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Allīnūs

May 05, 2024

Allīnūs or Alīnūs (Arabic: اللينوس, romanized: ʾllynws)[1][2] was an Alexandrian philosopher and commentator on Aristotle from the sixth or seventh century AD. He wrote in Greek, but is known only from Arabic sources, including some translated excerpts of his works.

Marginal note from Allīnūs framed in red. His name is in red in the top right corner.

Life edit

Allīnūs was a Greek from Alexandria. Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa calls him al-Iskandarānī, 'the Alexandrian', and al-Qifṭī, in his commentary on the Kitāb al-Fihrist of Ibn al-Nadīm, qualifies him as a "Byzantine".[3] Since he commented on the writings of Porphyry, he must have lived no earlier than the fourth century AD, most probably in the sixth or seventh.[4] According to both Ibn al-Khammār and Ibn al-Ṭayyib, he belonged to a "group of Alexandrian philosophers" that followed John Philoponus and Olympiodorus the Younger. Probably, like the philosopher Elias, he was a pupil of Olympiodorus.[5]

The Greek name of Allīnūs is not known and the Arabic spelling varies in the manuscripts. There are at least six variants.[6] It has been suggested that the name is Aelianus, Albinus, Apollonius or Elias.[4] An identification with the philosopher Elias has been ruled out.[7] A possible identification is with the Apollonius of Alexandria cited by Simplicius of Cilicia in his commentary on the Categories, but nothing is known about this Apollonius, including when he lived.[4]

Works edit

Fragments of Allīnūs commentaries or citations of them are found in several works. In total, there are eighteen surviving excerpts, either verbatim quotations or paraphrases, attributed to Allīnūs. In addition, there are four sayings of Allīnūs collected in the Ṣiwān al-ḥikmah of Abū Sulaymān al-Manṭiqī al-Sijistānī. All excerpts and sayings have been translated into English by Franz Rosenthal.[8]

Commentaries edit

According to al-Qifṭī, Allīnūs wrote commentaries on the "four books" of logic, which means Aristotle's Categories, Hermeneutics and Prior Analytics and Porphyry's Isagoge.[1]

Ibn al-Khammār was an admirer of Allīnūs.[1][5] Ibn Abī Uṣaybiʿa writes that he saw, in a list of Ibn al-Khammār's works in his own handwriting, a translation from Syriac into Arabic of a work by Allīnūs entitled Arrangement of the Isagoge and the Categories.[9] Ibn al-Khammār not only translated the commentary, but also provided his own commentary on the Arrangement in the form of marginal notes.[3][1] In his course on the Categories, Ibn al-Khammār used the Arabic translation of Yaḥyā ibn ʿAdī, but it is most likely he relied on the commentary of Allīnūs.[1]

Ibn al-Maṭrān cites both Allīnūs's commentaries on the Isagoge[10] and the Categories.[11] Ibn al-Ṭayyib also cites Allīnūs in his own commentaries on the Isagoge[12] and the Categories.[13] According to Ibn Riḍwān, Allīnūs criticized Aristotle in his comments on the fifth section of the Hermeneutics.[3] Three quotations from Allīnūs are found in the Kitāb al-Saʿdāh wa-l-isʿād of Abu ʾl-Ḥasan ibn Abī Dharr.[14] The manuscript Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Ar. 2346, a copy of Ibn al-Khammār, contains marginal glosses by Allīnūs that seem to come from a different work than the Arrangement.[15][5] Several further glosses either quoting or paraphrasing Allīnūs are included in the Arabic critical editions of Aristotle and the Isagoge by the Egyptian philosophers ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Badawī and Aḥmad Fuʾād al-Ahwānī, respectively.[16]

Sayings edit

Of the four sayings attributed in the Ṣiwān to Allīnūs, one is an apocryphal saying attributed by Philostratus to Apollonius of Tyana. This strengthens the view that Allīnūs's Greek name was Apollonius.[17] The other sayings attributed to Allīnūs are:

  • He was asked, "Why are you always sceptical?" He replied, "For the defence of certainty."[18]
  • He said: I wonder how a weak lamp between four violent winds can remain.[18]
    This is glossed by the Ṣiwān with "That is, the soul in its relation to those four elements."[18]
  • He said: There are four fires: A fire that eats and drinks—the fire of the stomach. A fire that eats but does not drink—the fire of fuel. A fire that drinks but does not eat—the fire of trees. And a fire that neither eats nor drinks—the fire of stones.[17]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e Walzer (1962), pp. 75–76.
  2. ^ Rosenthal (1972), p. 337.
  3. ^ a b c Rosenthal (1972), p. 339.
  4. ^ a b c Rosenthal (1972), pp. 337–338.
  5. ^ a b c Elamrani-Jamal (1994).
  6. ^ Elamrani-Jamal (1994) lists five variants. Rosenthal (1972), p. 339, lists at least one more.
  7. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 337–338. Morewedge (2014) still suggests an identification with Elias.
  8. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 339–348.
  9. ^ Rosenthal (1972), p. 339. The Arabic word for Arrangement is Taqāsīm.
  10. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 339–340.
  11. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 345–346.
  12. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 340–341.
  13. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 343–345.
  14. ^ Rosenthal (1972), p. 340.
  15. ^ Rosenthal (1972), p. 341.
  16. ^ Rosenthal (1972), pp. 341–342.
  17. ^ a b Rosenthal (1972), p. 348.
  18. ^ a b c Rosenthal (1972), p. 347.

