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American-Mexican Claims Commission

The American-Mexican Claims Commission, officially known as the General Claims Commission (Mexico and United States,) was a commission set up by treaty that adjudicated claims by citizens of the United States and Mexico for losses suffered due to the acts of one government against nationals of the other. The General Commission lasted from 1924 to 1934, when the mixed U.S.-Mexico commission was abandoned.[1] There was a Special Commission that was set up to deal with claims arising from the era of the Mexican Revolution. Neither commission was successful and in 1934 the two governments engaged in direct bilateral negotiations and came to a settlement.[2]

History edit

Since Mexico's independence in 1821, the US and Mexico on a number of occasions had disputes over territory, taxation, and claims by US private citizens. Claims between 1825 and 1839 were arbitrated by a claims convention, on the suggestion of the Mexican government. The convention was established on April 11, 1839.[3] Subsequent commissions were constituted in 1839, following the Texas Revolt and claims following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), the Gadsden Treaty (1854), and the McLane–Ocampo Treaty (1859).[4] A commission was set up following the expulsion of the French in 1867, which was constituted on July 4, 1868.[5]

 
Mexican President Alvaro Obregón
 
U.S. President Calvin Coolidge

The Commission was constituted under the terms of the General Claims Convention, signed September 8, 1923, in Washington, D.C., by the United States and the Mexico, during the administration of Mexican President Alvaro Obregón and U.S. President Calvin Coolidge (succeeding Warren G. Harding who died just a month earlier.) Obregón had sought U.S. diplomatic recognition for his government and engaged in bi-lateral talks with the U.S. over constitutional issues regarding oil, resulting in the Bucareli Treaty. The Mexican-U.S. General Claims Commission was another formal effort to renegotiate the relationship between the Mexico and the U.S.[6] The convention, which took effect on March 1, 1924, was intended to improve relations between the countries by forming a commission to settle claims arising after July 4, 1868,“against one government by nationals of the other for losses or damages suffered by such nationals or their properties” and “for losses or damages originating from acts of officials or others acting for either government and resulting in injustice.”[7] Excluded from the jurisdiction of the General Claims Commission were cases stemming from events related to revolutions or disturbed conditions in Mexico.[8]

The General Commission met from 1924 to 1931 in Washington, D.C., and Mexico City. Work resumed in 1934 under a new protocol and format, with two commissioners, Genaro Fernández MacGregor (Mexico) and Oscar Underwood, Jr., US, both appointed in 1934.[9]

The Special Claims Commission was formed to address claims arising from events which occurred between November 20, 1910, and May 31, 1920).[10] With the Special Commission, U.S. claims for losses were countered by the Mexican government's position that some losses were due to "bandits", such as Pancho Villa, and not "true revolutionaries." Villa's forces had killed some U.S. engineers at Santa Ysabel, and the engineers' heirs entered a claim for over US$1 million, which the Mexican commissioners rejected on the grounds that "Villa at that time was a private bandit whose unfortunate activities were of no concern or responsibility to the Mexican government."[11]

Neither the General Claims Commission nor the Special Claims Commission (which dealt with claims from the period of the Mexican Revolution were successful, in part due to differing estimates of damage and culpability, but also because political posturing made individual claims cause for the defense of national honor on both sides.[12] Claims by U.S. citizens with counterclaims by Mexicans asserted high value for their losses, in anticipation that only a percentage would be paid in the end.[13]

In 1934, direct bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and Mexican governments worked to settle the general and special claims through ordinary diplomatic channels. Compensation was established by an agreed-to formula (2.64% of face value) and claims were lumped together rather than examined on an individual basis. The compensation was paid in installments from one government to the other, to be parceled out by that government to the claimants. The quiet diplomacy rather than the bilateral commission accomplished the result of clearing the claims.[14]

Controversy edit

There are controversies regarding the treaty. For example, there are those who claim that the Bucareli Treaty prevented Mexico from producing specialized machinery (engines, airplanes, etc.) or precision machinery, so Mexico has not yet emerged from the technological backwardness caused by the treaty. [15] In addition to the fact that during the period between 1910 and 1930, civil wars and multiple military coups and internal rebellions (some sponsored by the United States and other foreign nations, such as Great Britain and Germany) devastated industries in Mexico, war reparations slowed higher education, as well as research and technological development, while social and political instability drove away foreign investment.[16]

