The Alor–Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the Trans–New Guinea languages of the Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established.
The languages of Pantar (left) and Alor (right). The white enclaves near Blagar and Retta and Tereweng. "Western Pantar" is Lamma. Kafoa (Jafoo) is the black area between Kelon (Klon) and Abui. Kabola is merged with Adang. Alorese is an Austronesian language.
Tereweng is sometimes considered a separate language from Blagar, Hamap sometimes separate from Adang, and Sar sometimes from Teiwa. Abui, Kamang, and Kabola may also not be unitary languages. There is a total of 71,940 speakers.[citation needed]
Distribution of speakers of Alor-Pantar languages by language
It has long been recognized that the Papuan languages of the Alor archipelago (including Alor and Pantar, as well as the four small islands of Buaya, Pura, Ternate, and Tereweng in the Pantar Strait) form a well-defined group. Apparent cognates among basic vocabulary are abundant, as demonstrated for example in Stokhof’s (1975) survey of basic vocabulary, and the shape of pronominal systems is almost identical across the group.[2] The genetic relatedness of the Alor–Pantar languages has been confirmed through the reconstruction of the proto-Alor–Pantar language.[3] Relationships between the Alor–Pantar languages and at least some (though perhaps not all) of the non-Austronesian languages of Timor Island may justify the positing of a Timor–Alor–Pantar language family, however, the relationship between the AP group and the Timor languages is of second order.
Wurm et al. (1975) classified the AP languages as members of the putative Trans-New Guinea Phylum.[4] However, the authors offered little evidence for this classification and remained somewhat doubtful, noting, “whichever way they [the Timor–Alor–Pantar languages] are classified, they contain strong substratum elements of the other … phyla involved” (Wurm et al. 1975:318).
Most recently, based on an analysis of pronominal shapes Ross (2005) assigns AP to his West Trans-New Guinea linkage, a subgroup of Trans-New Guinea.[5] Yet Ross’ proposal requires that AP pronouns be derived from pTNG via a flip-flop in which second-person pronouns trade places with the third person. Compare pTNG *ŋga ‘2pro’ and *(y)a ‘3pro’ with Nedebang aŋ and gaŋ, respectively. Bottom-up reconstruction based on regular sound correspondences may shed further light on these issues.
Internal classification
Holton, et al. (2012)
Holton, et al. (2012) propose the following classificatory subgrouping for the Alor–Pantar languages, with individual languages marked by italics.[6]
"Proto-Alor–Pantar" may be synonymous with Proto-Timor–Alor–Pantar, as the languages outside the Alor branch do not seem to form a valid node with it against the Oirata–Makasai languages of East Timor and Bunak language on the Timorese border. However, the relationship is distant.
Kaiping and Klamer (2019)
A 2019 phylogenetic study of Alor-Pantar by Kaiping and Klamer gives the following internal structure:[7]
Kaiping and Klamer (2019b) have found that the four major Alor–Pantar subgroups, namely Pantar, Blagar, Central Alor, and East Alor, form different phylogenetic trees depending on the methodology that is applied.[8]
Pronouns
Ross (2005) postulates a "West Timor" group uniting Alor–Pantar with Bunak. He reconstructs the pronouns as:
West Timor pronouns
sg
pl
1ex
*na
*ni
1in
*pi
2
*[y]a
*i
3
*ga
*gi
3pl *gi is not attested from Bunak, and the inclusive is just i.
Language documentation
Language documentation efforts in the early 21st century have produced a range of published documentary materials.