Bibliography edit

  • Elamrani-Jamal, Abdelali (1994). "Alīnūs (Allīnūs)". Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques. Vol. 1. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. pp. 151–152.
  • Gutas, Dimitri (2010). "Greek Philosophical Works Translated into Arabic". In Robert Pasnau; Christina Van Dyke (eds.). The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 802–814.
  • Gutas, Dimitri (2017). "The Rebirth of Philosophy and the Translations into Arabic". In Ulrich Rudolph; Rotraud Hansberger; Peter Adamson (eds.). Philosophy in the Islamic World. Vol. 1: 8th–10th Centuries. Translated by Rotraud Hansberger. Brill. pp. 85–142.
  • Gyekye, Kwame, ed. (1979). Arabic Logic: Ibn Ibn al-Ṭayyib's Commentary on Porphyry's Eisagoge. SUNY Press.
  • Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age (2nd rev. ed.). Brill.
  • Martini Bonadeo, Cecilia (2011). "Ibn Suwār (Ibn al-Khammār)". In Henrik Lagerlund (ed.). Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy. Springer. pp. 527–528. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9729-4_233. ISBN 978-1-4020-9728-7. S2CID 243730923.
  • Morewedge, Parviz (2014). "Translation of Greek and Persian Texts into Arabic". In İbrahim Kalın (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-981257-8.
  • Rosenthal, Franz (1972). "A Commentator of Aristotle". In S. M. Stern; Albert Hourani; Vivian Brown (eds.). Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition: Essays Presented by His Friends and Pupils to Richard Walzer on His Seventieth Birthday. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 337–349. ISBN 9780872492714.
  • Walzer, Richard (1962). "New Light on the Arabic Translations of Aristotle". Greek into Arabic: Essays on Islamic Philosophy. Harvard University Press. pp. 60–113. Originally published in Oriens 6 (1953): 91ff.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)

