Alpheidae is a family of carideansnapping shrimp, characterized by having asymmetrical claws, the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound. Other common names for animals in the group are pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp.[citation needed]
The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution, consisting of about 1,119[citation needed] species within 38 or more genera.[1] The two most prominent genera are Alpheus and Synalpheus, with species numbering well over 330 and 160, respectively.[2] Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of coral reefs, submerged seagrass flats, and oyster reefs. While most genera and species are found in tropical and temperate coastal and marine waters, Betaeus inhabits cold seas and Potamalpheops is found only in freshwater caves.
When in colonies, the snapping shrimp can interfere with sonar and underwater communication. The shrimp are considered a major source of sound in the ocean.[3]
The "pistol shrimp" grows to 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) long. It is distinctive for its disproportionately large claw, larger than half the shrimp's body. The claw can be on either arm of the body, and, unlike most shrimp claws, does not have typical pincers at the end. Rather, it has a pistol-like feature made of two parts. A joint allows the "hammer" part to move backward into a right-angled position. When released, it snaps into the other part of the claw, emitting an enormously powerful wave of bubbles capable of stunning larger fish and breaking small glass jars.[4]
Some pistol shrimp species share burrows with goby fish in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship. The burrow is built and tended by the pistol shrimp, and the goby provides protection by watching out for danger. When both are out of the burrow, the shrimp maintains contact with the goby using its antennae. The goby, having better vision, alerts the shrimp of danger using a characteristic tail movement, and then both retreat into the safety of the shared burrow.[5] This association has been observed in species that inhabit coral reef habitats.
Eusocial behavior has been discovered in the genus Synalpheus. The species Synalpheus regalis lives inside sponges in colonies that can number over 300.[6] All of them are the offspring of a single large female, the queen, and possibly a single male. The offspring are divided into workers who care for the young and predominantly male soldiers who protect the colony with their huge claws.[6]
Pistol shrimp have the ability to reverse claws. When the snapping claw is lost, the missing limb will regenerate into a smaller claw and the original smaller appendage will grow into a new snapping claw. Laboratory research has shown that severing the nerve of the snapping claw induces the conversion of the smaller limb into a second snapping claw. The reversal of claw asymmetry in snapping shrimp is thought to be unique in nature.[7]
The claw of the snapping shrimp is a dimorphic addition to the arsenal of the shrimp. The snapping shrimp species will retain the same mate after copulation, making them monogamous. Most females of the Alpheidae species are susceptible to mating. Young females become receptive to males either just before (premolt stage) or after the puberty molt, making them physiologically mature and morphologically able to carry the egg mass. Male presence during the molt is beneficial for the female, as searching for a male during her soft‐bodied receptive phase would put her at mortal risk. Mates have more success with partners having greater body mass. The larger shrimp are most successful. These animals practice mate guarding, leading to a decline in mate competition, as well as bonding of partners. The male and female will defend their shelter to protect both territory and young. Larva develop in three stages: The nauplius larvae, zoea, and post larval stages.
Snapping effectEdit
Snapping shrimp claw action. 1. closed pistol shrimp claw with hidden plunger (P). 2. open claw with exposed (P) and chamber (C). 3. open claw with water (W) entering (C). 4. claw with (P) pushed into chamber (C), forcing jet stream (J) out of (C).
The snapping shrimp competes with much larger animals such as the sperm whale and beluga whale for the title of loudest animal in the sea. The animal snaps a specialized claw shut to create a cavitation bubble that generates acoustic pressures of up to 80 kilopascals (12 psi) at a distance of 4 cm from the claw. As it ejects from the claw, the bubble reaches speeds of 25 m/s (90 km/h; 56 mph).[8] The pressure is high enough to kill small fish.[9] It corresponds to a peak pressure level of 218 decibels relative to one micropascal (dB re 1 μPa), equivalent to a zero to peak source level of 190 dB re 1 μPa m. Au and Banks measured peak to peak source levels between 185 and 190 dB re 1 μPa m, depending on the size of the claw.[10] Similar values are reported by Ferguson and Cleary.[11] The duration of the click is less than 1 millisecond.
