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Ali Iskandar of Johor

March 07, 2023

Sultan Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah I ibni almarhum Sultan Ahmad Hussein Muazzam Shah I [5] was the 19th Sultan of Johor,[6] who succeeded his father, Sultan Hussein after the latter died of natural cause in 1835. Over the next twenty years, Sultan Ali's claims to the office of Sultan of Johor were only recognised by some merchants and a few Malays. Like his father, Sultan Ali's was much of a puppet monarch and played a minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state, which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British. In 1855, Sultan Ali ceded the sovereignty rights of Johor (except Kesang in Muar) to Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim,[7] in exchange for a formal recognition as the "Sultan of Johor" by the British and a monthly allowance. Following the secession of Johor, Sultan Ali was granted administrative charge over Muar until his death in 1877, and in most administrative matters, was often styled as the "Sultan of Muar".[8]

Ali Iskandar Shah
1835-1877
Sultan of Johor
Reign1835–1855
PredecessorHussein Shah I
SuccessorAbu Bakar
Sultan of Muar
Reign1855–1877
Born1824
Singapore, Straits Settlements
Died21 June 1877 (aged 52–53)[1]
Umbai, Malacca, British Malaya
Burial
Sultan Ali's Mausoleum, Umbai, Malacca, British Malaya
Spouse1.Tengku Ngah Anjani
2.Daeng Siti
3.Cik Serimbuk mukmin
Issue4 Sons:
1.Sultan Allauddin Alam Shah
2.Tengku Mahmud Putra
3.Tengku Mansur Putra
4.Tengku Abdullah Puteh
6.Daughters:
1.Tengku Sulong
2.Tengku Sambak
3.Tengku Cik Fatima
4.Tengku Mariam
5.Tengku Sarifa Sara
6.Tengku Busu Zhainab [2]
Names
Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hussein Muazzam Shah [3]
HouseHouse of Bendahara
FatherSultan Hussein Shah
MotherTengku Perbu[4]
ReligionSunni Islam

Sultan of Johor

Early years

Tengku Ali succeeded his father in 1835 as the Sultan of Johor, but was not recognised as the Sultan of Johor for the first few years of his reign.[8] A proclamation by the British colonial government in September 1840 granted him the right as the legitimate heir as his father's successor, but not amounting to a recognition as the "Sultan of Johor".[9]

In the 1840s, Johor began to receive the first Chinese settlers (mainly immigrants from Swatow and Chaozhou). The young Temenggong, Tun Daeng Ibrahim, took up the administrative tasks of the state. He imposed taxes upon these settlers, which went to the Temenggong's charge.[10] However, unlike the Temenggong, Sultan Ali was unwilling to involve himself with the affairs of the state but at the same time complained of receiving insufficient allowance from the British. He was well known for his penchant for an extravagant lifestyle, and was chalking up considerable debts by the 1850s.[11]

Meanwhile, loyalty among the local Malays in Johor to the ruling classes became increasingly divided between the royalty and the nobility. In 1852, Thomas Church, the Resident Councillor of Singapore, sums up the situation of the Malays along the East Coast of the Malay Peninsula:

In this neighbourhood, there are two parties, on one side, the Sultan of Lingga, the Sultan of Trengganu, and the young princes of Johore; on the other, the Raja Bendahara of Pahang, and the Temenggong Sri Maharaja.[12]

Nevertheless, there was no major hostility as a result of the division of loyalty between the royalty and the nobility.[12] In the same year, an English merchant, W.H. Read, controlled Sultan Ali's royal seal in exchange for a promise to liquidate his debts. Read had been an active supporter of Sultan Ali's claims for recognition as the legitimate ruler of Johor and the state's revenue, with the Temenggong as his vassal.[13] As a result of economic and political pressure from these traders, the Governor did consider granting a formal recognition to Sultan Ali as the legitimate ruler of Johor, but in the process, he received a strong protest from Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim and his young son, Abu Bakar.[14]

By the early 1850s, Johor was effectively under the control of the Temenggong; followers who attempted to act in Sultan Ali's interests were quickly expelled by force by the Temenggong's followers.[15]