Lexical reconstructions by Holton and Robinson (2017) are:[6]
proto-Alor–Pantar reconstructions (Holton and Robinson 2017)
gloss
proto-Alor-Pantar
‘bird’
*(a)dVl
‘name’
*en(i,u)
‘thatch’
*aman
‘black’
*aqana
‘vagina’
*-ar
‘two’
*araqu
‘bite’
*-asi
‘crocodile’
*bagai
‘yellow’
*bagori
‘pig’
*baj
‘leg’
*-bat
‘mat’
*bis
‘wave’
*bob
‘betel nut’
*bui
‘guard’
*bukan
‘smoke’
*bunaq
‘sing’
*dar(a)
‘slippery’
*dul(a)
‘thick’
*dumV
‘rat’
*dur
‘burn’
*ede
‘give’
*-ena
‘3sg’
*ga-
‘3gen’
*ge-
‘3pl’
*gi-
‘2sg’
*ha-
‘fish’
*habi
‘village’
*haban
‘fire, firewood’
*hada
‘yawn’
*hagur
‘breast’
*hami
‘excrement’
*has
‘empty’
*hasak
‘lime’
*hawar
‘dream’
*hipar
‘sugarcane’
*huːba
‘fruit’
*is(i)
‘laugh’
*jari
‘bad, broken’
*jasi
‘star’
*jibV
‘dog’
*jibar
‘water’
*jira
‘fly’ (v.)
*jira(n)
‘five’
*jiwesin
‘mosquito’
*kin
‘fingernail’
*kusin
‘flea’
*kVt
‘walk’
*lam(ar)
‘tongue’
*-lebur
‘far’
*lete
‘crouch’
*luk(V)
‘bark’ (v.)
*lVu
‘bat’
*madel
‘hear’
*magi
‘come’
*mai
‘betel vine’
*mait
‘father’
*-mam
‘bamboo’
*mari
‘(be) in/on’
*mi
‘climb’
*mid
‘nose’
*-mim
‘die’
*min(a)
‘sit’
*mis
‘banana’
*mogol
‘body hair’
*mudi
‘plant’ (v.)
*mudin
‘horn’
*-muk
‘rotten’
*mVn
‘1sg’
*na-
‘eat/drink’
*nai
‘sibling (older)’
*nan(a)
‘one’
*nuk
‘throw’
*oda
‘tail’
*-ora
‘dry in sun’
*por
‘hold’
*p{i,u}nV
‘1pl.incl’
*pi-
‘spit’
*purVn
‘scorpion’
*pVr
‘goanna’
*rVsi
‘spear’
*qaba(k)
‘tens’
*qar-
‘new’
*siba
‘shark’
*sib(a,i)r
‘six’
*talam
‘saltwater’
*tam
‘fat’
*tama
‘hand/arm’
*-tan
‘pierce’
*tapai
‘stand’
*tas
‘tree’
*tei
‘bedbug’
*temek
‘ripe’
*tena
‘wake s.o.’
*-ten
‘recline’
*tia
‘expel’
*tiara
‘close’ (v.)
*-tiari(n)
‘stomach’
*-tok
‘short’
*tukV
‘child’
*-uaqal
‘ear’
*-uari
‘tooth’
*uasin
‘knee’
*uku
‘mouth’
*-wa
‘sun’
*wadi
‘blood’
*wai
‘roof’
*wai
‘stone’
*war
‘coconut’
*wata
‘bathe’
*weli
‘moon’
*wur
Further reading
Robert Forkel, Simon J Greenhill, & Tiago Tresoldi. (2019). lexibank/robinsonap: Internal Classification of the Alor-Pantar Language Family (Version v3.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534994
^Stokhof, W. A. L. 1975. Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia). (Pacific Linguistics B-43). Canberra: Australian National University.
^Holton, Gary, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura Robinson & Antoinette Schapper. 2012. The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar. Oceanic Linguistics 51(1).87–122.
^Wurm, S.A., C.L. Voorhoeve & K.A. McElhanon. 1975. The Trans-New Guinea Phylum in general. New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, vol. I, Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, ed. by S.A. Wurm, 299–322. (Pacific Linguistics C-38). Canberra: Australian National University.
^Ross, Malcolm. 2005. Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. Papuan Pasts: Cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples ed. by A. Pawley, R. Attenborough, J. Golson & R. Hide, 15–66. (Pacific Linguistics PL 572). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
^ abHolton, Gary, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper. 2012. "The Historical Relations of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar". Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 51, No. 1, June 2012
^Gereon A. Kaiping and Marian Klamer. 2019a. Subgrouping the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages using systematic Bayesian inference. Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Universiteit Leiden.
