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Anaerobic oxidation of methane

January 01, 1970

Anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is a methane-consuming microbial process occurring in anoxic marine and freshwater sediments. AOM is known to occur among mesophiles, but also in psychrophiles, thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, and alkophiles.[1] During AOM, methane is oxidized with different terminal electron acceptors such as sulfate, nitrate, nitrite and metals, either alone or in syntrophy with a partner organism.[2]

Coupled to sulfate reduction edit

 
Three mechanisms of Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane (AOM). The first method (top) is mediated by a consortium of anaerobic methanotrophic (ANME) archaea from the clades 1,2a,2b & 2c and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB). The oxidation of methane occurs in the ANME where electrons are passed directly to the SRB, which performs sulfate reduction [3] .[4] The second method (middle) links methane oxidation with nitrate reduction, mediated by consortia of ANME archaea and Anammox bacteria.[5] The third mechanism (bottom) also links methane oxidation with nitrate reduction but is mediated by ANME archaea and NC10 bacteria. Unlike the first two mechanisms, both the ANME archaea and NC10 bacteria compete for methane.[6]

The overall reaction is:

CH4 + SO42− → HCO3− + HS− + H2O

Sulfate-driven AOM is mediated by a syntrophic consortium of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria.[7] They often form small aggregates or sometimes voluminous mats. The archaeal partner is abbreviated ANME, which stands for "anaerobic methanotroph". ANME's are very closely related to methanogenic archaea and recent investigations suggest that AOM is an enzymatic reversal of methanogenesis.[8] It is still poorly understood how the syntrophic partners interact and which intermediates are exchanged between the archaeal and bacterial cell. The research on AOM is hindered by the fact that the responsible organisms have not been isolated. This is because these organisms show very slow growth rates with a minimum doubling time of a few months. Countless isolation efforts have not been able to isolate one of the anaerobic methanotrophs, a possible explanation can be that the ANME archaea and the SRB have an obligate syntrophic interaction and can therefore not be isolated individually.

In benthic marine areas with strong methane releases from fossil reservoirs (e.g. at cold seeps, mud volcanoes or gas hydrate deposits) AOM can be so high that chemosynthetic organisms like filamentous sulfur bacteria (see Beggiatoa) or animals (clams, tube worms) with symbiont sulfide-oxidizing bacteria can thrive on the large amounts of hydrogen sulfide that are produced during AOM. The bicarbonate (HCO3−) produced from AOM can (i) get sequestered in the sediments by the precipitation of calcium carbonate or so-called methane-derived authigenic carbonates [9] and (ii) get released to the overlying water column.[10] Methane-derived authigenic carbonates are known to be the most 13C depleted carbonates on Earth, with δ13C values as low as -125 per mil PDB reported.[11]

Coupled to nitrate and nitrite reduction edit

The overall reactions are:

CH4 + 4 NO3− → CO2 + 4 NO2− + 2 H2O
3 CH4 + 8 NO2− + 8 H+ → 3 CO2 + 4 N2 + 10 H2O

Recently, ANME-2d is shown to be responsible nitrate-driven AOM.[5] The ANME-2d, named Methanoperedens nitroreducens, is able to perform nitrate-driven AOM without a partner organism via reverse methanogenesis with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, using genes for nitrate reduction that have been laterally transferred from a bacterial donor. This was also the first complete reverse methanogenesis pathway including the mcr and mer genes.

In 2010, omics, especially metagenomics, analysis showed that nitrite reduction can be coupled to methane oxidation by a single bacterial species Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (phylum NC10), without the need for an archaeal partner.[12]

