The stone was an ancient Roman building stone—proved by the leaf-symbol, a frequently applied ornamental element of ancient Roman inscriptions—reused in the 10th century. Alsószentmihály located on the territory of the late Province Dacia existed up to the middle of the 3rd century. Dénes showed that the Khavars (Khazar rebels joined the Hungarians in the 9th century[1]) probably settled in this region (that time Transylvania).[2] In some parts of Hungary, there are data of the Khavars even from the 13th century.[3]
Script used for the Alsószentmihály inscription
Some quotations from historian Gábor Vékony about the identification of the script in this inscription:
"Since the Alsószentmihály inscription was found not in the geographical area of the Old Hungarian script, and in the first line, only vowels could be read based on the Szekely alphabet, we can state surely that the possible transcription of the inscription is surely out of the Székely script".[4]
"To summarize, we can state that the Alsószentmihály Village inscription is the relic of the Khavars settled into Transylvania, which is naturally written in Khazar with Khazarian script."[5]
"Similar symbol occurs in other Khazarian runic inscriptions as well."[6]
"In Transylvania, the inscription of the reused stone built into the wall of the church of the Alsószentmihály Village is unambiguously written with Khazarian runic alphabet."[7]
Based on the quotations above examples, it can be stated that Vékony identified the script of the Alsószentmihály relic as a Khazarian script. According to Vékony, another relic, namely the Homokmégy-Halom inscription contains Khazarian text as well.[8]
The meaning of the inscription
The Alsószentmihály inscription was deciphered by archaeologist Gábor Vékony.
The transcription of Vékony (it uses IPA symbols):[9]
According to Vékony, the inscription was made by a Khavar leader, whose religion was Karaite.[12] The first symbol of the first row is a ligature, its transcription: atlïɣ.[13] The first symbol (from left) in the second row is a Khazarian word separator.[14]
In the inscription, the third symbol of the first row (from left), and the symbol in the second and last place can be considered as the descendants of the Turkic ideograms. Nevertheless, their relation needs more evidence.
Critics, alternative theories
There are several critics of Vékony's theories and translations, most notably the Hungarian linguist and historian, András Róna-Tas. The debates were summarized[how?] by István Riba in 1999 and 2000.[15][16]
Notes
^Kristó, Gyula & Makk, Ferenc (2001): A kilencedik és a tizedik század története [The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries], p. 52. In: Magyar Századok [Hungarian Centuries]. Published by Pannonica Kiadó, Ser. ed.: Gyula Szvák, 222 p.
^Dénes, József (1984–1985): A magyarok hét neme és hét országa (A magyar "törzsek" elhelyezkedése a Kárpát-medencében") [The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars (The allocation of the Magyar "tribes" in the Carpathian Basin)]. In: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve [The Annual of the Ferenc Móra Museum of Szeged], Szeged, 1991, p. 573
^Györffy, György (1990): A magyarság keleti elemei. [The Eastern Elements of the Hungarians]. Budapest: Gondolat, p. 50
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 218, first five rows of the first paragraph
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 230, first three rows of the second paragraph
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 280, fifth and sixth rows of the fourth paragraph
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 109, last third of the second paragraph
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 218, first five rows of the first paragraph
^Vékony, Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó
^Vékony, Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó
^Gábor Hosszú (2011): Heritage of Scribes. The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems. Budapest: Rovas Foundation
^Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Rovas inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp. 71–84
^Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp. 71–84
^Vékony Gábor (2004): A székely írás emlékei, kapcsolatai, története. Budapest: Nap Kiadó, page 217
^Riba,István: Jöttek, honfoglaltak, fújtak. Régészvita egy rovásírásról [Came, settled, blown. Archaeological debate about the runic scripting]. In: Heti Világgazdaság [Weekly Word's Economy], Vol. 21. 1999. N. 46. pp. 101–102, 105.