Membership edit

The Commission was composed of three members, one from the U.S., one from Mexico, and one from a neutral country.[17] The commissioners were Cornelis van Vollenhoven of The Netherlands (neutral, served 1924 – August 30, 1927);[18] Kristian Sindballe of Denmark (served July 16, 1928 – July 1, 1929;[19] Horacio F. Alfaro, Panama, appointed by agreement of the two governments, serving from May 27, 1930.[20] Genaro Fernández MacGregor (Mexican, served continuously from 1924),[21] Edwin B. Parker (United States, served 1923 – resigned July 17, 1926),[22] Fred Kenelm Nielsen (United States, appointed July 31, 1926, served continuously from then on).[23]

References edit

  1. ^ Cline, Howard F.; The United States and Mexico. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1961, p. 209.
  2. ^ Cline; U.S. and Mexico, p. 209.
  3. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–1934: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935, pp. 2–3.
  4. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions, pp. 3–6.
  5. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 6.
  6. ^ Cline; The United States and Mexico. pp. 208–09.
  7. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 322.
  8. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 322.
  9. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions.
  10. ^ Feller; The Mexican Claims Commissions p. 385.
  11. ^ Cline; U.S. and Mexico, p. 209.
  12. ^ Cline; U.S. and Mexico, p. 208.
  13. ^ Cline; U.S. and Mexico, p. 208.
  14. ^ Cline; U.S. and Mexico, p. 209.
  15. ^ Flores, Asdrúbal (2003). Protocolo Secreto De Los Tratados De Bucarelli (Ficción). México, D. F.: Galileo Ediciones. p. 258. ISBN 9685429022.
  16. ^ Rosas, Alejandro: "Mitos de la historia mexicana. De Hidalgo a Zedillo"]], Mexico, Editorial Planeta, 2006. ISBN 970-37-0555-3
  17. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–34: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935, p. 42.
  18. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–34: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935, p. 44.
  19. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–34: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935, p. 44.
  20. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–34: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1935, p. 45.
  21. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 44.
  22. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 44.
  23. ^ Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, p. 44.

Further reading edit

  • Dwyer, John J.; The Agrarian Dispute: The Expropriation of American-Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico. Durham: Duke University Press 2008.
  • Feller, A. H.; The Mexican Claims Commissions, 1823–1934: A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals. New York: The MacMillan Company 1935.
  • Hart, John Mason; Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002.