The snap can also produce sonoluminescence from the collapsing cavitation bubble. As it collapses, the cavitation bubble emits a short flash of light with a broad spectrum. If the light were of thermal origin it would require a temperature of the emitter of over 5,000 K (4,700 °C).[12] In comparison, the surface temperature of the sun is estimated to be around 5,772 K (5,500 °C).[13] The light is of lower intensity than the light produced by typical sonoluminescence and is not visible to the naked eye. It is most likely a by-product of the shock wave with no biological significance. However, it was the first known instance of an animal producing light by this effect. It has subsequently been discovered that another group of crustaceans, the mantis shrimp, contains species whose club-like forelimbs can strike so quickly and with such force as to induce sonoluminescent cavitation bubbles upon impact.[14]
The snapping is used for hunting (hence the alternative name "pistol shrimp"), as well as for communication. When hunting, the shrimp usually lies in an obscured spot, such as a burrow. The shrimp then extends its antennae outwards to determine if any fish are passing by. Once it feels movement, the shrimp inches out of its hiding place, pulls back its claw, and releases a "shot" which stuns the prey; the shrimp then pulls it to the burrow and feeds on it.[citation needed]
More than 620 species are currently recognised in the family Alpheidae, distributed among 52 genera. The largest of these are Alpheus, with 336 species, and Synalpheus, with 168 species.[2] The following genera are recognised in the family Alpheidae:[2]
^A. Anker; S. T. Ahyong; P. Y. Noel; A. R. Palmer (2006). "Morphological phylogeny of alpheid shrimps: parallel preadaptation and the origin of a key morphological innovation, the snapping claw". Evolution. 60 (12): 2507–2528. doi:10.1554/05-486.1. PMID 17263113. S2CID 18414340.
^ abc"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Alpheidae Rafinesque, 1815". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
^ abc"Shrimp, bubble and pop". BBC News. September 21, 2000. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (1970). The International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Marshall Cavendish. p. 2366.
^I. Karplus (1987). "The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps". Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. 25: 507–562.
^ abJ. E. Duffy (1996). "Eusociality in a coral-reef shrimp". Nature. 381 (6582): 512–514. doi:10.1038/381512a0. S2CID 33166806.
^M. R. McClure (1996). "Symmetry of large claws in snapping shrimp in nature (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae)". Crustaceana. 69 (7): 920–921. doi:10.1163/156854096X00321.
^Versluis, Michel; Schmitz, Barbara; von der Heydt, Anna; Lohse, Detlef (2000-09-22). "How Snapping Shrimp Snap: Through Cavitating Bubbles". Science. 289 (5487): 2114–2117. doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2114. ISSN 0036-8075.
^M. Versluis; B. Schmitz; A. von der Heydt; D. Lohse (2000). "How snapping shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles". Science. 289 (5487): 2114–2117. doi:10.1126/science.289.5487.2114. PMID 11000111.
^W. W. L. Au; K. Banks (1998). "The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 103 (1): 41–47. doi:10.1121/1.423234.
^B. G. Ferguson; J. L. Cleary (2001). "In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 109 (6): 3031–3037. doi:10.1121/1.1339823. PMID 11425145.
^D. Lohse; B. Schmitz; M. Versluis (2001). "Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles". Nature. 413 (6855): 477–478. doi:10.1038/35097152. PMID 11586346. S2CID 4429684.
^Williams, D.R. (1 July 2013). . NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^S. N. Patek; R. L. Caldwell (2005). "Extreme impact and cavitation forces of a biological hammer: strike forces of the peacock mantis shrimp" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 208 (19): 3655–3664. doi:10.1242/jeb.01831. PMID 16169943. S2CID 312009.
^Kenneth Chang (September 26, 2000). "Sleuths solve case of bubble mistaken for a snapping shrimp". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^"Sea creatures trouble sonar operators – new enzyme". The New York Times. February 2, 1947. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^Stuart Rock. (PDF). thalesgroup.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.]
