American Farm Bureau Federation
The American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF), also known as Farm Bureau Insurance and Farm Bureau Inc. but more commonly just the Farm Bureau (FB), is a United States-based insurance company and lobbying group that represents the American agriculture industry. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the Farm Bureau has affiliates in all 50 states and Puerto Rico. Each affiliate is a (regional) Farm Bureau, and the parent organization is also often called simply the Farm Bureau.
| Founder | John Barron |
|---|---|
| Type | Lobbying organization, insurance company |
| Focus | Agriculture |
| Location | |
Area served | United States |
| Method | Lobbying |
Key people | Vincent "Zippy" Duvall (President) |
| Website | www |
Founded in 1911, the Farm Bureau movement birthed a national lobbying organization in 1920. In general, it has tried to shape legislation to the benefit of larger farms more than smaller ones.[1] It also lobbies for policies that benefit its for-profit activities, such as federal subsidies for the crop insurance it sells.[2] For some two decades, it denied that climate change was real.[3]
History
The Farm Bureau movement started in 1911 when John Barron, a farmer who graduated from Cornell University, worked as an extension agent in Broome County, New York. He served as a Farm Bureau representative for farmers with the Chamber of Commerce of Binghamton, New York. The effort was financed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Lackawanna Railroad. The Broome County Farm Bureau was soon separated from the Chamber of Commerce. Other farm bureaus later formed in counties across the U.S., as listed with dates at "List of Farm Bureaus".[4]
In 1914, with the passage of the Smith–Lever Act of 1914, Congress agreed to share with the states the cost of programs for providing "county agents", who supplied information to farmers on improved methods of animal husbandry and crop production developed by agricultural colleges and experiment stations, which has evolved into the modern-day Cooperative Extension Service.
In 1915, farmers meeting in Saline County, Missouri, formed the first statewide Farm Bureau.
In 1919, a group of farmers from 30 states gathered in Chicago. They founded the American Farm Bureau Federation with the goal of "speaking for themselves through their own national organization".[5] Its initial organization papers said:
The purpose of Farm Bureau is to make the business of farming more profitable, and the community a better place to live. Farm Bureau should provide an organization in which members may secure the benefits of unified efforts in a way that could never be accomplished through individual effort.
— The statement originally approved by Farm Bureau members in 1920.[5]
The initial local and state farm bureaus (1910s-1940s) had a social and educational function furthering the extension service efforts, and they also pursued the functions of pooled negotiating power for purchasing of supplies suc as seed and equipment (comparable in that respect to farm co-operatives, but with potential for larger/wider unification) and pooled capability to provide fire insurance and vehicle insurance for their farms, via both negotiating power (in group purchasing of insurance) and self-insuring capability (in forming new insurance companies of their own); they were comparable in that respect to mutual insurance companies (and indeed founded various such companies). In all of these functions, local and state farm bureaus thus became an analogue of a farmers' union or a trade association for farmers in the United States; the National Farmers Union was the other such effort, outside of small co-ops. More precisely, the local and state farm bureaus formed a network of such unions or associations with a national parent organization. They were thus somewhat analogous in that respect to a federation of trade unions (such as the AFL–CIO), but with individual family farms being self-employed, the parallel with trade associations is the more relevant analogy.
In the 1930s, the American Farm Bureau Federation developed a lobbying presence in Washington, D.C.,[6] where it pushed for changes in New Deal programs to favor large farms with many employees over family farms.[1] Meanwhile, the Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party (FLP), a political party which represented small operators and favored radical programs, was left without power by the New Deal policies, and so in the 1940s the FLP and similar groups in the upper Midwest died or were merged into the Democratic or Republican parties.[7]
Along with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Farm Bureau and other "advocates of a mechanized, highly commercialized agriculture helped initiate an abrupt two-decade shift to machines and wage labor."[1] By World War II, the organization was "the most influential representative of large farmers."[1]
Lobbying
A 2012 investigation by The Nation detailed the large-scale federal and state political operations of the Farm Bureau:[2]
In rural areas, the Farm Bureau grooms compliant political candidates, mostly Republicans; it wields the power to dictate outcomes of legislative elections and appointments to powerful state agriculture committees. Then it influences which farm-related bills become law. Along the way, it has become a close second to Monsanto in lobby expenditures for agriculture-related issues, spending nearly $6 million in 2011—all in the name of "farmers."