^Gereon Kaiping and Marian Klamer 2019b. How different methods lead to different trees for the Timor-Alor-Pantar languages. 11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference (APLL11), 13–15 June 2019, Leiden University.
^Haan, Johnson Welem. 2001. A grammar of Adang: a Papuan language spoken on the island of Alor, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: University of Sydney Ph.D. dissertation.
^Kratochvíl, František. 2007. A Grammar of Abui. Leiden: Leiden University Ph.D. dissertation.
^Baird, Louise. 2008. A Grammar of Klon: A Non–Austronesian Language of Alor, Indonesia. (Pacific Linguistics 596). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
^Klamer, Marian. 2010. A Grammar of Teiwa. Berlin: Mouton.
^Kratochvil, Frantisek & Benny Delpada. 2008. Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Abui. Kupang, Indonesia: UBB-GMIT.
^Holton, Gary & Mahalalel Lamma Koly. 2008. Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Pantar Barat. Kupang, Indonesia: UBB-GMIT. Online: [1] 2014-01-03 at the Wayback Machine
^Gary Holton & Laura C. Robinson. 2017. The internal history of the Alor-Pantar language family. In Marian Klamer (ed.), The Alor-Pantar languages, 49–91. Berlin: Language Science Press. doi:10.5281/zenodo.569389
^ abHolton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN978-3-11-028642-7.
External links
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Alor-Pantar reconstructions
Alor and Pantar Languages: Origins and Theoretical Impacts
Alor–Pantar languages: origins and theoretical impact – University of Leiden
Linguistic Variation in Eastern Indonesia: the Alor and Pantar Project – University of Leiden
The Alor Pantar Languages. Edited by Marian Klamer. Language Science Press. 485pp. Free download.
February 18, 2023
alor, pantar, languages, family, clearly, related, papuan, languages, spoken, islands, alor, archipelago, near, timor, southern, indonesia, they, most, closely, related, papuan, languages, eastern, timor, this, clear, more, distant, relationship, with, trans, . The Alor Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor but this is not yet clear A more distant relationship with the Trans New Guinea languages of the Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence but though often cited has never been firmly established Alor PantarGeographicdistributionAlor Island Pantar Island IndonesiaLinguistic classificationTrans New Guinea Berau Gulf West Bomberai 1 Timor Alor PantarAlor PantarGlottologalor1249The languages of Pantar left and Alor right The white enclaves near Blagar and Retta and Tereweng Western Pantar is Lamma Kafoa Jafoo is the black area between Kelon Klon and Abui Kabola is merged with Adang Alorese is an Austronesian language Contents 1 Languages 2 External classification 3 Internal classification 3 1 Holton et al 2012 3 2 Kaiping and Klamer 2019 4 Pronouns 5 Language documentation 6 Proto language 7 Further reading 8 References 9 External linksLanguages EditThe family is conventionally divided into two branches centered on the islands of Alor and Pantar Alor branch Wosika Abui Adang Kabola Kafoa Jafoo Kui Klon Wersing Sawila Kula Pantar branch Blagar Teiwa Kaera Lamma Nedebang RettaTereweng is sometimes considered a separate language from Blagar Hamap sometimes separate from Adang and Sar sometimes from Teiwa Abui Kamang and Kabola may also not be unitary languages There is a total of 71 940 speakers citation needed Distribution of speakers of Alor Pantar languages by language Abui 20 69 Adang 14 85 Blagar 12 17 Western Pantar 12 17 Woisika 6 30 Klon 6 09 Kula 6 09 Kui 5 16 Teiwa 4 87 Others 11 61 External classification EditIt has long been recognized that the Papuan languages of the Alor archipelago including Alor and Pantar as well as the four small islands of Buaya Pura Ternate and Tereweng in the Pantar Strait form a well defined group Apparent cognates among basic vocabulary are abundant as demonstrated for example in Stokhof s 1975 survey of basic vocabulary and the shape of pronominal systems is almost identical across the group 2 The genetic relatedness of the Alor Pantar languages has been confirmed through the reconstruction of the proto Alor Pantar language 3 Relationships between