^. auvac.org. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
Article on pistol shrimp going into physical details 2021-02-27 at the Wayback Machine
Radiolab episode: Bigger Than Bacon – the history and science of snapping shrimp
August 31, 2023
alpheidae, family, caridean, snapping, shrimp, characterized, having, asymmetrical, claws, larger, which, typically, capable, producing, loud, snapping, sound, other, common, names, animals, group, pistol, shrimp, alpheid, shrimp, citation, needed, alpheus, di. Alpheidae is a family of caridean snapping shrimp characterized by having asymmetrical claws the larger of which is typically capable of producing a loud snapping sound Other common names for animals in the group are pistol shrimp or alpheid shrimp citation needed AlpheidaeAlpheus digitalisScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaSubphylum CrustaceaClass MalacostracaOrder DecapodaSuborder PleocyemataInfraorder CarideaSuperfamily AlpheoideaFamily AlpheidaeRafinesque 1815The family is diverse and worldwide in distribution consisting of about 1 119 citation needed species within 38 or more genera 1 The two most prominent genera are Alpheus and Synalpheus with species numbering well over 330 and 160 respectively 2 Most snapping shrimp dig burrows and are common inhabitants of coral reefs submerged seagrass flats and oyster reefs While most genera and species are found in tropical and temperate coastal and marine waters Betaeus inhabits cold seas and Potamalpheops is found only in freshwater caves When in colonies the snapping shrimp can interfere with sonar and underwater communication The shrimp are considered a major source of sound in the ocean 3 Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Snapping effect 4 Genera 5 References 6 External linksDescription EditThe pistol shrimp grows to 3 5 cm 1 2 2 0 in long It is distinctive for its disproportionately large claw larger than half the shrimp s body The claw can be on either arm of the body and unlike most shrimp claws does not have typical pincers at the end Rather it has a pistol like feature made of two parts A joint allows the hammer part to move backward into a right angled position When released it snaps into the other part of the claw emitting an enormously powerful wave of bubbles capable of stunning larger fish and breaking small glass jars 4 Ecology Edit Alpheus randalli with a goby of the genus AmblyeleotrisSome pistol shrimp species share burrows with goby fish in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship The burrow is built and tended by the pistol shrimp and the goby provides protection by watching out for danger When both are out of the burrow the shrimp maintains contact with the goby using its antennae The goby having better vision alerts the shrimp of danger using a characteristic tail movement and then both retreat into the safety of the shared burrow 5 This association has been observed in species that inhabit coral reef habitats Eusocial behavior has been discovered in the genus Synalpheus The species Synalpheus regalis lives inside sponges in colonies that can number over 300 6 All of them are the offspring of a single large female the queen and possibly a single male The offspring are divided into workers who care for the young and predominantly male soldiers who protect the colony with their huge claws 6 Pistol shrimp have the ability to reverse claws When the snapping claw is lost the missing limb will regenerate into a smaller claw and the original smaller appendage will grow into a new snapping claw Laboratory research has shown that severing the nerve of the snapping claw induces the conversion of the smaller limb into a second snapping claw The reversal of claw asymmetry in snapping shrimp is thought to be unique in nature 7 The claw of the snapping shrimp is a dimorphic addition to the arsenal of the shrimp The snapping shrimp species will retain the same mate after copulation making them monogamous Most females of the Alpheidae species are susceptible to mating Young females become receptive to males either just before