The Farm Bureau retains 22 registered lobbyists. In 2012, it was the top contributor to federal candidates, parties, and outside groups with payments over $1 million, with 62% to Republicans. Over the past decade, the Farm Bureau spent $16 million, which was 45% of the total amount spent by the 10 largest agribusiness interests in the U.S.[2]
The Farm Bureau supported the Fighting Hunger Incentive Act of 2014 (H.R. 4719; 113th Congress), a bill that would amend the federal tax laws to permanently extend and expand certain expired provisions that provided a bigger tax deduction for businesses that donated food to charitable organizations.[8] The Farm Bureau argued that without the tax write-off, "it is cheaper in most cases for these types of businesses to throw their food away than it is to donate the food".[9]
Climate change
The Farm Bureau has long opposed regulation or taxation of greenhouse gases and climate policy, justifying its actions by denying the scientific consensus on climate change. "For decades, the Farm Bureau has derailed climate action, deploying its political apparatus and 6 million members in a forceful alliance with conservative groups and the fossil fuel industry," Inside Climate News wrote in 2018.[10]
The Farm Bureau's opposition to climate change-related regulation began with cap-and-trade regulation measures, which the Farm Bureau argued would increase fuel and fertilizer prices for farmers.
In 2003, Farm Bureau economists joined the Heartland and Hudson Institutes in publishing a paper that "called state or federal regulation of greenhouse gases 'unnecessary, enormously expensive, and particularly injurious to the agricultural community.'"[11]
In 2010, the Farm Bureau's official position was that "there is no generally agreed upon scientific assessment of the exact impact or extent of carbon emissions from human activities, their impact on past decades of warming or how they will affect future climate changes".[12] The climate change session at the Farm Bureau's national meeting that year was entitled "Global Warming: A Red Hot Lie?" It featured Christopher C. Horner,[13] a climate change denier and lawyer for the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, a largely industry-backed group that strongly opposes limits on greenhouse gases.[14] At the meeting, delegates unanimously approved a resolution that "strongly supports any legislative action that would suspend EPA's authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act".[15] Right before the meeting, the Union of Concerned Scientists sent the group a letter pointing out that its climate change position runs counter to that of every major scientific organization and urged it to support action on climate change. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack said that farmers have more to gain from cap and trade than they stand to lose.[15]
By 2019, the Farm Bureau had ceased to publicly deny climate change, but remained opposed to non-market-based solutions. Politico called it a “longtime, powerful foe of federal action on climate."[16] It continues to argue that carbon and emission restrictions will raise the costs of energy and fertilizer and hamper the competitiveness of American farmers. It opposes taxes on carbon uses or emissions, any law or regulation requiring the reporting of any greenhouse gas emissions by an agricultural entity, any regulation of such emissions by the EPA, and any attempt to regulate methane emissions from livestock.[17]
In 2022, the Farm Bureau joined a coalition of groups pushing for measures to reduce greenhouse emissions.[18] But The New Republic reported that the organization "wants guarantees that farmers will get paid for soil sequestration without anything else in agricultural business-as-usual changing."[19]
Medicaid
In Missouri, the Missouri Farm Bureau came out publicly against Missouri 2020 Constitutional Amendment 2.[20] This amendment expands Medicaid eligibility to individuals age 19 to 64 with incomes below 133-138% of the poverty level starting in July 2021.[21] (Individuals older and younger than this from low-income households were, in some cases, already eligible for Missouri Medicaid.)[22][23] Under the Affordable Care Act, the federal government pays for 90% of the cost of this expansion in eligibility, leaving Missouri to pay for the remaining 10%.[24] Although organizations like the Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St. Louis projected that the measure would ultimately reduce costs to the state budget based on the results in other states, possibly by over a billion dollars,[25] the Farm Bureau emphasized the estimated $2 billion cost by 2026, of which the state would pay $200 million, saying Missouri "can’t afford to take on this costly Obamacare program." While acknowledging issues with access to healthcare in rural areas (in a state where 12.3% of the rural population are uninsured, compared with 10.1% in urban areas),[26] the Farm Bureau said that access to healthcare should be addressed without "massively expanding government."