the Alor Pantar languages and at least some though perhaps not all of the non Austronesian languages of Timor Island may justify the positing of a Timor Alor Pantar language family however the relationship between the AP group and the Timor languages is of second order Wurm et al 1975 classified the AP languages as members of the putative Trans New Guinea Phylum 4 However the authors offered little evidence for this classification and remained somewhat doubtful noting whichever way they the Timor Alor Pantar languages are classified they contain strong substratum elements of the other phyla involved Wurm et al 1975 318 Most recently based on an analysis of pronominal shapes Ross 2005 assigns AP to his West Trans New Guinea linkage a subgroup of Trans New Guinea 5 Yet Ross proposal requires that AP pronouns be derived from pTNG via a flip flop in which second person pronouns trade places with the third person Compare pTNG ŋga 2pro and y a 3pro with Nedebang aŋ and gaŋ respectively Bottom up reconstruction based on regular sound correspondences may shed further light on these issues Internal classification EditHolton et al 2012 Edit Holton et al 2012 propose the following classificatory subgrouping for the Alor Pantar languages with individual languages marked by italics 6 Proto Alor Pantar Teiwa Nedebang Kaera Western Pantar Mauta Tubbe Lamma Alor k q merge Kui Abui Kamang Kafoa Jafoo West Alor s gt h Klon Straits k gt O g gt ʔ Blagar Retta Blagar Retta Adang East Alor b gt p s gt t Tanglapui Sawila Kula Wersing Kolana Proto Alor Pantar may be synonymous with Proto Timor Alor Pantar as the languages outside the Alor branch do not seem to form a valid node with it against the Oirata Makasai languages of East Timor and Bunak language on the Timorese border However the relationship is distant Kaiping and Klamer 2019 Edit A 2019 phylogenetic study of Alor Pantar by Kaiping and Klamer gives the following internal structure 7 Alor PantarEast Alor Kamang Wersing Sawila Kula Nuclear Alor Pantar Alor Central Alor Klon Abui Kafoa Kiriman Kui West Alor Kabola Adang Lawahing Hamap Adang Otvai Pantar Straits Western Pantar Pantar Klamu Teiwa Kaera Reta BlagarKaiping and Klamer 2019b have found that the four major Alor Pantar subgroups namely Pantar Blagar Central Alor and East Alor form different phylogenetic trees depending on the methodology that is applied 8 Pronouns EditRoss 2005 postulates a West Timor group uniting Alor Pantar with Bunak He reconstructs the pronouns as West Timor pronouns sg pl1ex na ni1in pi2 y a i3 ga gi3pl gi is not attested from Bunak and the inclusive is just i Language documentation EditLanguage documentation efforts in the early 21st century have produced a range of published documentary materials Grammatical descriptions A Grammar of Adang Haan 2001 9 A Grammar of Abui Kratochvil 2007 10 A Grammar of Klon Baird 2008 11 A Grammar of Teiwa Klamer 2010 12 Dictionaries Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Abui Kratochvil amp Delpada 2008 13 Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Pantar Barat Holton amp Lamma Koly 2008 14 Proto language EditProto Alor PantarReconstruction ofAlor Pantar languagesReconstructedancestorsProto Trans New Guinea Proto Timor Alor PantarA reconstruction of proto Alor Pantar has been proposed by Holton and Robinson 2017 15 Proto Alor Pantar consonants are 16 p t k qb d gm nsw jl r In contrast proto Timor Alor Pantar does not have the voiceless uvular stop q 16 Lexical reconstructions by Holton and Robinson 2017 are 6 proto Alor Pantar reconstructions Holton and Robinson 2017 gloss proto Alor Pantar bird a dVl name en i u thatch aman black aqana vagina ar two araqu bite asi crocodile bagai yellow bagori pig baj leg bat mat bis wave bob betel nut bui guard bukan smoke bunaq sing dar a slippery dul a thick dumV rat dur burn ede give ena 3sg ga 3gen ge 3pl gi 2sg ha fish habi village haban fire firewood hada yawn hagur breast hami excrement has empty hasak lime hawar dream hipar sugarcane huːba fruit is i laugh jari bad broken jasi star jibV dog jibar water jira fly v jira n five jiwesin mosquito kin fingernail kusin flea kVt walk lam ar tongue lebur far lete crouch luk V bark v lVu bat madel hear magi come mai betel