catherine (2010), Brooten, Bernadette J. (ed.), "Breaking the Silence: Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond", Beyond Slavery, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 213–228, doi:10.1057/9780230113893_13, ISBN 978-0-230-10017-6, retrieved 2023-08-01
  26. ^ Potter, Leslie (February 20, 2020). "The Lost Story of Julia Chinn > KET". KET. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  27. ^ "Thaddeus Stevens, Relationship with Lydia Hamilton Smith (Trefousse, 1997) | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  28. ^ a b c d e Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R.; Zuczek, Richard (June 22, 2001). Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. pp. 32–35 (Blacks, Johnson's attitude toward), 269–270 (Slaves, owned by Johnson), 305 (vetoes). ISBN 978-1-57607-030-7.
  29. ^ "The Impeachment Case". The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial. July 27, 1867. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  30. ^ "Lucy Cobb & Lafayette Baker". Semi-Weekly Wisconsin. November 30, 1867. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  31. ^ "The Greenville, Tenn. Scandal: A Libel on Ex-President Johnson". New York Daily Herald. May 29, 1872. p. 7. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  32. ^ "A. Johnson, Tailor - The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled". Public Ledger. August 17, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  33. ^ "Andrew Johnson—Still in the Gutter". The Knoxville Register. October 9, 1856. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  34. ^ "Celebration at Greeneville [Sam Johnson and Emancipation Day addressed by ex-President Johnson]". Knoxville Daily Chronicle. August 9, 1871. p. 4. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^ a b "The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee". tnmuseum.org. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  36. ^ a b Brown, Fred (June 24, 2023). "Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts; Researchers seek more (Part 1 of 1)". Local section, Appalachian Journal column. The Knoxville News-Sentinel. p. B1. Page image 22. Retrieved 2023-06-24 – via Newspapers.com. & "Journal (Part 2 of 2)". August 10, 2003. p. B2.
  37. ^ Maron, Elizabeth (October 4, 2016). "Andrew Johnson: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. University of Virginia. from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  38. ^ "Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871, page Page 4". Newspapers.com. Retrieved 2023-06-24.
  39. ^ a b "William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937". The Knoxville Journal. August 6, 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  40. ^ Nast, Thomas (April 14, 1866). "Untitled caricature collage". Harper's Weekly: A Journal of Civilization. Vol. X, no. 485. p. 232 – via Internet Archive.
  41. ^ ""The Moses of the Colored Men" Speech". Andrew Johnson National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  42. ^ "The Modern Moses". Cleveland Daily Leader. February 26, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  43. ^ "Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson". American Heritage. Vol. 40, no. 5. July–August 1989. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  44. ^ a b Levine, Robert S. (2021). The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, Frederick Douglass, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 9781324004769. LCCN 2021005132.
  45. ^ Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 3, 2016). "Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.11. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5. Retrieved 2023-07-09.
  46. ^ a b "President Johnson". The Baltimore County Union, The Towson News. September 1, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  47. ^ "Tears". White Cloud Kansas Chief. August 30, 1866. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  48. ^ Reynolds, David S. "He Was No Moses". ISSN 0028-7504. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  49. ^ Rothera, Evan (January 27, 2020). ""Moses in Retirement": Andrew Johnson, 1869-1876". The Gettysburg Historical Journal. 7 (1). ISSN 2327-3917.
  50. ^ Fleming, Walter Lynwood (1906). Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational & Industrial, 1865 to the Present Time. A.H. Clark Company. p. 471.