premolt stage or after the puberty molt making them physiologically mature and morphologically able to carry the egg mass Male presence during the molt is beneficial for the female as searching for a male during her soft bodied receptive phase would put her at mortal risk Mates have more success with partners having greater body mass The larger shrimp are most successful These animals practice mate guarding leading to a decline in mate competition as well as bonding of partners The male and female will defend their shelter to protect both territory and young Larva develop in three stages The nauplius larvae zoea and post larval stages Snapping effect Edit Snapping shrimp claw action 1 closed pistol shrimp claw with hidden plunger P 2 open claw with exposed P and chamber C 3 open claw with water W entering C 4 claw with P pushed into chamber C forcing jet stream J out of C The snapping shrimp competes with much larger animals such as the sperm whale and beluga whale for the title of loudest animal in the sea The animal snaps a specialized claw shut to create a cavitation bubble that generates acoustic pressures of up to 80 kilopascals 12 psi at a distance of 4 cm from the claw As it ejects from the claw the bubble reaches speeds of 25 m s 90 km h 56 mph 8 The pressure is high enough to kill small fish 9 It corresponds to a peak pressure level of 218 decibels relative to one micropascal dB re 1 mPa equivalent to a zero to peak source level of 190 dB re 1 mPa m Au and Banks measured peak to peak source levels between 185 and 190 dB re 1 mPa m depending on the size of the claw 10 Similar values are reported by Ferguson and Cleary 11 The duration of the click is less than 1 millisecond The snap can also produce sonoluminescence from the collapsing cavitation bubble As it collapses the cavitation bubble emits a short flash of light with a broad spectrum If the light were of thermal origin it would require a temperature of the emitter of over 5 000 K 4 700 C 12 In comparison the surface temperature of the sun is estimated to be around 5 772 K 5 500 C 13 The light is of lower intensity than the light produced by typical sonoluminescence and is not visible to the naked eye It is most likely a by product of the shock wave with no biological significance However it was the first known instance of an animal producing light by this effect It has subsequently been discovered that another group of crustaceans the mantis shrimp contains species whose club like forelimbs can strike so quickly and with such force as to induce sonoluminescent cavitation bubbles upon impact 14 The snapping is used for hunting hence the alternative name pistol shrimp as well as for communication When hunting the shrimp usually lies in an obscured spot such as a burrow The shrimp then extends its antennae outwards to determine if any fish are passing by Once it feels movement the shrimp inches out of its hiding place pulls back its claw and releases a shot which stuns the prey the shrimp then pulls it to the burrow and feeds on it citation needed When in colonies the snapping shrimp can interfere with sonar and underwater communication 3 15 16 The shrimp are a major source of noise in the ocean 3 and can interfere with anti submarine warfare 17 18 Genera Edit Betaeopsis aequimanus Synalpheus fritzmuelleriMore than 620 species are currently recognised in the family Alpheidae distributed among 52 genera The largest of these are Alpheus with 336 species and Synalpheus with 168 species 2 The following genera are recognised in the family Alpheidae 2 Acanthanas Anker Poddoubtchenko amp Jeng 2006 Alpheopsis Coutiere 1897 Alpheus Fabricius 1798 Amphibetaeus Coutiere 1897 Arete Stimpson 1860 Aretopsis De Man 1910 Athanas Leach 1814 Athanopsis Coutiere 1897 Automate De Man 1888 Bannereus AJ Bruce 1988 Batella Holthuis 1955 Bermudacaris Anker amp Iliffe 2000 Betaeopsis Yaldwyn 1971 Betaeus Dana 1852 Bruceopsis Anker 2010 Caligoneus Komai amp Fujita 2018 Coronalpheus Wicksten 1999 Coutieralpheus Anker amp Felder 2005 Crosnierocaris Anker 2022 Deioneus Dworschak Anker amp Abed Navandi 2000 