american, mexican, claims, commission, officially, known, general, claims, commission, mexico, united, states, commission, treaty, that, adjudicated, claims, citizens, united, states, mexico, losses, suffered, acts, government, against, nationals, other, gener. The American Mexican Claims Commission officially known as the General Claims Commission Mexico and United States was a commission set up by treaty that adjudicated claims by citizens of the United States and Mexico for losses suffered due to the acts of one government against nationals of the other The General Commission lasted from 1924 to 1934 when the mixed U S Mexico commission was abandoned 1 There was a Special Commission that was set up to deal with claims arising from the era of the Mexican Revolution Neither commission was successful and in 1934 the two governments engaged in direct bilateral negotiations and came to a settlement 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Controversy 1 2 Membership 2 References 3 Further readingHistory editSince Mexico s independence in 1821 the US and Mexico on a number of occasions had disputes over territory taxation and claims by US private citizens Claims between 1825 and 1839 were arbitrated by a claims convention on the suggestion of the Mexican government The convention was established on April 11 1839 3 Subsequent commissions were constituted in 1839 following the Texas Revolt and claims following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 the Gadsden Treaty 1854 and the McLane Ocampo Treaty 1859 4 A commission was set up following the expulsion of the French in 1867 which was constituted on July 4 1868 5 nbsp Mexican President Alvaro Obregon nbsp U S President Calvin CoolidgeThe Commission was constituted under the terms of the General Claims Convention signed September 8 1923 in Washington D C by the United States and the Mexico during the administration of Mexican President Alvaro Obregon and U S President Calvin Coolidge succeeding Warren G Harding who died just a month earlier Obregon had sought U S diplomatic recognition for his government and engaged in bi lateral talks with the U S over constitutional issues regarding oil resulting in the Bucareli Treaty The Mexican U S General Claims Commission was another formal effort to renegotiate the relationship between the Mexico and the U S 6 The convention which took effect on March 1 1924 was intended to improve relations between the countries by forming a commission to settle claims arising after July 4 1868 against one government by nationals of the other for losses or damages suffered by such nationals or their properties and for losses or damages originating from acts of officials or others acting for either government and resulting in injustice 7 Excluded from the jurisdiction of the General Claims Commission were cases stemming from events related to revolutions or disturbed conditions in Mexico 8 The General Commission met from 1924 to 1931 in Washington D C and Mexico City Work resumed in 1934 under a new protocol and format with two commissioners Genaro Fernandez MacGregor Mexico and Oscar Underwood Jr US both appointed in 1934 9 The Special Claims Commission was formed to address claims arising from events which occurred between November 20 1910 and May 31 1920 10 With the Special Commission U S claims for losses were countered by the Mexican government s position that some losses were due to bandits such as Pancho Villa and not true revolutionaries Villa s forces had killed some U S engineers at Santa Ysabel and the engineers heirs entered a claim for over US 1 million which the Mexican commissioners rejected on the grounds that Villa at that time was a private bandit whose unfortunate activities were of no concern or responsibility to the Mexican government 11 Neither the General Claims Commission nor the Special Claims Commission which dealt with claims from the period of the Mexican Revolution were successful in part due to differing estimates of damage and culpability but also because political posturing made individual claims cause for the defense of national honor on both sides 12 Claims by U S citizens with counterclaims by Mexicans asserted high value for their losses in anticipation that only a percentage would be paid in the end 13 In 1934 direct bilateral negotiations between the U S and Mexican governments worked to settle the general and special claims through ordinary diplomatic channels Compensation was established by an agreed to formula 2 64 of face value and claims were lumped together rather than examined on an individual basis The compensation was paid in installments from one government to the other to be parceled out by that government to the claimants The quiet diplomacy rather than the bilateral commission accomplished the result of clearing the claims 14 Controversy edit There are controversies regarding the treaty For example there are those who claim that the Bucareli Treaty prevented Mexico from producing specialized machinery engines airplanes etc or precision machinery so Mexico has not yet emerged from the technological backwardness caused by the treaty 15 In addition to the fact that during the period between 1910 and 1930 civil wars and multiple military coups and internal rebellions some sponsored by the United States and other foreign nations such as Great Britain and Germany devastated industries in Mexico war reparations slowed higher education as well as research and technological development while social and political instability drove away foreign investment 16 Membership edit The Commission was composed of three members one from the U S one from Mexico and one from a neutral country 17 The commissioners were Cornelis van Vollenhoven of The Netherlands neutral served 1924 August 30 1927 18 Kristian Sindballe of Denmark served July 16 1928 July 1 1929 19 Horacio F Alfaro Panama appointed by agreement of the two governments serving from May 27 1930 20 Genaro Fernandez MacGregor Mexican served continuously from 1924 21 Edwin B Parker United States served 1923 resigned July 17 1926 22 Fred Kenelm Nielsen United States appointed July 31 1926 served continuously from then on 23 References edit Cline Howard F The United States and Mexico Cambridge Harvard University Press 1961 p 209 Cline U S and Mexico p 209 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 1934 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 pp 2 3 Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions pp 3 6 Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions p 6 Cline The United States and Mexico pp 208 09 Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions p 322 Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions p 322 Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions Feller The Mexican Claims Commissions p 385 Cline U S and Mexico p 209 Cline U S and Mexico p 208 Cline U S and Mexico p 208 Cline U S and Mexico p 209 Flores Asdrubal 2003 Protocolo Secreto De Los Tratados De Bucarelli Ficcion Mexico D F Galileo Ediciones p 258 ISBN 9685429022 Rosas Alejandro Mitos de la historia mexicana De Hidalgo a Zedillo Mexico Editorial Planeta 2006 ISBN 970 37 0555 3 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 34 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 p 42 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 34 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 p 44 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 34 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 p 44 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 34 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 p 45 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions p 44 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions p 44 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions p 44 Further reading editDwyer John J The Agrarian Dispute The Expropriation of American Owned Rural Land in Postrevolutionary Mexico Durham Duke University Press 2008 Feller A H The Mexican Claims Commissions 1823 1934 A Study in the Law and Procedure of International Tribunals New York The MacMillan Company 1935 Hart John Mason Empire and Revolution The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War Berkeley University of California Press 2002 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title American Mexican Claims Commission amp oldid 1195383529, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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