andrew, johnson, slavery, andrew, johnson, became, 17th, president, following, assassination, abraham, lincoln, last, presidents, personally, slaves, ulysses, grant, married, into, slave, ownership, johnson, also, oversaw, first, years, reconstruction, head, e. Andrew Johnson who became the 17th U S president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln was one of the last U S Presidents to personally own slaves Ulysses S Grant married into slave ownership Johnson also oversaw the first years of the Reconstruction era as the head of the executive branch of the U S government This professional obligation clashed with Johnson s long held personal resentments Johnson s attitudes showed much consistency All of his life he held deep seated Jacksonian convictions along with prejudices against blacks sectionalists and the wealthy 2 Johnson s engagement with Southern Unionism and Abraham Lincoln is summarized by his statement Damn the negroes I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats their masters 2 Bill of sale for a slave girl named Dolly from John W Gragg to Andrew Johnson dated January 2 1843 Gilder Lehrman Collection GLC02041 1 According to Reconstruction historian Manisha Sinha Johnson is remembered today for making white supremacy the overriding principle of his presidency through his obdurate opposition to Reconstruction the project to establish an interracial democracy in the United States after the destruction of slavery He wanted to prevent as he put it the Africanization of the country Under the guise of strict constructionism states rights and opposition to big government previously deployed by Southern slaveholders to defend slavery Johnson vetoed all federal laws intended to protect former slaves from racial terror and from the Black Codes passed in the old Confederate states This reduced African Americans to a state of semi servitude Johnson peddled the racist myth that Southern whites were victimized by black emancipation and citizenship which became an article of faith among Lost Cause proponents in the postwar South 3 In 1935 W E B DuBois included an essay called Transubstantiation of a Poor White in his book Black Reconstruction in America The topic was Johnson s Reconstruction about which DuBois wrote Andrew Johnson could not include Negroes in any conceivable democracy He tried to but as a poor white steeped in the limitations prejudices and ambitions of his social class he could not and this is the key to his career For the future of the Negroes he had nothing except the bare possibility that if given freedom they might continue to exist and not die out 4 Contents 1 Personal ownership of slaves 2 Paternity of Dolly Johnson s children 3 Emancipation Day 4 From Moses to Pharoah 5 Andrew Johnson and civil rights 6 See also 7 ReferencesPersonal ownership of slaves editAndrew Johnson typically said he owned between eight and 10 slaves although the exact number is surprisingly difficult to determine 5 Eight enslaved persons are listed below Liz Florence and William Johnson were born enslaved Additional people enslaved by Johnson may be Sam Johnson s wife Margaret and their first three children Dora Robert and Hattie although their inclusion from a legal standpoint is entirely speculative as the documentary record of Johnson s slave holdings is scant 6 Other possible candidates are an unnamed child who may have been born to Dolly between Florence and William Andrew but who died young 6 and possibly the wife of Henry Brown 7 When meeting with Frederick Douglass and other African American leaders about the prospects for black male suffrage Andrew Johnson s counterargument to black empowerment was a feigned victimhood He told the group of visitors I might say however that practically so far as my connection with slaves has gone I have been their slave instead of their being mine Some have even followed me here while others are occupying and enjoying my property with my consent 8 Similarly in March 1869 shortly after the end of his term in the White House a newspaperman from Cincinnati found the ex president at his home in Greeneville and conducted an interview When asked about slavery Johnson s reply was rich in me my and I statements as was typical for him 9 I never bought but two or three slaves in my life and I never sold one The fact is laughs I was always more of a slave than any I owned Slavery existed here among us and those that I bought I bought because they wanted me to 10 The most charitable possible interpretation of this statement which implies a number of shocking presumptions is that on