Fenneralpheus Felder amp Manning 1986 Harperalpheus Felder amp Anker 2007 Jengalpheops Anker amp Dworschak 2007 Leptalpheus Williams 1965 Leptathanas De Grave amp Anker 2008 Leslibetaeus Anker Poddoubtchenko amp Wehrtmann 2006 Metabetaeus Borradaile 1899 Metalpheus Coutiere 1908 Mohocaris Holthuis 1973 Nennalpheus Banner amp Banner 1981 Notalpheus Mendez G amp Wicksten 1982 Oligorostra Ciampaglio amp Weaver 2008 Oligosella Ciampaglio amp Weaver 2008 Orygmalpheus De Grave amp Anker 2000 Pachelpheus Anker 2020 Parabetaeus Coutiere 1897 Pomagnathus Chace 1937 Potamalpheops Powell 1979 Prionalpheus AH Banner amp DM Banner 1960 Pseudalpheopsis Anker 2007 Pseudathanas Bruce 1983 Pterocaris Heller 1862 Racilius Paulson 1875 Richalpheus Anker amp Jeng 2006 Rugathanas Anker amp Jeng 2007 Salmoneus Holthuis 1955 Stenalpheops Miya 1997 Synalpheus Spence Bate 1888 Thuylamea Nguyen 2001 Triacanthoneus Anker 2010 Vexillipar Chace 1988 Yagerocaris Kensley 1988References Edit A Anker S T Ahyong P Y Noel A R Palmer 2006 Morphological phylogeny of alpheid shrimps parallel preadaptation and the origin of a key morphological innovation the snapping claw Evolution 60 12 2507 2528 doi 10 1554 05 486 1 PMID 17263113 S2CID 18414340 a b c WoRMS World Register of Marine Species Alpheidae Rafinesque 1815 www marinespecies org Retrieved 2023 06 18 a b c Shrimp bubble and pop BBC News September 21 2000 Retrieved July 2 2011 Maurice Burton Robert Burton 1970 The International Wildlife Encyclopedia Volume 1 Marshall Cavendish p 2366 I Karplus 1987 The association between gobiid fishes and burrowing alpheid shrimps Oceanography and Marine Biology An Annual Review 25 507 562 a b J E Duffy 1996 Eusociality in a coral reef shrimp Nature 381 6582 512 514 doi 10 1038 381512a0 S2CID 33166806 M R McClure 1996 Symmetry of large claws in snapping shrimp in nature Crustacea Decapoda Alpheidae Crustaceana 69 7 920 921 doi 10 1163 156854096X00321 Versluis Michel Schmitz Barbara von der Heydt Anna Lohse Detlef 2000 09 22 How Snapping Shrimp Snap Through Cavitating Bubbles Science 289 5487 2114 2117 doi 10 1126 science 289 5487 2114 ISSN 0036 8075 M Versluis B Schmitz A von der Heydt D Lohse 2000 How snapping shrimp snap through cavitating bubbles Science 289 5487 2114 2117 doi 10 1126 science 289 5487 2114 PMID 11000111 W W L Au K Banks 1998 The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103 1 41 47 doi 10 1121 1 423234 B G Ferguson J L Cleary 2001 In situ source level and source position estimates of biological transient signals produced by snapping shrimp in an underwater environment Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109 6 3031 3037 doi 10 1121 1 1339823 PMID 11425145 D Lohse B Schmitz M Versluis 2001 Snapping shrimp make flashing bubbles Nature 413 6855 477 478 doi 10 1038 35097152 PMID 11586346 S2CID 4429684 Williams D R 1 July 2013 Sun Fact Sheet NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 Retrieved 12 August 2013 S N Patek R L Caldwell 2005 Extreme impact and cavitation forces of a biological hammer strike forces of the peacock mantis shrimp PDF The Journal of Experimental Biology 208 19 3655 3664 doi 10 1242 jeb 01831 PMID 16169943 S2CID 312009 Kenneth Chang September 26 2000 Sleuths solve case of bubble mistaken for a snapping shrimp The New York Times p 5 Retrieved July 2 2011 Sea creatures trouble sonar operators new enzyme The New York Times February 2 1947 Retrieved July 2 2011 Stuart Rock Submarine hunting in Somerset PDF thalesgroup com Archived from the original PDF on 27 March 2018 Retrieved 26 March 2018 Underwater Drones Join Microphones to Listen for Chinese Nuclear Submarines AUVAC auvac org Archived from the original on 23 July 2018 Retrieved 26 March 2018 External links EditHow snapping shrimp snap University of Twente Article on pistol shrimp going into physical details Archived 2021 02 27 at the Wayback Machine Radiolab episode Bigger Than Bacon the history and science of snapping shrimp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alpheidae amp oldid 1171247467, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