May 05, 2024
allīnūs, alīnūs, arabic, اللينوس, romanized, ʾllynws, alexandrian, philosopher, commentator, aristotle, from, sixth, seventh, century, wrote, greek, known, only, from, arabic, sources, including, some, translated, excerpts, works, marginal, note, from, framed,. Allinus or Alinus Arabic اللينوس romanized ʾllynws 1 2 was an Alexandrian philosopher and commentator on Aristotle from the sixth or seventh century AD He wrote in Greek but is known only from Arabic sources including some translated excerpts of his works Marginal note from Allinus framed in red His name is in red in the top right corner Contents 1 Life 2 Works 2 1 Commentaries 2 2 Sayings 3 Notes 4 BibliographyLife editAllinus was a Greek from Alexandria Ibn Abi Uṣaybiʿa calls him al Iskandarani the Alexandrian and al Qifṭi in his commentary on the Kitab al Fihrist of Ibn al Nadim qualifies him as a Byzantine 3 Since he commented on the writings of Porphyry he must have lived no earlier than the fourth century AD most probably in the sixth or seventh 4 According to both Ibn al Khammar and Ibn al Ṭayyib he belonged to a group of Alexandrian philosophers that followed John Philoponus and Olympiodorus the Younger Probably like the philosopher Elias he was a pupil of Olympiodorus 5 The Greek name of Allinus is not known and the Arabic spelling varies in the manuscripts There are at least six variants 6 It has been suggested that the name is Aelianus Albinus Apollonius or Elias 4 An identification with the philosopher Elias has been ruled out 7 A possible identification is with the Apollonius of Alexandria cited by Simplicius of Cilicia in his commentary on the Categories but nothing is known about this Apollonius including when he lived 4 Works editFragments of Allinus commentaries or citations of them are found in several works In total there are eighteen surviving excerpts either verbatim quotations or paraphrases attributed to Allinus In addition there are four sayings of Allinus collected in the Ṣiwan al ḥikmah of Abu Sulayman al Manṭiqi al Sijistani All excerpts and sayings have been translated into English by Franz Rosenthal 8 Commentaries edit According to al Qifṭi Allinus wrote commentaries on the four books of logic which means Aristotle s Categories Hermeneutics and Prior Analytics and Porphyry s Isagoge 1 Ibn al Khammar was an admirer of Allinus 1 5 Ibn Abi Uṣaybiʿa writes that he saw in a list of Ibn al Khammar s works in his own handwriting a translation from Syriac into Arabic of a work by Allinus entitled Arrangement of the Isagoge and the Categories 9 Ibn al Khammar not only translated the commentary but also provided his own commentary on the Arrangement in the form of marginal notes 3 1 In his course on the Categories Ibn al Khammar used the Arabic translation of Yaḥya ibn ʿAdi but it is most likely he relied on the commentary of Allinus 1 Ibn al Maṭran cites both Allinus s commentaries on the Isagoge 10 and the Categories 11 Ibn al Ṭayyib also cites Allinus in his own commentaries on the Isagoge 12 and the Categories 13 According to Ibn Riḍwan Allinus criticized Aristotle in his comments on the fifth section of the Hermeneutics 3 Three quotations from Allinus are found in the Kitab al Saʿdah wa l isʿad of Abu ʾl Ḥasan ibn Abi Dharr 14 The manuscript Paris Bibliotheque nationale de France Ar 2346 a copy of Ibn al Khammar contains marginal glosses by Allinus that seem to come from a different work than the Arrangement 15 5 Several further glosses either quoting or paraphrasing Allinus are included in the Arabic critical editions of Aristotle and the Isagoge by the Egyptian philosophers ʿAbd al Raḥman Badawi and Aḥmad Fuʾad al Ahwani respectively 16 Sayings edit Of the four sayings attributed in the Ṣiwan to Allinus one is an apocryphal saying attributed by Philostratus to Apollonius of Tyana This strengthens the view that Allinus s Greek name was Apollonius 17 The other sayings attributed to Allinus are He was asked Why are you always sceptical He replied For the defence of certainty 18 He said I wonder how a weak lamp between four violent winds can remain 18 This is glossed by the Ṣiwan with That is the soul in its relation to those four elements 18 He said There are four fires A fire that eats and drinks the fire of the stomach A fire that eats but does not drink the fire of fuel A fire that drinks but does not eat the fire of trees And a fire that neither eats nor drinks the fire of stones 17 Notes edit a b c d e Walzer 1962 pp 75 76 Rosenthal 1972 p 337 a b c Rosenthal 1972 p 339 a b c Rosenthal 1972 pp 337 338 a b c Elamrani Jamal 1994 Elamrani Jamal 1994 lists five variants Rosenthal 1972 p 339 lists at least one more Rosenthal 1972 pp 337 338 Morewedge 2014 still suggests an identification with Elias Rosenthal 1972 pp 339 348 Rosenthal 1972 p 339 The Arabic word for Arrangement is Taqasim Rosenthal 1972 pp 339 340 Rosenthal 1972 pp 345 346 Rosenthal 1972 pp 340 341 Rosenthal 1972 pp 343 345 Rosenthal 1972 p 340 Rosenthal 1972 p 341 Rosenthal 1972 pp 341 342 a b Rosenthal 1972 p 348 a b c Rosenthal 1972 p 347 Bibliography editElamrani Jamal Abdelali 1994 Alinus Allinus Dictionnaire des philosophes antiques Vol 1 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique pp 151 152 Gutas Dimitri 2010 Greek Philosophical Works Translated into Arabic In Robert Pasnau Christina Van Dyke eds The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy Vol 2 Cambridge University Press pp 802 814 Gutas Dimitri 2017 The Rebirth of Philosophy and the Translations into Arabic In Ulrich Rudolph Rotraud Hansberger Peter Adamson eds Philosophy in the Islamic World Vol 1 8th 10th Centuries Translated by Rotraud Hansberger Brill pp 85 142 Gyekye Kwame ed 1979 Arabic Logic Ibn Ibn al Ṭayyib s Commentary on Porphyry s Eisagoge SUNY Press Kraemer Joel L 1992 Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age 2nd rev ed Brill Martini Bonadeo Cecilia 2011 Ibn Suwar Ibn al Khammar In Henrik Lagerlund ed Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy Springer pp 527 528 doi 10 1007 978 1 4020 9729 4 233 ISBN 978 1 4020 9728 7 S2CID 243730923 Morewedge Parviz 2014 Translation of Greek and Persian Texts into Arabic In Ibrahim Kalin ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Science and Technology in Islam Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 981257 8 Rosenthal Franz 1972 A Commentator of Aristotle In S M Stern Albert Hourani Vivian Brown eds Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition Essays Presented by His Friends and Pupils to Richard Walzer on His Seventieth Birthday University of South Carolina Press pp 337 349 ISBN 9780872492714 Walzer Richard 1962 New Light on the Arabic Translations of Aristotle Greek into Arabic Essays on Islamic Philosophy Harvard University Press pp 60 113 Originally published in Oriens 6 1953 91ff a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint postscript link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Allinus amp oldid 1187260744, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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