Environmental relevance edit

AOM is considered to be a very important process reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean into the atmosphere. It is estimated that almost 80% of all the methane that arises from marine sediments is oxidized anaerobically by this process.[13]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Dunfield, Peter F. (2009), "Methanotrophy in Extreme Environments", eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021897, ISBN 978-0-470-01590-2, retrieved 2021-11-19
  2. ^ Reimann, Joachim; Jetten, Mike S.M.; Keltjens, Jan T. (2015). "Chapter 7, Section 4 Enzymes in Nitrite-driven Methane Oxidation". In Peter M.H. Kroneck; Martha E. Sosa Torres (eds.). Sustaining Life on Planet Earth: Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 15. Springer. pp. 281–302. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-12415-5_7. ISBN 978-3-319-12414-8. PMID 25707470.
  3. ^ McGlynn SE, Chadwick GL, Kempes CP, Orphan VJ (2015). "Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia". Nature. 526 (7574): 531–535. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..531M. doi:10.1038/nature15512. PMID 26375009. S2CID 4396372.
  4. ^ Wegener G, Krukenberg V, Riedel D, Tegetmeyer HE, Boetius A (2015). "Intercellular wiring enables electron transfer between methanotrophic archaea and bacteria". Nature. 526 (7574): 587–590. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..587W. doi:10.1038/nature15733. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-C3BE-D. PMID 26490622. S2CID 4391386.
  5. ^ a b Haroon MF, Hu S, Shi Y, Imelfort M, Keller J, Hugenholtz P, Yuan Z, Tyson GW (2013). "Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to nitrate reduction in a novel archaeal lineage". Nature. 500 (7464): 567–70. Bibcode:2013Natur.500..567H. doi:10.1038/nature12375. PMID 23892779. S2CID 4368118.
  6. ^ Raghoebarsing, A.A.; Pol, A.; van de Pas-Schoonen, K.T.; Smolders, A.J.P.; Ettwig, K.F.; Rijpstra, W.I.C.; et al. (2006). "A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification". Nature. 440 (7086): 918–921. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..918R. doi:10.1038/nature04617. hdl:1874/22552. PMID 16612380. S2CID 4413069.
  7. ^ Knittel, K.; Boetius, A. (2009). "Anaerobic oxidation of methane: progress with an unknown process". Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 63: 311–334. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093130. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-CC96-0. PMID 19575572.
  8. ^ Scheller S, Goenrich M, Boecher R, Thauer RK, Jaun B (2010). "The key nickel enzyme of methanogenesis catalyses the anaerobic oxidation of methane". Nature. 465 (7298): 606–8. Bibcode:2010Natur.465..606S. doi:10.1038/nature09015. PMID 20520712. S2CID 4386931.
  9. ^ Ritger, Scott A.; Carson, Bobb; Suess, Erwin (1987). "Methane-derived authigenic carbonates formed by subduction-induced pore-water expulsion along the Oregon/Washington margin". GSA Bulletin. 98 (2): 147. Bibcode:1987GSAB...98..147R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1987)98<147:MACFBS>2.0.CO;2.
  10. ^ Akam, Sajjad A.; Coffin, Richard; Abudlla, Hussain; Lyons, Timothy (2020). "Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Pump in Methane-Charged Shallow Marine Sediments: State of the Art and New Model Perspectives". Frontiers in Marine Science. 7 (206). doi:10.3389/fmars.2020.00206. ISSN 2296-7745.
  11. ^ Drake, H.; Astrom, M.E.; Heim, C.; Broman, C.; Astrom, J.; Whitehouse, M.; Ivarsson, M.; Siljestrom, S.; Sjovall, P. (2015). "Extreme 13C depletion of carbonates formed during oxidation of biogenic methane in fractured granite". Nature Communications. 6: 7020. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.7020D. doi:10.1038/ncomms8020. PMC 4432592. PMID 25948095.
  12. ^ Ettwig KF, Butler MK, Le Paslier D, Pelletier E, Mangenot S, Kuypers MM, Schreiber F, Dutilh BE, Zedelius J, de Beer D, Gloerich J, Wessels HJ, van Alen T, Luesken F, Wu ML, van de Pas-Schoonen KT, Op den Camp HJ, Janssen-Megens EM, Francoijs KJ, Stunnenberg H, Weissenbach J, Jetten MS, Strous M (2010). "Nitrite-driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria" (PDF). Nature. 464 (7288): 543–8. Bibcode:2010Natur.464..543E. doi:10.1038/nature08883. PMID 20336137. S2CID 205220000.
  13. ^ Reebough, William S (2007). "Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry". Chemical Reviews. 107 (2): 486–513. doi:10.1021/cr050362v. PMID 17261072. S2CID 41852456.

Bibliography edit

  • Dennis D. Coleman; J. Bruno Risatti; Martin Schoell (1981) Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes by methane-oxidizing bacteria | Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |Volume 45, Issue 7, July 1981, Pages 1033-1037 |https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(81)90129-0 | abstract

External links edit

 
Look up anaerobic oxidation of methane in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Anaerobic oxidation of methane.