^Riba, István (2000). "Reading the Runes: Evidence of the Dual Conquest?" 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Hungarian Quarterly. Vol. XLI. No. 157, Spring 2000
External links
The Alsószentmihályfalva Rovas inscription on the RovasPedia
Jenő Demeczky, Dr. Gábor Hosszú, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Dr. Erzsébet Zelliger: Revised proposal for encoding the Rovas in the UCS. Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, 14. October 2012.
Rovás Info News Portal
Rovas Foundation: Code request for the Rovas script in ISO 15924 (2012-10-20)[permanent dead link]
Jenő Demeczky, György Giczi, Dr. Gábor Hosszú, Gergely Kliha, Dr. Borbála Obrusánszky, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Dr. Erzsébet Zelliger: Additional information about the name of the Rovas script. Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2, 2012-10-21.
Jenő Demeczky, György Giczi, Gábor Hosszú, Gergely Kliha, Borbála Obrusánszky, Tamás Rumi, László Sípos, Erzsébet Zelliger: About the consensus of the Rovas encoding – Response to N4373 (Resolutions of the 8th Hungarian World Congress on the encoding of Old Hungarian). Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2[permanent dead link]. Registered by UTC (L2/12-337), 2012-10-24
References
Bálint, Csanád (1980): Some Archaeological Addenda to P. Golden's Khazar Studies. In: Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae Vol. 34. 1981, pp. 397–412
Bálint, Csanád (1981): A kazár kaganátus régészeti kutatása a Szovjetunióban [The archaeological research of the Khazar Khanate in the Soviet Union]. In: Magyar Tudomány [Hungarian Science], No. 5. 1980, pp. 381–386
Benkő, Elek (1972): Egy újabb rovásírásos emlék Erdélyből [A new runic script relic from Transsylvania]. (A szentmihályfalvi templom rovásfelirata [The runic inscription of the Alsószentmihály church]). In: Magyar Nyelv [Hungarian Language]. 1972, Vol. LXVIII, No. 4, pp. 453 and Appendix
Dénes, József (1984–1985): A magyarok hét neme és hét országa (A magyar "törzsek" elhelyezkedése a Kárpát-medencében") [The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars (The allocation of the Magyar "tribes" in the Carpathian Basin)]. In: Móra Ferenc Múzeum Évkönyve [The Annual of the Ferenc Móra Museum of Szeged], Szeged, 1991, pp. 571–577
Györffy, György (1990): A magyarság keleti elemei. [The Eastern Elements of the Hungarians]. Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN963 282 251 X
Kristó, Gyula & Makk, Ferenc (2001): A kilencedik és a tizedik század története [The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries]. In: Magyar Századok [Hungarian Centuries]. Published by Pannonica Kiadó, Ser. ed.: Gyula Szvák, 222 p. ISBN963-9252-38-7
Róna-Tas, András (1999): The Khazars and the Magyars. In: Golden, Ben-Shammai, and Róna-Tas (eds., 1999), pp. 269–278
Róna-Tas, András (2007): Tudtak-e írni a magyarok a honfoglalás előtt? Írásbeliség Eurázsiában, 7–9. század [Could the Hungarians write before the Magyars' Landtaking? Literacy in Eurasia, 7th–9th centuries], In: História, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 22–24
Vékony, Gábor (1985): Késő népvándorláskori rovásfeliratok [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period]. In: Életünk Vol. XXII, No. 1, pp. 71–84
Vékony, Gábor (1987): Későnépvándorláskori rovásfeliratok a Kárpát-medencében [Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period in the Carpathian Basin]. Szombathely-Budapest: Életünk szerkesztősége. ISBN978-963-025-132-7