vine mait father mam bamboo mari be in on mi climb mid nose mim die min a sit mis banana mogol body hair mudi plant v mudin horn muk rotten mVn 1sg na eat drink nai sibling older nan a one nuk throw oda tail ora dry in sun por hold p i u nV 1pl incl pi spit purVn scorpion pVr goanna rVsi spear qaba k tens qar new siba shark sib a i r six talam saltwater tam fat tama hand arm tan pierce tapai stand tas tree tei bedbug temek ripe tena wake s o ten recline tia expel tiara close v tiari n stomach tok short tukV child uaqal ear uari tooth uasin knee uku mouth wa sun wadi blood wai roof wai stone war coconut wata bathe weli moon wurFurther reading EditRobert Forkel Simon J Greenhill amp Tiago Tresoldi 2019 lexibank robinsonap Internal Classification of the Alor Pantar Language Family Version v3 0 Data set Zenodo doi 10 5281 zenodo 3534994References Edit New Guinea World West Bomberai Stokhof W A L 1975 Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages East Indonesia Pacific Linguistics B 43 Canberra Australian National University Holton Gary Marian Klamer Frantisek Kratochvil Laura Robinson amp Antoinette Schapper 2012 The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar Oceanic Linguistics 51 1 87 122 Wurm S A C L Voorhoeve amp K A McElhanon 1975 The Trans New Guinea Phylum in general New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study vol I Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene ed by S A Wurm 299 322 Pacific Linguistics C 38 Canberra Australian National University Ross Malcolm 2005 Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages Papuan Pasts Cultural linguistic and biological histories of Papuan speaking peoples ed by A Pawley R Attenborough J Golson amp R Hide 15 66 Pacific Linguistics PL 572 Canberra Pacific Linguistics a b Holton Gary Marian Klamer Frantisek Kratochvil Laura C Robinson Antoinette Schapper 2012 The Historical Relations of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar Oceanic Linguistics Vol 51 No 1 June 2012 Gereon A Kaiping and Marian Klamer 2019a Subgrouping the Timor Alor Pantar languages using systematic Bayesian inference Leiden University Centre for Linguistics Universiteit Leiden Gereon Kaiping and Marian Klamer 2019b How different methods lead to different trees for the Timor Alor Pantar languages 11th International Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics Conference APLL11 13 15 June 2019 Leiden University Haan Johnson Welem 2001 A grammar of Adang a Papuan language spoken on the island of Alor East Nusa Tenggara Indonesia University of Sydney Ph D dissertation Kratochvil Frantisek 2007 A Grammar of Abui Leiden Leiden University Ph D dissertation Baird Louise 2008 A Grammar of Klon A Non Austronesian Language of Alor Indonesia Pacific Linguistics 596 Canberra Pacific Linguistics Klamer Marian 2010 A Grammar of Teiwa Berlin Mouton Kratochvil Frantisek amp Benny Delpada 2008 Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Abui Kupang Indonesia UBB GMIT Holton Gary amp Mahalalel Lamma Koly 2008 Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Pantar Barat Kupang Indonesia UBB GMIT Online 1 Archived 2014 01 03 at the Wayback Machine Gary Holton amp Laura C Robinson 2017 The internal history of the Alor Pantar language family In Marian Klamer ed The Alor Pantar languages 49 91 Berlin Language Science Press doi 10 5281 zenodo 569389 a b Holton Gary Klamer Marian 2018 The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird s Head In Palmer Bill ed The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area A Comprehensive Guide The World of Linguistics Vol 4 Berlin De Gruyter Mouton pp 569 640 ISBN 978 3 11 028642 7 External links Edit Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix Proto Alor Pantar reconstructions Alor and Pantar Languages Origins and Theoretical Impacts Alor Pantar languages origins and theoretical impact University of Leiden Linguistic Variation in Eastern Indonesia the Alor and Pantar Project University of Leiden The Alor Pantar Languages Edited by Marian Klamer Language Science Press 485pp Free download Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Alor Pantar languages amp oldid 1090132866, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
