Ali Hassan Mwinyi

Ali Hassan Mwinyi (born 8 May 1925)^[1] is a Tanzanian politician, who served as the second President of the United Republic of Tanzania from 1985 to 1995.^[2] Previous posts include Interior Minister and Vice President.^[2] He also was chairman of the ruling party, the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) from 1990 to 1996.^[2]

Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Mwinyi in 2007
2nd President of Tanzania
In office 5 November 1985 – 23 November 1995
Prime Minister	Joseph Warioba (1985–91) John Malecela (1991–93) Cleopa Msuya (1993–95)
Vice President	Joseph Warioba John Malecela Cleopa Msuya
Preceded by	Julius Kambarage Nyerere
Succeeded by	Benjamin William Mkapa
3rd President of Zanzibar
In office 30 January 1984 – 24 October 1985
Preceded by	Aboud Jumbe
Succeeded by	Idris Abdul Wakil
Personal details
Born	(1925-05-08) 8 May 1925 (age 98) Kivure, Pwani Region, British Tanganyika (now Tanzania)
Political party	CCM
Spouse	Siti Mwinyi ​ (m. 1960)​
Children	12 (including Hussein)
Alma mater	Open University of Tanzania

During Mwinyi's terms, Tanzania took the first steps to reverse the socialist policies of Julius Nyerere.^[3] He relaxed import restrictions and encouraged private enterprise. It was during his second term that multi-party politics were introduced under pressure for reform from foreign and domestic sources. Often referred to as Mzee Rukhsa ("Everything goes"), he pushed for liberalization of morals, beliefs, values (without breaking the law) and the economy.^[4]

Early life

Mwinyi was born and raised in the village of Kivure, Pwani Region. He then moved to Zanzibar and got his primary education at Mangapwani Primary School in Mangapwani, Zanzibar West Region. Mwinyi then attended Mikindani Dole Secondary School in Dole, Zanzibar West Region.^[5] From 1945 to 1964 he worked successively as a tutor, teacher, and head teacher at various schools before deciding to enter national politics.^[5]

Concurrently, Mwinyi earned his General Certificate of Education through correspondence (1950–1954) and then studied for a teaching diploma at the Institute of Education at Durham University in the United Kingdom.^[6] He did not leave England until 1962, being appointed principal of Zanzibar Teaching Training College in Zanzibar West Region, upon his return.^[6]

Presidency

President Julius Nyerere retired in October 1985 and picked Ali Hassan Mwinyi to be his successor.^[7] Nyerere remained chairman of the ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), until 1990, which would later cause tensions between the government and the party regarding economic reform ideology.^[8] When the transition of power took place, Tanzania's economy was in the midst of a slump.^[8] From 1974 to 1984, the GDP was growing at an average of 2.6 percent per year while the population was increasing at a faster rate of 3.4% each year.^[7] Rural incomes and urban wages had both fallen by the early 1980s, despite Tanzania's minimum wage laws.^[9] Furthermore, the currency was overpriced, basic goods were scarce, and the country had over three billion dollars of foreign debt.^[10] Agricultural production was low, and the general opinion was that Nyerere's Ujamaa socialist policies had failed economically.^[10]

Such policies included the nationalization of major production, the forced re-villagization of the rural population into communal farms, and the banning of any opposition parties.^[10] Nyerere's supporters were opposed to involving the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank in domestic economic reforms, believing it would cause instability and conflict with their socialist values.^[8] Also, Tanzania's relationship with the IMF had been strained since Nyerere's government failed to meet the loan conditions from a 1980 financial package agreement.^[9]

Early in this political transition, many believed that Mwinyi was unlikely to deviate from Nyerere's policies since he was viewed as a loyal supporter of his predecessor.^[9] However, Ali Hassan Mwinyi and his followers called for economic and political reform to liberalize the market and review traditional socialist ideologies.^[8] He surrounded himself with reformists, even replacing three cabinet members and other ministers who were opposed to change.^[8] The Prime Minister at the time, Joseph Warioba, along with the finance minister Clement Msuya were also quite supportive of new policies.^[7] During his first address to Tanzania's Parliament in 1986, he promised to resume negotiations with the IMF and World Bank, assuming that any resulting agreement would be beneficial to the citizens of Tanzania.^[11]