some level Johnson understood that his slaves had substantially more character than he himself a man who has been described as all in all one of the most unlovable characters in U S presidential history 9 and in some respects the most pitiful figure of American history A man who despite great power and great ideas became a puppet played upon by mighty fingers and selfish subtle minds groping self made unlettered and alone drunk not so much with liquor as with the heady wine of sudden and accidental success 4 Image Name Slave name Purchase date Purchase price Freedom date Born Died Family Notes nbsp Sam Johnson Sam 1842 11 29 US 549 equivalent to 16 648 in 2022 1863 08 08 1835 after 1883 Married children Emancipation Day traditions nbsp Dolly Johnson Dolly 1843 01 02 US 500 equivalent to 15 704 in 2022 1863 08 08 1825 1830 est after 1886 Married children Emancipation Day traditionsElizabeth Johnson Forby Liz Born enslaved under U S law because Johnson owned her mother 1863 08 08 1846 03 1905 10 03 Married children nbsp Florence Johnson Smith Florence Born enslaved under U S law because Johnson owned her mother 1863 08 08 1850 05 1920 09 20 Married children she was survived by her son Edgar Smith 11 Worked as a maid at the White House during Johnson s Presidency died at Knoxville 6 12 nbsp William Andrew Johnson William Andrew Born enslaved under U S law because Johnson owned her mother 1863 08 08 1858 1943 No spouse no childrenHenry Brown Unknown Henry is implied or presumed to have been a former slave and has likely been historically conflated with Henry Johnson 13 his exact legal status before the Civil War is unknown Unknown 1866 10 25 Married Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson s presidency and died there of cholera had previously been a family servant for a long time 7 Henry Johnson 1857 05 06 US 1 050 equivalent to 32 978 in 2022 1863 08 08 about 1844 1890 Unknown Worked at the White House during Andrew Johnson s presidency later worked at the post office died at Knoxville 6 Bill Unknown Unknown 1863 08 08 Married children Robert W Winston an early 20th century biographer describes Bill as a manservant whose wife worked as the Johnson family cook 14 Paternity of Dolly Johnson s children editSince the late 20th century historians have begun to speculate or insinuate that Andrew Johnson may have been the father of two if not all three of Dolly Johnson s children 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 Dolly was enslaved by Johnson from 1843 until 1863 8 Robert Johnson Andrew Johnson s second born son was listed as father on William Andrew Johnson s death certificate in 1943 21 There is no concrete evidence either proving or disproving paternity and there have been no suggested alternate candidates over the last 175 years 8 The National Park Service which operates the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site notes questionable paternity 22 and dedicates a page on their website to Dolly s Children but goes no further 23 The father of Dolly Johnson s children could have been anybody in Greeneville and yet the relationship between the white and black Johnsons led Tennessee whites to speculate that Andrew Johnson maintained a colored concubine 24 Interestingly writes historian Annette Gordon Reed Johnson fixated on the problem of interracial sex In fact he believed that slavery promoted it because it brought blacks and whites into such intimate and daily contact with one another In the days when the writing was on the wall and he knew that slavery would die at the hands of the Civil War Johnson adopted an antislavery stance and began to denounce the institution All his speeches on the subject dwell almost obsessively on racial miscegenation as the institution s main evil the slaveholding Johnson may have used all this hard talk against racial mixture as a cover for his own circumstances He would not have been the first or the last southern white man to travel this tortured psychological route 17 If Johnson did have a shadow family with Dolly while hypocritically upholding a race based caste system it would have put him in the company of U S President Thomas Jefferson Supreme Court Justice John Catron sexual predator U S Senator James Henry Hammond and in the 20th century U S Senator Strom Thurmond 25 Johnson s possibly having fathered several multiracial children would have been part of a widespread racial and sexual double standard in the slaveholding states that gave elite white men a free pass for their sexual relationships with black women as long as the men neither flaunted nor