alsószentmihály, inscription, inscription, building, stone, mihai, viteazu, cluj, transylvania, today, romania, origins, translation, inscription, uncertain, contents, relic, script, used, meaning, inscription, critics, alternative, theories, notes, external, . The Alsoszentmihaly inscription is an inscription on a building stone in Mihai Viteazu Cluj Transylvania today Romania The origins and translation of the inscription are uncertain Contents 1 The relic 2 Script used for the Alsoszentmihaly inscription 3 The meaning of the inscription 4 Critics alternative theories 5 Notes 6 External links 7 ReferencesThe relic Edit The photo of the Alsoszentmihaly inscription The stone was an ancient Roman building stone proved by the leaf symbol a frequently applied ornamental element of ancient Roman inscriptions reused in the 10th century Alsoszentmihaly located on the territory of the late Province Dacia existed up to the middle of the 3rd century Denes showed that the Khavars Khazar rebels joined the Hungarians in the 9th century 1 probably settled in this region that time Transylvania 2 In some parts of Hungary there are data of the Khavars even from the 13th century 3 Script used for the Alsoszentmihaly inscription EditSome quotations from historian Gabor Vekony about the identification of the script in this inscription Since the Alsoszentmihaly inscription was found not in the geographical area of the Old Hungarian script and in the first line only vowels could be read based on the Szekely alphabet we can state surely that the possible transcription of the inscription is surely out of the Szekely script 4 To summarize we can state that the Alsoszentmihaly Village inscription is the relic of the Khavars settled into Transylvania which is naturally written in Khazar with Khazarian script 5 Similar symbol occurs in other Khazarian runic inscriptions as well 6 In Transylvania the inscription of the reused stone built into the wall of the church of the Alsoszentmihaly Village is unambiguously written with Khazarian runic alphabet 7 Based on the quotations above examples it can be stated that Vekony identified the script of the Alsoszentmihaly relic as a Khazarian script According to Vekony another relic namely the Homokmegy Halom inscription contains Khazarian text as well 8 The meaning of the inscription EditThe Alsoszentmihaly inscription was deciphered by archaeologist Gabor Vekony The transcription of Vekony it uses IPA symbols 9 First Row Second RowInscription Transcription using IPA ɛbi atliɣ jyedi kyr qerejiTranslating from Common Turkic 10 11 page needed His mansion is famous Juedi Kur Karaite or Juedi Kur the Karaite According to Vekony the inscription was made by a Khavar leader whose religion was Karaite 12 The first symbol of the first row is a ligature its transcription atliɣ 13 The first symbol from left in the second row is a Khazarian word separator 14 In the inscription the third symbol of the first row from left and the symbol in the second and last place can be considered as the descendants of the Turkic ideograms Nevertheless their relation needs more evidence Critics alternative theories EditThere are several critics of Vekony s theories and translations most notably the Hungarian linguist and historian Andras Rona Tas The debates were summarized how by Istvan Riba in 1999 and 2000 15 16 Notes Edit Kristo Gyula amp Makk Ferenc 2001 A kilencedik es a tizedik szazad tortenete The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries p 52 In Magyar Szazadok Hungarian Centuries Published by Pannonica Kiado Ser ed Gyula Szvak 222 p Denes Jozsef 1984 1985 A magyarok het neme es het orszaga A magyar torzsek elhelyezkedese a Karpat medenceben The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars The allocation of the Magyar tribes in the Carpathian Basin In Mora Ferenc Muzeum Evkonyve The Annual of the Ferenc Mora Museum of Szeged Szeged 1991 p 573 Gyorffy Gyorgy 1990 A magyarsag keleti elemei The Eastern Elements of the Hungarians Budapest Gondolat p 50 Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 218 first five rows of the first paragraph Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 230 first three rows of the second paragraph Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 280 fifth and sixth rows of the fourth paragraph Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 109 last third of the second paragraph Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 218 first five rows of the first paragraph Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado Gabor Hosszu 2011 Heritage of Scribes The Relation of Rovas Scripts to Eurasian Writing