Andreas (archbishop of Bari)

Andreas (or Andrew)^[1] was the Archbishop of Bari from 1062 to at least 1066, and probably somewhat longer.^[2] In 1066, he travelled to Constantinople where at some point he converted to Judaism.^[2] He then fled to the Muslim-dominated Egypt and remained there until his death in 1078.^[2]

This fragment of the memoirs of Obadiah the Proselyte tells the story of Andreas's conversion to Judaism

Life

Andreas is attested in the ecclesiastical records of the Archbishopric of Bari, but very cursorily: Anonymi Barensis Chronicon, early-12th-century Bariot chronicle covering the years 855–1118,^[3] only mentions his elevation to archbishop in 1062, journey to Constantinople in 1066, and passing away in 1078.^[4]

However, Obadiah the Proselyte, another convert to Judaism and émigré to Egypt of about a generation later, was moved and inspired by Andreas's story, and recorded it in his memoirs.^[2] This autobiography, popularly known as "Obadiah Scroll", was preserved in the Cairo Geniza, a collection of some 350,000 documents that accumulated in the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Old Cairo, Egypt, from the 9th to 19th centuries, and since dispersed among libraries and collections around the world.^[2][5] In the course of the 20th century, fourteen fragments of the Scroll, now in Budapest, Cambridge and New York, were identified.^[6] The fragments in the Kaufmann Genizah Collection, Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,^[7] were discovered by the director of the Rabbinical Seminary Alexander Scheiber who published them in 1954.^[8] In one of the fragments, Obadiah tells the story that was widely discussed when he was still Johannes, young son of minor nobility, living with his parents in the small Italian town of Oppido Lucano:^[9]

It happened at that time regarding Archbishop Andraeas the high priest in the city of Bari, that the Lord put the love of the Torah of Moses into his heart. He forsook his land, his priesthood and all his glory and came to the city of Constantinople, where he circumcised the flesh of his foreskin.

There passed over him sufferings and hardships; he arose and fled for his life from before the uncircumcised seeking to slay him; but the Lord God of Israel saved him from their hands in purity. Many went up after him and, observing his deeds, they did as he had done — they also entered the covenant of the living God.

Then went the man to the metropolis of Egypt and dwelled there until the day of his death. The name of the king of Egypt in those days was al-Mustansir, and the name of his vezir was Badr al-Jamali.

The report concerning Archbishop Andraeas reached unto the entire land of Lombardy and unto the sages of Greece and the sages of Rome, which is the place of the throne of the kingdom of Edom. The Greek sages and all the sages of Edom were ashamed when they heard the report about him.

In the Middle Ages, for the Catholic clergy to convert to Judaism was virtually unheard of, and only two high-profile cases are known:

• From the Annals of St. Bertin we learn that in 838 Frankish deacon Bodo converted to Judaism, fled the Aachen court of Louis the Pious, and settled in Muslim Spain. While there, he engaged in a theological debate with Álvaro of Córdoba, Jewish convert to Christianity (some of the letters they exchanged still survive).^[10]
• In De diversitate temporum, Benedictine chronicler Alpert of Metz records the story of Wecelinus, a cleric in the service of Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia, relative of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II. In the year 1005 or 1006, Wecelinus converted, went to live with the Jews of Mainz, and even publicly polemicized against Christianity; one short tract, preserved by Alpert, enraged the Emperor enough to appoint his own court cleric to refute it.^[11] Notably, only a few years later, in 1012, Henry II expelled all the Jews from the city of Mainz, albeit for a short time.^[12]

Notes

1. In older publications, he can be referred to as Andreas II, as some lists of archbishops give an earlier archbishop named Andreas (759–761), who, in reality, is almost certainly a later invention. He may, in fact, be a figment of imagination of the 18th-century historian Alessandro Maria Calefati (see: Mazzeo 2008, p. 100)
2. Golb 1987, pp. 10–11
3. Jakub Kujawinski, "Anonymi Barensis Chronicon", from Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Brill, 2010
4. Holo 2005, p. 152, citing: Prawer 1976, p. 115, who cites Anonymi Barensis Chronicon, published in: Muratori 1724, pp. 147–156. Records for the relevant years are on pp. 152–153: 1) "Mill. LXI. Ind. XIIII Mortuus est Nicolaus Archiepiscopus; & a quibusdam electus est Andreas" 2) "Mill. LXIIII. Ind. II. Fecit Andreas Sinodum in ipso Episcopio" 3) "Mill. LXVI. Ind. IV. Perrexit Andreas Archiepiscopus Constantinopl" 4) "Mill. LXXX. Ind. III. Et Urso Archiepiscopus intran"
5. . Bodleian Libraries. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
6. Hebrew original: Prawer 1976. English translation: Golb 2004
7. Two leaves, three separate fragments of text: Kaufmann Genizah Collection, Ms. 24 (ex 134), f. 1r-v, f. 2r, f. 2v
8. Scheiber 1954, with photographs, Hebrew text and a translation
9. Golb 2004, pp. 1–2
10. Riess 2005
11. Golb 1987, pp. 4–5
12. Frassetto 2007, p. 31

References

• Bernhard Blumenkranz [in French] (1963). "La conversion au Judaisme d'André, Archevêque de Bari". The Journal of Jewish Studies. 14 (1–4): 33–36. doi:10.18647/490/JJS-1963.
• Cesare Colafemmina (2005) "La conversione al giudaismo di Andrea, arcivescovo di Bari: una suggestione per Giovanni-Ovadiah da Oppido" in Giovanni-Ovadiah da Oppido, proselito, viaggiatore e musicista dell'età normanna.
• Joshua Holo (2005) "Jewish communities and personalities within Ovadiah's chronicle", in Giovanni-Ovadiah da Oppido, proselito, viaggiatore e musicista dell'età normanna
• Michael Frassetto (2007). Christian Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Middle Ages: A Casebook. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415978279. google books preview
• Norman Golb (1987) Jewish Proselytism — A Phenomenon in the Religious History of Early Medieval Europe, 10th annual Rabbi Louis Feinberg memorial lecture in Judaic Studies, University of Cincinnati.
• Norman Golb (2004) The Autograph Memoirs Of Obadiah The Proselyte Of Oppido Lucano, and The Epistle Of Barukh B. Isaac Of Aleppo
• Pietro Mazzeo (2008). Storia di Bari dalle origini alla conquista normanna (1071). Adriatica. ISBN 978-8889654170.
• Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1724). Rerum Italicarum scriptores. Vol. V. online
• Alessandro Pratesi (1961). "Andrea". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 3. Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana.
• Joshua Prawer (1976). "The Autobiography of Obadyah the Norman Convert". Tarbiẕ (in Hebrew). 45: 272–295. JSTOR 23594787.
• Frank Riess (2005). "From Aachen to Al-Andalus: the journey of Deacon Bodo (823–76)". Early Medieval Europe. 13 (2): 131–157. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2005.00152.x.
• Alexander Scheiber (1954). "Fragment from the Chronicle of Obadyah, the Norman Proselyte". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 14 (1/3): 271–296. JSTOR 23682606.
• Lawrence Warner (2006). "Obadiah the Proselyte and the Judaizing Crusade". New Medieval Literatures. 8 (8): 151–173. doi:10.1484/J.NML.2.302567.