January 01, 1970
anaerobic, oxidation, methane, methane, consuming, microbial, process, occurring, anoxic, marine, freshwater, sediments, known, occur, among, mesophiles, also, psychrophiles, thermophiles, halophiles, acidophiles, alkophiles, during, methane, oxidized, with, d. Anaerobic oxidation of methane AOM is a methane consuming microbial process occurring in anoxic marine and freshwater sediments AOM is known to occur among mesophiles but also in psychrophiles thermophiles halophiles acidophiles and alkophiles 1 During AOM methane is oxidized with different terminal electron acceptors such as sulfate nitrate nitrite and metals either alone or in syntrophy with a partner organism 2 Contents 1 Coupled to sulfate reduction 2 Coupled to nitrate and nitrite reduction 3 Environmental relevance 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksCoupled to sulfate reduction edit nbsp Three mechanisms of Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane AOM The first method top is mediated by a consortium of anaerobic methanotrophic ANME archaea from the clades 1 2a 2b amp 2c and sulfate reducing bacteria SRB The oxidation of methane occurs in the ANME where electrons are passed directly to the SRB which performs sulfate reduction 3 4 The second method middle links methane oxidation with nitrate reduction mediated by consortia of ANME archaea and Anammox bacteria 5 The third mechanism bottom also links methane oxidation with nitrate reduction but is mediated by ANME archaea and NC10 bacteria Unlike the first two mechanisms both the ANME archaea and NC10 bacteria compete for methane 6 The overall reaction is CH4 SO42 HCO3 HS H2O Sulfate driven AOM is mediated by a syntrophic consortium of methanotrophic archaea and sulfate reducing bacteria 7 They often form small aggregates or sometimes voluminous mats The archaeal partner is abbreviated ANME which stands for anaerobic methanotroph ANME s are very closely related to methanogenic archaea and recent investigations suggest that AOM is an enzymatic reversal of methanogenesis 8 It is still poorly understood how the syntrophic partners interact and which intermediates are exchanged between the archaeal and bacterial cell The research on AOM is hindered by the fact that the responsible organisms have not been isolated This is because these organisms show very slow growth rates with a minimum doubling time of a few months Countless isolation efforts have not been able to isolate one of the anaerobic methanotrophs a possible explanation can be that the ANME archaea and the SRB have an obligate syntrophic interaction and can therefore not be isolated individually In benthic marine areas with strong methane releases from fossil reservoirs e g at cold seeps mud volcanoes or gas hydrate deposits AOM can be so high that chemosynthetic organisms like filamentous sulfur bacteria see Beggiatoa or animals clams tube worms with symbiont sulfide oxidizing bacteria can thrive on the large amounts of hydrogen sulfide that are produced during AOM The bicarbonate HCO3 produced from AOM can i get sequestered in the sediments by the precipitation of calcium carbonate or so called methane derived authigenic carbonates 9 and ii get released to the overlying water column 10 Methane derived authigenic carbonates are known to be the most 13C depleted carbonates on Earth with d13C values as low as 125 per mil PDB reported 11 Coupled to nitrate and nitrite reduction editThe overall reactions are CH4 4 NO3 CO2 4 NO2 2 H2O 3 CH4 8 NO2 8 H 3 CO2 4 N2 10 H2O Recently ANME 2d is shown to be responsible nitrate driven AOM 5 The ANME 2d named Methanoperedens nitroreducens is able to perform nitrate driven AOM without a partner organism via reverse methanogenesis with nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor using genes for nitrate reduction that have been laterally transferred from a bacterial donor This was also the first complete reverse methanogenesis pathway including the mcr and mer genes In 2010 omics especially metagenomics analysis showed that nitrite reduction can be coupled to methane oxidation by a single bacterial species Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera phylum NC10 without the need for an archaeal partner 12 Environmental relevance editAOM is considered to be a very important process reducing the emission of the greenhouse gas methane from the ocean