Amendment 2 to expand Medicaid in Missouri passed with 53% of the vote on August 4, 2020,[27] one day after the Missouri Farm Bureau advised voters to "vote no on Amendment 2". Afterward, the Missouri Farm Bureau issued a statement on August 7, 2020, calling for "a serious conversation about initiative petition reform", saying that the amendment process "encourages irresponsible spending".[28] Missouri's initiative petition process is governed by sections 50 and 51 of Article III of the Missouri Constitution, and by various statutes within Title IX, Chapter 116 of the Missouri Revised Statutes.[29] Section 51 states that amendments are passed by majority vote and that an initiative "shall not be used for the appropriation of money other than of new revenues created and provided for thereby",[30] while the Farm Bureau argued that "the easy access to the ballot and the requirement that constitutional amendments only need a simple majority to change the state constitution are the equivalent of handing an unlimited line of credit to a majority of the state’s voters." The Farm Bureau described the difficulties for the state's budget amid the Covid-19 pandemic and then stated, "those who want to change the state, for better or worse, will be busy lining up founders and consultants for the next assault on our constitution."
Animal welfare
In 2022, the Farm Bureau joined the National Pork Producers Council in petitioning the Supreme Court of the United States to overturn California's Prevention of Cruelty to Farm Animals Act in National Pork Producers Council v. Ross.[31][32]
Insurance
In addition to its political lobbying activities, the Farm Bureau is "a multi-billion dollar network of for-profit insurance companies" and the third-largest insurance group in the United States.[2] The Farm Bureau collected $300 million in crop insurance premiums in 2011. Incidentally, the Farm Bureau was heavily involved in lobbying for the 2012 farm bill,[2] which included $9 billion in federal subsidies for crop insurance.[33]
An organization independent of the Farm Bureau called FBL Financial Group based in West Des Moines, Iowa, sells insurance under the brand name Farm Bureau Financial Services. It also uses the Farm Bureau logo.[34]
Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company began as an insurance company for members of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation. It continues to serve as an insurance provider to Farm Bureaus in nine states.[35] Other insurance companies tied to Farm Bureaus include Farm Family Insurance, which serves as an insurance provider to Farm Bureaus in five states, and Country Financial, which serves clients in seventeen states.[citation needed]
The Farm Bureau and its state affiliates also own American Agricultural Insurance Company, a reinsurer, and American Farm Bureau Insurance Services, a crop insurer.[citation needed]
List of Farm Bureaus
| Bureau | Headquarters | Founded | Insurance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama Farmers Federation | Montgomery, Alabama | 1921 | Alfa Insurance |
| Alaska Farm Bureau | |||
| Arizona Farm Bureau | Gilbert, Arizona | FBL Financial Group | |
| Arkansas Farm Bureau Federation | Little Rock, Arkansas | 1935 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| California Farm Bureau Federation | Sacramento, California | 1919 | Allied/Nationwide |
| Colorado Farm Bureau | Centennial, Colorado | 1919 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Connecticut Farm Bureau | Wethersfield, Connecticut | 1919 | Nationwide |
| Delaware Farm Bureau | Camden, Delaware | Nationwide | |
| Florida Farm Bureau | Gainesville, Florida | 1941 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Georgia Farm Bureau Federation | Macon, Georgia | 1937 | Georgia Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Hawaii Farm Bureau Federation | Honolulu, Hawaii | 1948 | |
| Idaho Farm Bureau Federation | Pocatello, Idaho | 1939 | Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company of Idaho |
| Illinois Farm Bureau | Bloomington, Illinois | 1916 | Country Financial |
| Indiana Farm Bureau | Indianapolis, Indiana | 1919 | Indiana Farm Bureau Insurance |