legitimated such unions 25 American national leaders in less hypocritical interracial relationships included U S Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 26 and most likely Thaddeus Stevens chair of the House Ways and Means committee and one of President Johnson s fiercest Congressional opponents 27 Andrew Johnson lectured newly emancipated blacks on the necessity of avoiding licentiousness and the importance of learning the laws of marriage 28 but hypocritically he himself may not have followed those laws In addition to suspicions about his sexual exploitation of Dolly he was accused twice in separate sworn testimonies of being familiar with sex workers 29 30 in 1872 he was accused of seducing his neighbor s wife 31 and he was posthumously described as the source of a canker in his wife s heart fed or created as the gossips have said by the marital infidelity of her graceless lord 32 In 1856 a Knoxville newspaper argued Honor conferred upon him is like a jewel put into the nose of a hog it can escape no possible defilement 33 Emancipation Day editMain article Emancipation Day Kentucky and Tennessee August 8 nbsp Areas colored in teal were exempted from the effect of Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation which only applied to areas considered to be in effective rebellion against the U S government nbsp Celebration at Greeneville Knoxville Daily Chronicle August 9 1871 34 According to family and historical records Andrew Johnson freed his personal slaves on August 8 1863 a date that falls between Abraham Lincoln s January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation from which Tennessee was exempted and mass emancipation in Tennessee occurred on October 24 1864 by declaration of military governor Johnson 10 35 A new Tennessee constitution abolished slavery in the state as of February 22 1865 35 The Thirteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified in December 1865 36 According to University of Virginia history professor Elizabeth Maron Fearing that emancipation by federal edict would alienate Tennessee s slaveholding Unionists Johnson urged that the state be exempted from the Emancipation Proclamation so he could promote the issue from the inside in August 1863 Johnson freed his own slaves seeking to set an example for his fellow Tennesseans 37 The August 8 date eventually become known as Freedom Day in Tennessee and was also eventually celebrated in some neighboring communities in Kentucky Missouri and southern Illinois 20 Andrew Johnson himself attended a Freedom Day celebration organized by Sam Johnson in 1871 6 38 For the many decades between emancipation and desegregation the annual August 8 picnic was the only day of the year that blacks were allowed to be in Knoxville s Chilhowee Park 36 In 1938 William Andrew Johnson then 80 years old spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park 39 Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday The Knoxville Journal August 8 1938 39 From Moses to Pharoah edit nbsp Andrew Johnson vetoed a bill extending funding for the Freedmen s Bureau editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast Harper s Weekly April 14 1866 40 Andrew Johnson made what is remembered as the Moses speech on October 24 1864 in Nashville Tennessee 41 when he was military governor of Tennessee and a candidate for Vice President on the Lincoln Unionist ticket Before an audience of ten thousand colored men amidst cheers which shook the sky Johnson proclaimed that he would act for their benefit and advancement as a race now that the slaves of the United States had been emancipated 42 I will indeed be your Moses and lead you through the Red Sea of war and bondage to a fairer future of liberty and peace I speak too as a citizen of Tennessee I am here on my own soil and here I mean to stay and fight this great battle of truth and justice to a triumphant end Rebellion and slavery shall by God s good help no longer pollute our State Loyal men whether white or black shall alone control her destinies and when this strife in which we are all engaged is past I trust I know we shall have a better state of things and shall all rejoice that honest labor reaps the fruit of its own industry and that every man has a fair chance in the race of life Andrew Johnson Johnson refers to the Biblical figure Moses from the book of Exodus who led the enslaved Jews of ancient Egypt out of bondage with the aid of his god who parts the Red Sea so that they may pass and then releases the waters upon their pursuers nbsp Brownlow s Knoxville Whig resurfaced some