Secession of Johor

A series of negotiations between Sultan Ali and the Temenggong ensued with the British colonial government acting as the intermediary, after Sultan Ali had questioned the Temenggong's rights of keeping the state revenue to himself.[16] Initially, the Temenggong proposed to split the trade revenue of Johor on condition that Sultan Ali surrendered his claims of sovereignty over Johor. The term was declined by Sultan Ali. Both parties agreed to seek the direct intervention of the British government, among which, the British Governor of the Straits Settlement, Colonel William John Butterworth, and his successor, Edmund Blundell were roped in to act as meditators.[17]

The British favoured the prospect of the Temenggong in taking over the administration of Johor from the Sultan. Sultan Ali's claims to sovereignty were quickly refuted by the British and the Temenggong, who was quick to point out that the Sultan's late father, Sultan Hussein had never pursued active claims to his sovereignty rights over Johor in spite of his recognition by the British in the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty. At that time, Johor came under the effective charge of the Temenggong's late father, Abdul Rahman, as with Pahang, which was under the control of the Bendahara. Further documents revealed that if Johor were to be under the control of a monarch, de jure sovereignty would have been laid under the charge of the Sultan of Lingga, Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah and not with Sultan Ali.[18]

The Temenggong and Sultan Ali submitted their proposals to the British Governor in April 1854. The Temenggong agreed to the Sultan's request of his titular recognition as the Sultan of Johor, but was adamant of maintaining absolute charge over the whole of Johor. On the other hand, Sultan Ali had expressed his wish to the governor that the Kesang territory (around Muar) should be directly governed by him, citing reasons that some of his ancestors were buried there. The British persuaded the Temenggong to concede to Sultan Ali's request and accepted after much consideration.[19]

A treaty was concluded on 10 March 1855, in which Sultan Ali formally ceded his sovereignty rights of Johor to the Temenggong permanently with the exception of the Kesang territory (around Muar). In exchange, Sultan Ali was guaranteed the recognition the title of "Sultan" by the Temenggong and the British government and received a lump sum of $5000 as compensation.[20] Sultan Ali was also promised a further incentive of a monthly allowance of $500 from the Temenggong, under the pressure of Governor Edmund Blundell (the British Governor of Singapore), who hoped to put an end to Sultan Ali's financial complaints and problems.[14]

Sultan of Muar

Administration in Muar

Sultan Ali delegated the administrative affairs of Muar to the Raja Temenggung of Muar[21] (also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar)[22] and spent most of his time in Malacca. Muar was sparsely populated in 1855 and had a population of 800 and no formal structure of government was formed. In 1860, Sultan Ali reportedly borrowed $53,600 from a Chettiar money lender, Kavana Chana Shellapah. Sultan Ali signed an agreement with Shellapah to contribute a portion of his monthly allowance to repay his debt. However, Sultan Ali found himself unable to settle his debts in time, and an angry Shellapah wrote to the British government in 1866. Pressured to liquidate his debts in time, Sultan Ali granted Shellapah the right to trade off Muar to the Temenggong of Johor as mortgage if he is unable to pay off his debts in time.[23]

His relations with Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim remained strained; in 1860, Sultan Ali allowed a Bugis adventurer, Suliwatang, the chiefs of Rembau and Sungei Ujong to settle in Muar and prepare themselves for an attack on Johor.[24] Such bad blood between the Sultan and Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim passed down to the Temenggong's son, Abu Bakar, who succeeded his father after the former died in 1862. Shortly after Abu Bakar became the Temenggong of Johor, he sent a letter to Sultan Ali to reassert of Johor's sovereignty over Segamat. Continued disputes over the sovereignty of Segamat led to an outbreak of a war between the Temenggong's men with the Sultan's. Eleven years later in 1873, attempts made by Suliwatang to collect custom taxes from inhabitants at the Muar estuary led to further conflict with Abu Bakar's (who became Maharaja in 1868) men.[25]