Systems Budapest Rovas Foundation Vekony Gabor 1985 Keso nepvandorlaskori rovasfeliratok Rovas inscriptions from the Late Migration Period In Eletunk Vol XXII No 1 pp 71 84 Vekony Gabor 1985 Keso nepvandorlaskori rovasfeliratok Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period In Eletunk Vol XXII No 1 pp 71 84 Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado page 217 Riba Istvan Jottek honfoglaltak fujtak Regeszvita egy rovasirasrol Came settled blown Archaeological debate about the runic scripting In Heti Vilaggazdasag Weekly Word s Economy Vol 21 1999 N 46 pp 101 102 105 Riba Istvan 2000 Reading the Runes Evidence of the Dual Conquest Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine The Hungarian Quarterly Vol XLI No 157 Spring 2000External links EditThe Alsoszentmihalyfalva Rovas inscription on the RovasPedia Jeno Demeczky Dr Gabor Hosszu Tamas Rumi Laszlo Sipos Dr Erzsebet Zelliger Revised proposal for encoding the Rovas in the UCS Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO IEC JTC1 SC2 WG2 14 October 2012 Rovas Info News Portal Rovas Foundation Code request for the Rovas script in ISO 15924 2012 10 20 permanent dead link Jeno Demeczky Gyorgy Giczi Dr Gabor Hosszu Gergely Kliha Dr Borbala Obrusanszky Tamas Rumi Laszlo Sipos Dr Erzsebet Zelliger Additional information about the name of the Rovas script Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO IEC JTC1 SC2 WG2 2012 10 21 Jeno Demeczky Gyorgy Giczi Gabor Hosszu Gergely Kliha Borbala Obrusanszky Tamas Rumi Laszlo Sipos Erzsebet Zelliger About the consensus of the Rovas encoding Response to N4373 Resolutions of the 8th Hungarian World Congress on the encoding of Old Hungarian Individual Contribution for consideration by UTC and ISO IEC JTC1 SC2 WG2 permanent dead link Registered by UTC L2 12 337 2012 10 24References EditBalint Csanad 1980 Some Archaeological Addenda to P Golden s Khazar Studies In Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae Vol 34 1981 pp 397 412 Balint Csanad 1981 A kazar kaganatus regeszeti kutatasa a Szovjetunioban The archaeological research of the Khazar Khanate in the Soviet Union In Magyar Tudomany Hungarian Science No 5 1980 pp 381 386 Benko Elek 1972 Egy ujabb rovasirasos emlek Erdelybol A new runic script relic from Transsylvania A szentmihalyfalvi templom rovasfelirata The runic inscription of the Alsoszentmihaly church In Magyar Nyelv Hungarian Language 1972 Vol LXVIII No 4 pp 453 and Appendix Denes Jozsef 1984 1985 A magyarok het neme es het orszaga A magyar torzsek elhelyezkedese a Karpat medenceben The seven gens and seven countries of the Magyars The allocation of the Magyar tribes in the Carpathian Basin In Mora Ferenc Muzeum Evkonyve The Annual of the Ferenc Mora Museum of Szeged Szeged 1991 pp 571 577 Gyorffy Gyorgy 1990 A magyarsag keleti elemei The Eastern Elements of the Hungarians Budapest Gondolat ISBN 963 282 251 X Kristo Gyula amp Makk Ferenc 2001 A kilencedik es a tizedik szazad tortenete The history of the 9th and the 10th centuries In Magyar Szazadok Hungarian Centuries Published by Pannonica Kiado Ser ed Gyula Szvak 222 p ISBN 963 9252 38 7 Rona Tas Andras 1999 The Khazars and the Magyars In Golden Ben Shammai and Rona Tas eds 1999 pp 269 278 Rona Tas Andras 2007 Tudtak e irni a magyarok a honfoglalas elott Irasbeliseg Eurazsiaban 7 9 szazad Could the Hungarians write before the Magyars Landtaking Literacy in Eurasia 7th 9th centuries In Historia Vol 29 No 8 pp 22 24 Vekony Gabor 1985 Keso nepvandorlaskori rovasfeliratok Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period In Eletunk Vol XXII No 1 pp 71 84 Vekony Gabor 1987 Kesonepvandorlaskori rovasfeliratok a Karpat medenceben Runic inscriptions from the Late Migration Period in the Carpathian Basin Szombathely Budapest Eletunk szerkesztosege ISBN 978 963 025 132 7 Vekony Gabor 2004 A szekely iras emlekei kapcsolatai tortenete Budapest Nap Kiado ISBN 963 9402 45 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alsoszentmihaly inscription amp oldid 1144612905, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