of Johnson s past vows on July 4 1866Johnson betrayed those who trusted in this campaign promise As a 1989 book review put it Nowhere was Johnson s duplicitous nature more cruelly evident than on questions of race 43 Per historian Robert S Levine Johnson worked to undermine the Freedmen s Bureau to dismantle other Reconstruction initiatives and to prevent African Americans from attaining equal rights through federal legislation 44 The betrayal which contributed to the failure of Reconstruction and another 100 years of racial oppression 44 continues to be a central focus of historians but was recognized and criticized in his own time 45 Johnson s turn from staunch Unionist to Confederate apologist and his centrality to the diminishment of the goals of Reconstruction was also gratefully lauded by his fellow white supremacists of the legacy South 46 To show the great change effected in Mr Johnson no further proof is needed than extracts from Southern papers The Memphis Argus one of the most uncompromising rebel sheets published said in 1862 We should to like to see Andrew Johnson s lying tongue torn from his foul mouth and his miserable carcass thrown to the dogs or hung on a gibbet as high as Haman to feed the carrion buzzards The same paper edited by the same man says in 1866 The iron firmness the undismayed soul of a single man Andrew Johnson is all that stands between us and the fatal vortex of anarchy and resultant despotism which has engulphed the lives and fortunes of many millions before us Let us rally to the side of that man determined to save or perish with the Republic 46 In a report about Johnson s supposed tears over superficial gestures of national comity at the pro Johnson 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia There is good reason to believe that when Miss Columbia in imitation of Miss Pharaoh fished among the bulrushes and slimy waters of Southern plebeianism for a little Moses she slung out a young crocodile instead He is a crocodile by nature although he calls himself Moses He craunches and gulps down whatever stands in his way without any signs of mercy yet is always prepared to shed tears to order 47 The image that Johnson provided of himself as Moses was sufficiently rich that it continues to be applied with grim irony to present day 48 49 nbsp Thomas Nast depicted the supposed crocodile tears of Moses in this cartoon about the 1866 National Union Convention in Philadelphia Congressmen including U S Senator Sumner referenced the Moses speech during the Andrew Johnson impeachment hearings 50 Andrew Johnson is the impersonation of the tyrannical slave power In him it lives again He is the lineal successor of John C Calhoun and Jefferson Davis and he gathers about him the same supporters Original partisans of slavery north and south habitual compromisers of great principles maligners of the Declaration of Independence politicians without heart lawyers for whom a technicality is everything and a promiscuous company who at every stage of the battle have set their faces against equal rights these are his allies It is the old troop of slavery with a few recruits ready as of old for violence With the President at their head they are now entrenched in the Executive Mansion Not to dislodge them is to leave the country a prey to one of the most hateful tyrannies of history Not a month not a week not day should be lost The safety of the Republic requires action at once The lives of innocent men must be rescued from sacrifice I would not in this judgment depart from that moderation which belongs to the occasion but God forbid that when called to deal with so great an offender should affect a coldness which I cannot feel Slavery has been our worst enemy assailing all murdering our children filling our homes with mourning and darkening the land with tragedy and now it rears its crest anew with Andrew Johnson as its representative Through him assumes once more to rule the Republic and to impose its cruel law The enormity of his conduct is aggravated by his bare faced treachery He once declared himself the Moses of the colored race Behold him now the Pharaoh U S Senator Charles Sumner R Massachusetts written statement regarding impeachment voteAndrew Johnson and civil rights editJohnson vetoed several pieces of Congressional legislation that were designed to improve the humanitarian conditions of recently emancipated slaves and or provide black men with rights that had previously been held only by white men 28 Johnson would typically claim that the future status of freed people was not an issue of racism but an