During the remaining years of Sultan Ali's reign, there was no visible economic activity in Muar. Nevertheless, he delegated the duty of collecting Muar's revenues to Suliwatang and his agents, all of whom were later poisoned and killed by the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar. In 1868, Sultan Ali appointed Babu Ramasamy, a Tamil schoolmaster the duty collect the Muar revenues. A European miner approached Sultan Ali in 1872, in which he was granted exclusive mining rights over the entire Kesang territory for five years. Three years later, an American trader approached the Sultan, in which he gave the American the concessionary grant of purchasing 45 square miles (120 km2) of land within the Kesang territory.[1]

Death and succession dispute

Sultan Ali spent his last years in Umbai, Malacca, and supported himself with a small monthly stipend which the British East India Company had granted him.[26] He built a palace for himself and lived with his third wife, Cik' Sembuk until his death in June 1877, and was buried in a Mausoleum within the confines of the Umbai mosque.[27][28] Shortly before his death, Sultan Ali willed the Kesang territory to Tengku Mahmud , his 11-year-old son with Cik' Sembuk. His decision was met with considerable disproval among the some Malays in Singapore, who felt that Tengku Alam should be the heir to the Kesang territory as he was the oldest son with Daeng Siti, who was the daughter of a Bugis nobleman, while Cik' Sembuk was a commoner.[29] At the time of Sultan Ali's death, custody of the Kesang territory lay in the hands of Ungku Jalil, Sultan Ali's elder brother. Ungku Jalil handed over the custodianship of the Kesang territory to Maharaja Abu Bakar, after the British government held an election for the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar and the territory's chieftains to decide on the destiny of the Kesang territory, and voted unanimously for Maharaja Abu Bakar as their leader. The British Governor handed over administrative charge of the Kesang territory over to the Maharaja, which upset Tengku Alam and many of his supporters.[30] Their continued claims to the Kesang territory led to the instigation of the Jementah Civil War in 1879.[31]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), p. 128
  2. ^ Ghazali, Istana dan politik Johor, 1835-1885, p.70
  3. ^ In Islamic cultures, the title Al-Marhum means "to one whom mercy has been shown. This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased. Islamic Names: An Introduction, Schimmel, p. 59
  4. ^ Ali, Hooker, Andaya, The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis, pp. 394, 411
  5. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1937), p. 93
  6. ^ Sejarah Kesultanan Negeri Johor[permanent dead link], Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah Kota Tinggi (Official Web Portal of Kota tinggi district), retrieved 12 March 2009
  7. ^ The Numismatic Circular (1970), pp. 47, 87
  8. ^ a b Burns, Wilkinson, Papers on Malay Subjects, p.72 In the end they signed the treaty of AD 1855. They gave Tengku Ali the district of Muar to govern as Sultan of Muar; and they agreed to pay him and his...
  9. ^ Jayakumar, Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore, p. 270
  10. ^ Turnbull, A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, p. 124
  11. ^ Turnbull, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975, p. 51
  12. ^ a b Trocki, 'Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885, p. 84
  13. ^ Turnbull, The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian presidency to Crown Colony, pp. 279, 282
  14. ^ a b Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), p. 107
  15. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1960), p. 213
  16. ^ Jessy, History of Malaya (1400–1959), p. 224
  17. ^ Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, p. 93
  18. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pp. 106–7
  19. ^ Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, pp. 96–99
  20. ^ Jessy, History of Malaya (1400–1959), p. 225
  21. ^ (Tun) Suzana (Tun) Othman, Ahlul-bait (keluarga) Rasulullah SAW & raja-raja Melayu, p. 182
  22. ^ R. O. Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), p. 129
  23. ^ Studer, American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, pp. 311–2
  24. ^ Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1937), p. 74
  25. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), pp. 128–9
  26. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), p. 132
  27. ^ Khoo, Melaka dan Sejarahnya, p. 124
  28. ^ Studer, American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, p. 312
  29. ^ Winstedt, A History of Johore (1365–1941), p. 129
  30. ^ Burns, Wilkinson, Papers on Malay Subjects, p. 73
  31. ^ Studer, American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, pp. 312, 352