| Iowa Farm Bureau | West Des Moines, Iowa | 1918 | FBL Financial Group |
| Kansas Farm Bureau | Manhattan, Kansas | 1919 | FBL Financial Group |
| Kentucky Farm Bureau | Louisville, Kentucky | 1919 | Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Louisiana Farm Bureau Federation | Baton Rouge, Louisiana | 1922 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Maine Farm Bureau | Augusta, Maine | 1951 | Farm Family |
| Maryland Farm Bureau | Davidsonville, Maryland | 1915 | Nationwide |
| Massachusetts Farm Bureau Federation | Marlborough, Massachusetts | Farm Family | |
| Michigan Farm Bureau | Lansing, Michigan | 1919 | Farm Bureau Insurance of Michigan |
| Minnesota Farm Bureau | St. Paul, Minnesota | 1919 | FBL Financial Group |
| Mississippi Farm Bureau Federation | Jackson, Mississippi | 1922 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Missouri Farm Bureau | Jefferson City, Missouri | 1915 | Missouri Farm Bureau Insurance |
| Montana Farm Bureau Federation | Bozeman, Montana | 1919 | Mountain West Farm Bureau Insurance FBL Financial Group |
| Nebraska Farm Bureau | Lincoln, Nebraska | FBL Financial Group | |
| Nevada Farm Bureau | Sparks, Nevada | Country Financial | |
| New Hampshire Farm Bureau Federation | Concord, New Hampshire | Farm Family | |
| New Jersey Farm Bureau | Trenton, New Jersey | Farm Family | |
| New Mexico Farm & Livestock Bureau | Las Cruces, New Mexico | FBL Financial Group | |
| New York Farm Bureau | Albany, New York | 1911 | Nationwide |
| North Carolina Farm Bureau | Raleigh, North Carolina | 1936 | North Carolina Farm Bureau Insurance Group Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| North Dakota | Fargo, North Dakota | 1942 | Nodak Mutual Insurance Company |
| Ohio Farm Bureau | Columbus, Ohio | 1919 | Nationwide |
| Oklahoma Farm Bureau | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | 1942 | Oklahoma Farm Bureau Insurance |
| Oregon Farm Bureau | Salem, Oregon | 1932 | Country Financial |
| Pennsylvania Farm Bureau | Camp Hill, Pennsylvania | Nationwide | |
| Puerto Rico Farm Bureau | San Juan, Puerto Rico | ||
| Rhode Island Farm Bureau | Johnston, Rhode Island | Farm Family | |
| South Carolina Farm Bureau | Cayce, South Carolina | 1944 | Southern Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Company Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| South Dakota Farm Bureau | Huron, South Dakota | 1917 | FBL Financial Group |
| Tennessee Farm Bureau | Columbia, Tennessee | 1921 | Tennessee Farmers Insurance Companies Farm Bureau Health Plans |
| Texas Farm Bureau | Waco, Texas | 1933 | Texas Farm Bureau Insurance Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company |
| Utah Farm Bureau | Sandy, Utah | 1916 | FBL Financial Group |
| Vermont Farm Bureau | Richmond, Vermont | 1915 | Nationwide |
| Virginia Farm Bureau | Goochland County, Virginia (Richmond mailing address) | Virginia Farm Bureau Insurance Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Company | |
| Washington State Farm Bureau | Lacey, Washington | 1920 | Country Financial |
| West Virginia Farm Bureau | Buckhannon, West Virginia | 1919 | Nationwide |
| Wisconsin Farm Bureau Federation | Madison, Wisconsin | 1919 | Rural Mutual Insurance FBL Financial Group |
| Wyoming Farm Bureau Federation | Laramie, Wyoming | 1920 | Mountain West Farm Bureau Insurance FBL Financial Group |
References
- ^ a b c d Daniel, Pete (1990). "Going among Strangers: Southern Reactions to World War II". The Journal of American History. 77 (3): 886–911. doi:10.2307/2078990. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2078990.
- ^ a b c d e Shearn, Ian T. (July 16, 2012). "Whose Side Is the American Farm Bureau On?". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved August 16, 2022.
- ^ "Harvesting Peril". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ Grant McConnell, The Decline of Agrarian Democracy (U of California Press, 1953), pp 44-54 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520349285-007
- ^ a b . Delaware County Farm Bureau. Archived from the original on October 18, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
- ^ John Mark Hansen, Gaining access: Congress and the farm lobby, 1919-1981 (U of Chicago Press, 1991).