issue of constitutionality 28 He thus opposed almost all aspects of Congressional Reconstruction including the Fourteenth Amendment 28 He argued that improvements in the status of black Americans would only be legitimate if passed on the state rather than federal level 28 but he also vetoed the D C Franchise Bill and the District of Columbia is constitutionally defined as the jurisdiction of no state but solely of the U S Congress 17 Andrew Johnson presidential vetoes partial list Veto date Bill1866 02 19 Freedmen s Bureau Bill1866 03 27 Civil Rights Bill1866 07 16 Freedmen s Bureau Bill1867 01 05 District of Columbia Suffrage Act1867 03 02 First Military Reconstruction Act see Reconstruction Acts 1867 03 23 Second Military Reconstruction Act1867 07 19 Third Military Reconstruction Act1868 07 25 Freedmen s Bureau BillSee also editList of United States presidential vetoes Andrew Johnson Voting rights in the United States Bibliography of Andrew Johnson Presidency of Andrew Johnson Reconstruction era Freedmen s Bureau bills Freedmen massacres Reconstruction Amendments Nadir of American race relations Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate African Americans in Tennessee Woodrow Wilson and raceReferences edit Bill of sale to Andrew Johnson for a slave girl named Dolly Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History Greene County Tenn 1843 GLC02041 Retrieved 2023 05 03 a b Cimprich John 1980 Military Governor Johnson and Tennessee Blacks 1862 65 Tennessee Historical Quarterly 39 4 459 470 ISSN 0040 3261 Sinha Manisha November 29 2019 Donald Trump Meet Your Precursor Opinion The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved 2023 07 30 a b DuBois W E B 1935 Transubstantiation of a Poor White Black Reconstruction An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America 1860 1888 New York Russell pp 242 244 via Internet Archive Bowen David Warren 1989 Andrew Johnson and the Negro Knoxville University of Tennessee Press pp 51 57 ISBN 978 0 87049 584 7 LCCN 88009668 OCLC 17764213 a b c d e Slaves of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson National Historic Site nps gov Retrieved 2023 06 23 a b Washington By Telegraph to the Tribune New York Tribune October 29 1866 p 10 Retrieved 2023 06 26 via NewspaperArchive com a b c d Fling Sarah 2020 The Formerly Enslaved Households of President Andrew Johnson WHHA en US Retrieved 2023 08 01 a b Browne Stephen Howard 2008 Andrew Johnson and the Politics of Character In Medhurst Martin J ed Before the Rhetorical Presidency College Station Texas A amp M University Press pp 194 212 ISBN 978 1 60344 626 6 Retrieved 2023 07 30 via Project MUSE a b Interviewed A Confab with Andrew Johnson What the ex President Says About Matters and Things Republican Banner March 28 1869 p 1 Retrieved 2023 08 03 Negro Woman Served as White House Maid Dies Here at Age of 80 Years The Journal and Tribune September 16 1920 p 4 Retrieved 2023 06 24 Johnson s Housemaid Chattanooga Daily Times September 16 1920 p 3 Retrieved 2023 06 24 Holland Jesse J January 2016 The Invisibles The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House p 196 ISBN 978 1 4930 2419 3 Winston Robert W 1928 Andrew Johnson Plebeian and Patriot New York Henry Holt amp Company LCCN 28007534 OCLC 475518 OL 6712742M via HathiTrust Boren Rance A September 2022 A case of neglect Cortex 154 254 258 doi 10 1016 j cortex 2022 06 003 ISSN 0010 9452 PMID 35810499 S2CID 249650951 Wineapple Brenda 2020 The Impeachers The Trial of Andrew Johnson and the Dream of a Just Nation Random House Publishing Group p 52 ISBN 9780812987911 via Libby a b c Gordon Reed Annette 2011 Andrew Johnson The American Presidents Series New York Times Books Henry Holt pp 16 41 42 128 129 ISBN 978 0 8050 6948 8 LCCN 2010032595 OCLC 154806758 Holland Jesse J 2016 The Invisibles The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House Guilford Conn Lyons Press pp 193 201 ISBN 978 1 4930 0846 9 LCCN 2015034010 OCLC 926105956 Bowen David Warren 2005 1976 1989 Chapter 3 The Defender of Slavery Andrew Johnson and the Negro Knoxville University of Tennessee Press pp 54 55 ISBN 978 0 87049 584 7 LCCN 88009668 OCLC 17764213 Originally published as a thesis ProQuest 7710753 a b Miller Zachary A August 2022 False Idol The Memory of Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction in Greeneville Tennessee 1869 2022 Master of Arts thesis Eastern Tennessee State University p 117 Paper 4096 William A Johnson 16 May 1943 Death Knox Tennessee United States Tennessee Deaths 1914 1966 Tennessee State Library and Archives Nashville via