References

  • Ali, al-Haji Riau, Hooker, Virginia Matheson, Andaya, Barbara Watson, The Precious Gift: Tuhfat Al-nafis, Oxford University Press, 1982, ISBN 0-19-582507-1
  • Burns, Peter L., Wilkinson, Richard James, Papers on Malay Subjects, Oxford University Press, 1971
  • Carl A. Trocki, Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784-1885, Singapore University Press, 1979
  • Ghazali, Abdullah Zakaria, Istana dan politik Johor, 1835-1885, Yayasan Penataran Ilmu, 1997, ISBN 983-9851-12-8
  • Jayakumar, S., Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore, NUS Press, 1974, ISBN 0-8214-0491-1
  • Jessy, Joginder Singh, History of Malaya (1400–1959), jointly published by United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1961
  • Khoo, Kay Kim, Melaka dan Sejarahnya, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Cawangan Melaka, 1982
  • Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1937
  • Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch, Singapore, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1960
  • Schimmel, Annemarie, Islamic Names: An Introduction, Published by Edinburgh University Press, 1989, ISBN 0-85224-563-7
  • Studer, Adolph G., American and British Claims Arbitration: William Webster: Appendix to the Memorial of the United States, Vol. III, 1913
  • Swettenham, Frank Athelstane, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, ISBN 0-554-52358-2
  • The Numismatic Circular, by Spink & Son, 1970
  • Turnbull, Constance Mary, A History of Singapore, 1819-1975, published by Oxford University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-19-580354-X
  • Turnbull, Constance Mary, A Short History of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, published by Graham Brash, 1981, ISBN 9971-947-06-4
  • Turnbull, Constance Mary, The Straits Settlements, 1826-67: Indian presidency to Crown Colony, Athlone Press, 1972, ISBN 0-485-13132-3
  • Winstedt, R. O., A History of Johore (1365–1941), (M.B.R.A.S. Reprints, 6.) Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1992, ISBN 983-99614-6-2
Preceded by Sultan of Johor
(1835–1855) 		Succeeded by