into the atmosphere It is estimated that almost 80 of all the methane that arises from marine sediments is oxidized anaerobically by this process 13 See also editBorg microbiology References edit Dunfield Peter F 2009 Methanotrophy in Extreme Environments eLS John Wiley amp Sons Ltd doi 10 1002 9780470015902 a0021897 ISBN 978 0 470 01590 2 retrieved 2021 11 19 Reimann Joachim Jetten Mike S M Keltjens Jan T 2015 Chapter 7 Section 4 Enzymes in Nitrite driven Methane Oxidation In Peter M H Kroneck Martha E Sosa Torres eds Sustaining Life on Planet Earth Metalloenzymes Mastering Dioxygen and Other Chewy Gases Metal Ions in Life Sciences Vol 15 Springer pp 281 302 doi 10 1007 978 3 319 12415 5 7 ISBN 978 3 319 12414 8 PMID 25707470 McGlynn SE Chadwick GL Kempes CP Orphan VJ 2015 Single cell activity reveals direct electron transfer in methanotrophic consortia Nature 526 7574 531 535 Bibcode 2015Natur 526 531M doi 10 1038 nature15512 PMID 26375009 S2CID 4396372 Wegener G Krukenberg V Riedel D Tegetmeyer HE Boetius A 2015 Intercellular wiring enables electron transfer between methanotrophic archaea and bacteria Nature 526 7574 587 590 Bibcode 2015Natur 526 587W doi 10 1038 nature15733 hdl 21 11116 0000 0001 C3BE D PMID 26490622 S2CID 4391386 a b Haroon MF Hu S Shi Y Imelfort M Keller J Hugenholtz P Yuan Z Tyson GW 2013 Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to nitrate reduction in a novel archaeal lineage Nature 500 7464 567 70 Bibcode 2013Natur 500 567H doi 10 1038 nature12375 PMID 23892779 S2CID 4368118 Raghoebarsing A A Pol A van de Pas Schoonen K T Smolders A J P Ettwig K F Rijpstra W I C et al 2006 A microbial consortium couples anaerobic methane oxidation to denitrification Nature 440 7086 918 921 Bibcode 2006Natur 440 918R doi 10 1038 nature04617 hdl 1874 22552 PMID 16612380 S2CID 4413069 Knittel K Boetius A 2009 Anaerobic oxidation of methane progress with an unknown process Annu Rev Microbiol 63 311 334 doi 10 1146 annurev micro 61 080706 093130 hdl 21 11116 0000 0001 CC96 0 PMID 19575572 Scheller S Goenrich M Boecher R Thauer RK Jaun B 2010 The key nickel enzyme of methanogenesis catalyses the anaerobic oxidation of methane Nature 465 7298 606 8 Bibcode 2010Natur 465 606S doi 10 1038 nature09015 PMID 20520712 S2CID 4386931 Ritger Scott A Carson Bobb Suess Erwin 1987 Methane derived authigenic carbonates formed by subduction induced pore water expulsion along the Oregon Washington margin GSA Bulletin 98 2 147 Bibcode 1987GSAB 98 147R doi 10 1130 0016 7606 1987 98 lt 147 MACFBS gt 2 0 CO 2 Akam Sajjad A Coffin Richard Abudlla Hussain Lyons Timothy 2020 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Pump in Methane Charged Shallow Marine Sediments State of the Art and New Model Perspectives Frontiers in Marine Science 7 206 doi 10 3389 fmars 2020 00206 ISSN 2296 7745 Drake H Astrom M E Heim C Broman C Astrom J Whitehouse M Ivarsson M Siljestrom S Sjovall P 2015 Extreme 13C depletion of carbonates formed during oxidation of biogenic methane in fractured granite Nature Communications 6 7020 Bibcode 2015NatCo 6 7020D doi 10 1038 ncomms8020 PMC 4432592 PMID 25948095 Ettwig KF Butler MK Le Paslier D Pelletier E Mangenot S Kuypers MM Schreiber F Dutilh BE Zedelius J de Beer D Gloerich J Wessels HJ van Alen T Luesken F Wu ML van de Pas Schoonen KT Op den Camp HJ Janssen Megens EM Francoijs KJ Stunnenberg H Weissenbach J Jetten MS Strous M 2010 Nitrite driven anaerobic methane oxidation by oxygenic bacteria PDF Nature 464 7288 543 8 Bibcode 2010Natur 464 543E doi 10 1038 nature08883 PMID 20336137 S2CID 205220000 Reebough William S 2007 Oceanic Methane Biogeochemistry Chemical Reviews 107 2 486 513 doi 10 1021 cr050362v PMID 17261072 S2CID 41852456 Bibliography editDennis D Coleman J Bruno Risatti Martin Schoell 1981 Fractionation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes by methane oxidizing bacteria Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Volume 45 Issue 7 July 1981 Pages 1033 1037 https doi org 10 1016 0016 7037 81 90129 0 abstractExternal links edit nbsp Look up anaerobic oxidation of methane in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Anaerobic oxidation of methane Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Anaerobic oxidation of methane amp oldid 1121470143, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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