- ^ Richard M. Valelly, Radicalism in the states : the Minnesota Farmer-Labor Party and the American political economy (1989) p. 15.
- ^ "CBO - H.R. 4719". Congressional Budget Office. 5 June 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
- ^ . Farm Bureau News. 10 June 2014. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ^ Gustin, Georgina (2018-10-24). "How the Farm Bureau's Climate Agenda Is Failing Its Farmers". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
- ^ Gustin, Georgina; Banerjee, Neela; Cushman, John H., Jr. (October 24, 2018). "How the Farm Bureau's Climate Agenda Is Failing Its Farmers". Inside Climate News. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- ^ "Scientists Ask Farm Bureau to Recognize Climate Change". www.newswise.com. Retrieved 2022-10-15.
- ^ Winter, Allison (12 January 2010). "Farm Bureau Fires Back Against Climate Bill's 'Power Grab'". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ "Challenges to Both Left and Right on Global Warming". The New York Times. 13 November 2007.
- ^ a b Winter, Allison (2010-01-13). "Farm Bureau wants Congress to stop EPA on greenhouse gases". Energy and Environment News. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
- ^ "How a closed-door meeting shows farmers are waking up on climate change". POLITICO. December 9, 2019. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
- ^ "AFBF Policy on Climate Change". American Farm Bureau Federation.
- ^ "Farmers Are Warming Up To The Fight Against Climate Change". NPR.org. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ^ Mitchell, Charlie; Dutkiewicz, Jan; Rosenberg, Gabriel N.; Dutkiewicz, Jan; Rosenberg, Gabriel N.; Ford, Matt; Ford, Matt; Russell-Kraft, Stephanie; Russell-Kraft, Stephanie (2021-04-02). "The Farming Lobby's Cunning Plan to Fight Climate Change—and Regulation". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2022-10-09.
- ^ "Amendment 2 Not the Answer to Missouri's Healthcare Problems". Missouri Farm Bureau. 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "2020 Ballot Measures". www.sos.mo.gov. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ . 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ . 2020-08-13. Archived from the original on 2020-08-13. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "To Expand Or Not To Expand Medicaid: Missouri Voters To Decide In August". St. Louis Public Radio. 2020-07-23. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Medicaid Expansion in Missouri Policy Briefs and Discussion Series | Brown School at Washington University in St. Louis". brownschool.wustl.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ Martin, rew D.; Perlmutter, David H. "The case for Medicaid expansion in Missouri". Office of the Chancellor. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Missouri Amendment 2, Medicaid Expansion Initiative (August 2020)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Amendment Process Encourages Irresponsible Spending". Missouri Farm Bureau. 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Laws governing the initiative process in Missouri". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "III Section 51". revisor.mo.gov. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
- ^ "Supreme Court to Review California Prop 12". The National Law Review. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ "Supreme Court to consider California rules regarding treatment of pigs". Washington Post. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- ^ , Published June 18, 2012. Archived June 8, 2019.
- ^ FBL Financial Group financials, Google Finance, retrieved December 9, 2011.
- ^ . New York Farm Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-28.
Further reading
- Barnes, John K. (August 1922). "J. R. Howard, Leader Of American Farmers". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 509–518. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
- Berlage, Nancy K. "Organizing the farm bureau: Family, community, and professionals, 1914-1928." Agricultural history 75.4 (2001): 406-437. online
- Campbell, SueEllen (2019-04-16). "Farm Bureau shows little concern about climate change ag effects". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
- Hansen, John Mark. Gaining access: Congress and the farm lobby, 1919-1981 (U of Chicago Press, 1991). online
- McConnell, Grant. The Decline of Agrarian Democracy (U of California Press, 1953), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520349285-007 online
- Porter, Kimberly K. "Embracing the pluralist perspective: the Iowa farm Bureau federation and the McNary-haugen movement." Agricultural history 74.2 (2000): 381-392. online
External links
- Official website
- Guide to the North Carolina Farm Bureau Records 1936-2012