March 07, 2023
iskandar, johor, sultan, sultan, iskandar, shah, ibni, almarhum, sultan, ahmad, hussein, muazzam, shah, 19th, sultan, johor, succeeded, father, sultan, hussein, after, latter, died, natural, cause, 1835, over, next, twenty, years, sultan, claims, office, sulta. Sultan Sultan Ali Iskandar Shah I ibni almarhum Sultan Ahmad Hussein Muazzam Shah I 5 was the 19th Sultan of Johor 6 who succeeded his father Sultan Hussein after the latter died of natural cause in 1835 Over the next twenty years Sultan Ali s claims to the office of Sultan of Johor were only recognised by some merchants and a few Malays Like his father Sultan Ali s was much of a puppet monarch and played a minimal role in the administrative affairs of the state which came under the charge of the Temenggong and the British In 1855 Sultan Ali ceded the sovereignty rights of Johor except Kesang in Muar to Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim 7 in exchange for a formal recognition as the Sultan of Johor by the British and a monthly allowance Following the secession of Johor Sultan Ali was granted administrative charge over Muar until his death in 1877 and in most administrative matters was often styled as the Sultan of Muar 8 Ali Iskandar Shah1835 1877Sultan of JohorReign1835 1855PredecessorHussein Shah ISuccessorAbu BakarSultan of MuarReign1855 1877Born1824Singapore Straits SettlementsDied21 June 1877 aged 52 53 1 Umbai Malacca British MalayaBurialSultan Ali s Mausoleum Umbai Malacca British MalayaSpouse1 Tengku Ngah Anjani 2 Daeng Siti 3 Cik Serimbuk mukminIssue4 Sons 1 Sultan Allauddin Alam Shah 2 Tengku Mahmud Putra 3 Tengku Mansur Putra 4 Tengku Abdullah Puteh 6 Daughters 1 Tengku Sulong 2 Tengku Sambak 3 Tengku Cik Fatima 4 Tengku Mariam 5 Tengku Sarifa Sara 6 Tengku Busu Zhainab 2 NamesSultan Ali Iskandar Shah ibni Al Marhum Sultan Hussein Muazzam Shah 3 HouseHouse of BendaharaFatherSultan Hussein ShahMotherTengku Perbu 4 ReligionSunni Islam Contents 1 Sultan of Johor 1 1 Early years 1 2 Secession of Johor 2 Sultan of Muar 2 1 Administration in Muar 2 2 Death and succession dispute 3 See also 4 Notes 5 ReferencesSultan of Johor EditEarly years Edit Tengku Ali succeeded his father in 1835 as the Sultan of Johor but was not recognised as the Sultan of Johor for the first few years of his reign 8 A proclamation by the British colonial government in September 1840 granted him the right as the legitimate heir as his father s successor but not amounting to a recognition as the Sultan of Johor 9 In the 1840s Johor began to receive the first Chinese settlers mainly immigrants from Swatow and Chaozhou The young Temenggong Tun Daeng Ibrahim took up the administrative tasks of the state He imposed taxes upon these settlers which went to the Temenggong s charge 10 However unlike the Temenggong Sultan Ali was unwilling to involve himself with the affairs of the state but at the same time complained of receiving insufficient allowance from the British He was well known for his penchant for an extravagant lifestyle and was chalking up considerable debts by the 1850s 11 Meanwhile loyalty among the local Malays in Johor to the ruling classes became increasingly divided between the royalty and the nobility In 1852 Thomas Church the Resident Councillor of Singapore sums up the situation of the Malays along the East Coast of the Malay Peninsula In this neighbourhood there are two parties on one side the Sultan of Lingga the Sultan of Trengganu and the young princes of Johore on the other the Raja Bendahara of Pahang and the Temenggong Sri Maharaja 12 Nevertheless there was no major hostility as a result of the division of loyalty between the royalty and the nobility 12 In the same year an English merchant W H Read controlled Sultan Ali s royal seal in exchange for a promise to liquidate his debts Read had been an active supporter of Sultan Ali s claims for recognition as the legitimate ruler of Johor and the state s revenue with the Temenggong as his vassal 13 As a result of economic and political pressure from these traders the Governor did consider granting a formal recognition to Sultan Ali as the legitimate ruler of Johor but in the process he received a strong protest from Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim and his young son Abu Bakar 14 By the early 1850s Johor was effectively under the control of the Temenggong followers who attempted to act in Sultan Ali s interests were quickly expelled by force by the Temenggong s followers 15 Secession of Johor Edit A series of negotiations between Sultan Ali and the Temenggong ensued with the British colonial government acting as the intermediary after Sultan Ali had questioned the Temenggong s rights of keeping the state revenue to himself 16 Initially the Temenggong proposed to split the trade revenue of Johor on condition that Sultan Ali surrendered his claims of sovereignty over Johor The term was declined by Sultan Ali Both parties agreed to seek the direct intervention of the British government among which the British Governor of the Straits Settlement Colonel William John Butterworth and his successor Edmund Blundell were roped in to act as meditators 17 The British favoured the prospect of the Temenggong in taking over the administration of Johor from the Sultan Sultan Ali s claims to