FamilySearch Greeneville Mailing Address Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave Us TN 37743 Phone 423 638 3551 Contact Slaves of Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson National Historic Site U S National Park Service www nps gov Retrieved 2023 08 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Greeneville Mailing Address Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 121 Monument Ave Us TN 37743 Phone 423 638 3551 Contact Dolly s Children Andrew Johnson National Historic Site U S National Park Service www nps gov Retrieved 2023 08 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Egerton Douglas R 2014 The Wars of Reconstruction The Brief Violent History of America s Most Progressive Era Bloomsbury Publishing USA p 59 ISBN 978 1 60819 566 4 a b Clinton Catherine 2010 Brooten Bernadette J ed Breaking the Silence Sexual Hypocrisies from Thomas Jefferson to Strom Thurmond Beyond Slavery New York Palgrave Macmillan US pp 213 228 doi 10 1057 9780230113893 13 ISBN 978 0 230 10017 6 retrieved 2023 08 01 Potter Leslie February 20 2020 The Lost Story of Julia Chinn gt KET KET Retrieved 2023 08 01 Thaddeus Stevens Relationship with Lydia Hamilton Smith Trefousse 1997 House Divided hd housedivided dickinson edu Retrieved 2023 08 01 a b c d e Schroeder Lein Glenna R Zuczek Richard June 22 2001 Andrew Johnson A Biographical Companion Santa Barbara Calif ABC CLIO pp 32 35 Blacks Johnson s attitude toward 269 270 Slaves owned by Johnson 305 vetoes ISBN 978 1 57607 030 7 The Impeachment Case The Pittsburgh Daily Commercial July 27 1867 p 1 Retrieved 2023 08 05 Lucy Cobb amp Lafayette Baker Semi Weekly Wisconsin November 30 1867 p 4 Retrieved 2023 08 05 The Greenville Tenn Scandal A Libel on Ex President Johnson New York Daily Herald May 29 1872 p 7 Retrieved 2023 08 05 A Johnson Tailor The Curtain Raises and Delusions as to His Real Character Dispelled Public Ledger August 17 1891 p 1 Retrieved 2023 08 05 Andrew Johnson Still in the Gutter The Knoxville Register October 9 1856 p 2 Retrieved 2023 08 05 Celebration at Greeneville Sam Johnson and Emancipation Day addressed by ex President Johnson Knoxville Daily Chronicle August 9 1871 p 4 Retrieved 2023 06 24 via Newspapers com a b The Emancipation Proclamation in Tennessee tnmuseum org Retrieved 2023 08 05 a b Brown Fred June 24 2023 Significance of this date recorded mainly in hearts Researchers seek more Part 1 of 1 Local section Appalachian Journal column The Knoxville News Sentinel p B1 Page image 22 Retrieved 2023 06 24 via Newspapers com amp Journal Part 2 of 2 August 10 2003 p B2 Maron Elizabeth October 4 2016 Andrew Johnson Life Before the Presidency Miller Center University of Virginia Archived from the original on 2023 03 21 Retrieved 2023 05 08 Knoxville Daily Chronicle 09 Aug 1871 page Page 4 Newspapers com Retrieved 2023 06 24 a b William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event 1937 The Knoxville Journal August 6 1937 p 3 Retrieved 2023 05 17 Nast Thomas April 14 1866 Untitled caricature collage Harper s Weekly A Journal of Civilization Vol X no 485 p 232 via Internet Archive The Moses of the Colored Men Speech Andrew Johnson National Historic Site U S National Park Service Retrieved 2023 07 09 The Modern Moses Cleveland Daily Leader February 26 1866 p 2 Retrieved 2023 07 09 Book review of Trefousse biography of Andrew Johnson American Heritage Vol 40 no 5 July August 1989 Retrieved 2023 07 09 a b Levine Robert S 2021 The Failed Promise Reconstruction Frederick Douglass and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson W W Norton amp Company p 208 ISBN 9781324004769 LCCN 2021005132 Varon Elizabeth R March 3 2016 Andrew Johnson and the Legacy of the Civil War Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199329175 013 11 ISBN 978 0 19 932917 5 Retrieved 2023 07 09 a b President Johnson The Baltimore County Union The Towson News September 1 1866 p 2 Retrieved 2023 07 19 Tears White Cloud Kansas Chief August 30 1866 p 2 Retrieved 2023 07 19 Reynolds David S He Was No Moses ISSN 0028 7504 Retrieved 2023 07 19 Rothera Evan January 27 2020 Moses in Retirement Andrew Johnson 1869 1876 The Gettysburg Historical Journal 7 1 ISSN 2327 3917 Fleming Walter Lynwood 1906 Documentary History of Reconstruction Political Military Social Religious Educational amp Industrial 1865 to the Present Time A H Clark Company p 471 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Andrew Johnson and slavery amp oldid 1183315403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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