sovereignty were quickly refuted by the British and the Temenggong who was quick to point out that the Sultan s late father Sultan Hussein had never pursued active claims to his sovereignty rights over Johor in spite of his recognition by the British in the 1824 Anglo Dutch Treaty At that time Johor came under the effective charge of the Temenggong s late father Abdul Rahman as with Pahang which was under the control of the Bendahara Further documents revealed that if Johor were to be under the control of a monarch de jure sovereignty would have been laid under the charge of the Sultan of Lingga Sultan Mahmud Muzaffar Shah and not with Sultan Ali 18 The Temenggong and Sultan Ali submitted their proposals to the British Governor in April 1854 The Temenggong agreed to the Sultan s request of his titular recognition as the Sultan of Johor but was adamant of maintaining absolute charge over the whole of Johor On the other hand Sultan Ali had expressed his wish to the governor that the Kesang territory around Muar should be directly governed by him citing reasons that some of his ancestors were buried there The British persuaded the Temenggong to concede to Sultan Ali s request and accepted after much consideration 19 A treaty was concluded on 10 March 1855 in which Sultan Ali formally ceded his sovereignty rights of Johor to the Temenggong permanently with the exception of the Kesang territory around Muar In exchange Sultan Ali was guaranteed the recognition the title of Sultan by the Temenggong and the British government and received a lump sum of 5000 as compensation 20 Sultan Ali was also promised a further incentive of a monthly allowance of 500 from the Temenggong under the pressure of Governor Edmund Blundell the British Governor of Singapore who hoped to put an end to Sultan Ali s financial complaints and problems 14 Sultan of Muar EditAdministration in Muar Edit Sultan Ali delegated the administrative affairs of Muar to the Raja Temenggung of Muar 21 also known by the title of Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar 22 and spent most of his time in Malacca Muar was sparsely populated in 1855 and had a population of 800 and no formal structure of government was formed In 1860 Sultan Ali reportedly borrowed 53 600 from a Chettiar money lender Kavana Chana Shellapah Sultan Ali signed an agreement with Shellapah to contribute a portion of his monthly allowance to repay his debt However Sultan Ali found himself unable to settle his debts in time and an angry Shellapah wrote to the British government in 1866 Pressured to liquidate his debts in time Sultan Ali granted Shellapah the right to trade off Muar to the Temenggong of Johor as mortgage if he is unable to pay off his debts in time 23 His relations with Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim remained strained in 1860 Sultan Ali allowed a Bugis adventurer Suliwatang the chiefs of Rembau and Sungei Ujong to settle in Muar and prepare themselves for an attack on Johor 24 Such bad blood between the Sultan and Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim passed down to the Temenggong s son Abu Bakar who succeeded his father after the former died in 1862 Shortly after Abu Bakar became the Temenggong of Johor he sent a letter to Sultan Ali to reassert of Johor s sovereignty over Segamat Continued disputes over the sovereignty of Segamat led to an outbreak of a war between the Temenggong s men with the Sultan s Eleven years later in 1873 attempts made by Suliwatang to collect custom taxes from inhabitants at the Muar estuary led to further conflict with Abu Bakar s who became Maharaja in 1868 men 25 During the remaining years of Sultan Ali s reign there was no visible economic activity in Muar Nevertheless he delegated the duty of collecting Muar s revenues to Suliwatang and his agents all of whom were later poisoned and killed by the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar In 1868 Sultan Ali appointed Babu Ramasamy a Tamil schoolmaster the duty collect the Muar revenues A European miner approached Sultan Ali in 1872 in which he was granted exclusive mining rights over the entire Kesang territory for five years Three years later an American trader approached the Sultan in which he gave the American the concessionary grant of purchasing 45 square miles 120 km2 of land within the Kesang territory 1 Death and succession dispute Edit Sultan Ali spent his last years in Umbai Malacca and supported himself with a small monthly stipend which the British East India Company had granted him 26 He built a palace for himself and lived with his third wife Cik Sembuk until his death in June 1877 and was buried in a Mausoleum within the confines of the Umbai mosque 27 28 Shortly before his death Sultan Ali willed the Kesang territory to Tengku Mahmud his 11 year old son with Cik Sembuk His decision was met with considerable disproval among the some Malays in Singapore who felt that Tengku Alam should be the heir to the Kesang territory as he was the oldest son with Daeng Siti who was the daughter of a Bugis nobleman while Cik Sembuk was a commoner 29 At the time of Sultan Ali s death custody of the Kesang territory lay in the hands of Ungku Jalil Sultan Ali s elder brother Ungku Jalil handed over the custodianship of the Kesang territory to Maharaja Abu Bakar after the British government held an election for the Temenggong Paduka Tuan of Muar and the territory s chieftains to decide on the destiny of the Kesang territory and voted unanimously for Maharaja Abu Bakar as their leader The British Governor handed over administrative charge of the Kesang territory over to the Maharaja which upset Tengku Alam and many of his supporters 30 Their continued claims to the Kesang territory led to the instigation of the Jementah Civil War in 1879 31 See also EditJementah Civil WarNotes Edit a b Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 p 128 Ghazali Istana dan politik Johor 1835 1885 p 70 In Islamic cultures the title Al Marhum means to one whom mercy has been shown This is used for Muslim rulers who are deceased Islamic Names An Introduction Schimmel p 59 Ali Hooker Andaya The Precious Gift Tuhfat Al nafis pp 394 411 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1937 p 93 Sejarah Kesultanan Negeri Johor permanent dead link Laman Web Rasmi Pejabat Daerah Kota Tinggi Official Web Portal of Kota tinggi district retrieved 12 March 2009 The Numismatic Circular 1970 pp 47 87 a b Burns Wilkinson Papers on Malay Subjects p 72 In the end they signed the treaty of AD 1855 They gave Tengku Ali the district of Muar to govern as Sultan of Muar and they agreed to pay him and his Jayakumar Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore p 270 Turnbull A Short History of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei p 124 Turnbull A History of Singapore 1819 1975 p 51 a b Trocki Prince of Pirates The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784 1885 p 84 Turnbull The Straits Settlements 1826 67 Indian presidency to Crown Colony pp 279 282 a b Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 p 107 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1960 p 213 Jessy History of Malaya 1400 1959 p 224 Swettenham British Malaya An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya p 93 Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 pp 106 7 Swettenham British Malaya An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya pp 96 99 Jessy History of Malaya 1400 1959 p 225 Tun Suzana Tun Othman Ahlul bait keluarga Rasulullah SAW amp raja raja Melayu p 182 R O Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 p 129 Studer American and British Claims Arbitration William Webster Appendix to the Memorial of the United States Vol III pp 311 2 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1937 p 74 Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 pp 128 9 Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 p 132 Khoo Melaka dan Sejarahnya p 124 Studer American and British Claims Arbitration William Webster Appendix to the Memorial of the United States Vol III p 312 Winstedt A History of Johore 1365 1941 p 129 Burns Wilkinson Papers on Malay Subjects p 73 Studer American and British Claims Arbitration William Webster Appendix to the Memorial of the United States Vol III pp 312 352References EditAli al Haji Riau Hooker Virginia Matheson Andaya Barbara Watson The Precious Gift Tuhfat Al nafis Oxford University Press 1982 ISBN 0 19 582507 1 Burns Peter L Wilkinson Richard James Papers on Malay Subjects Oxford University Press 1971 Carl A Trocki Prince of Pirates The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore 1784 1885 Singapore University Press 1979 Ghazali Abdullah Zakaria Istana dan politik Johor 1835 1885 Yayasan Penataran Ilmu 1997 ISBN 983 9851 12 8 Jayakumar S Public international law cases from Malaysia and Singapore NUS Press 1974 ISBN 0 8214 0491 1 Jessy Joginder Singh History of Malaya 1400 1959 jointly published by United Publishers and Peninsular Publications 1961 Khoo Kay Kim Melaka dan Sejarahnya Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia Cawangan Melaka 1982 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch Singapore Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1937 Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Malaysian Branch Singapore Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1960 Schimmel Annemarie Islamic Names An Introduction Published by Edinburgh University Press 1989 ISBN 0 85224 563 7 Studer Adolph G American and British Claims Arbitration William Webster Appendix to the Memorial of the United States Vol III 1913 Swettenham Frank Athelstane British Malaya An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya BiblioBazaar LLC 2008 ISBN 0 554 52358 2 The Numismatic Circular by Spink amp Son 1970 Turnbull Constance Mary A History of Singapore 1819 1975 published by Oxford University Press 1977 ISBN 0 19 580354 X Turnbull Constance Mary A Short History of Malaysia Singapore and Brunei published by Graham Brash 1981 ISBN 9971 947 06 4 Turnbull Constance Mary The Straits Settlements 1826 67 Indian presidency to Crown Colony Athlone Press 1972 ISBN 0 485 13132 3 Winstedt R O A History of Johore 1365 1941 M B R A S Reprints 6 Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1992 ISBN 983 99614 6 2 Preceded bySultan Hussein Shah Sultan of Johor 1835 1855 Succeeded bySultan Abu Bakar Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ali Iskandar of Johor amp oldid 1142075436, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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