Agreements with International Financial Institutions

In 1986, Mwinyi made an agreement with the IMF to receive a $78 million standby loan, which was Tanzania's first foreign loan in over six years.^[7] Bilateral donors approved this austerity plan and agreed to reschedule Tanzania's debt payments.^[11] They agreed to do so for a period of five years, requiring that Tanzania pay only 2.5% of their debts in the meantime.^[12] In an interview, Mwinyi urged donor countries to use Canada as an example and write off Tanzania's debts all together.^[12] If this request wasn't possible, he asked instead for a minimum of ten years to pay off loans, but said that twenty to twenty-five years was a more ideal range.^[12] He predicted that by this time, the country's economy would be recovered and they would be in a position to repay their debts without it hurting them.^[12] In the same interview, he also asked aid donors for lower interest rates.^[12]

Mwinyi claimed that his negotiations with the IMF were on behalf of the people: for example, he agreed to the Fund's request that he decrease the number of public institutions, but only when doing so was necessary and could be done gradually.^[11] Furthermore, he declined their recommendation to freeze pay raises within the government and to cut free public services.^[11]

The following year, Mwinyi negotiated Tanzania's first structural adjustment facility (SAF) with the IMF, followed by subsequent agreements in 1988 and again in 1990.^[11] In addition to these developments, the World Bank provided structural adjustment credits for reforms in the agricultural, industrial, and financial sectors.^[11] in 1989, President Mwinyi began the second phases of his reform program with the intention of reforming social sectors, specifically by increasing government spending on education.^{[citation needed]}

Multi-Party Politics

In 1991, the first stages of the transition towards multipartyism began when Mwinyi appointed Chief Justice Francis Nyalali to lead a commission to gage the amount of popular support for the current single-party system.^[11] This commission submitted their report to the President in 1992, recommending that the government transition into a multi-party system.^[11] They made this recommendation despite the fact that only twenty-one percent out of the 36,299 Tanzanians who were interviewed favored this change.^[11] However, fifty-five percent of the seventy-seven percent who supported the current system were in favor of some sort of reform.^[11] Justice Nyalali pointed to twenty specific laws that were in need of revision in order to comply with the requirements of a multi-party system.^[13] Mwinyi supported their recommendation and the CCM Extraordinary National Party Conference ratified changes through constitutional amendments in February 1992.^[11] However, not all twenty of these laws were revised, including the controversial Preventative Detention Act that was leftover from colonial times.^[13]

Corruption

During the years of Julius Nyerere's presidency, corruption was viewed as a sort of oppression that undermined Tanzania's egalitarian values.^[14] But, reports of corruption increased along with the state's economic influence.^[14] Under Mwinyi's presidency, corrupt practices worsened under his economically liberal policies.^[14] It became so endemic that some donors froze aid in 1994 in response.^[14] During the first multi-party election in 1995, the opposition parties used the people's resentments towards the ongoing corruption as political fuel.^[14] However, the CCM candidate Benjamin Mkapa was also able to use corruption in his favor, as he was viewed as untainted by any of the corruption scandals that marred the Mwinyi administration.^[14]

1993 Chavda Scandal

Brothers and well-known businessmen V.G. Chavda and P.G. Chavda received a $3.5 million loan from a debt conversion program (DCP) in 1993.^[14] They promised to use these funds to revamp rundown plantations in Tanga.^[14] This included upgrading worker housing, repairing old machines, and replanting farmland.^[14] They claimed their projects would create 1,400 jobs and would generate $42 million in foreign exchange money.^[14] In reality, they had diverted the funds outside of the country through the purchase of fake machines and parts.^[14] It was later uncovered that high-ranking politicians had covered for them, including the Minister for Home Affairs, Augustine Mrema.^[14] They were able to evade prosecution.^[14]

Mohamed Enterprises

In early 1995, the well-known company Mohamed Enterprises was accused of allegedly distributing food that was unfit for consumption.^[14] Mrema claimed he would punish the company, but was demoted to Minister of Youth and Culture before he could take action.^[14] He criticized Mwinyi's administration for tolerating high levels of corruption and being complicit about anti-corruption enforcement.^[14] He was then removed from the cabinet, and later became a candidate for one of the opposition parties, NCCR-Mageuzi.^[14]

Views on Apartheid

In a 1989 interview when asked about his views regarding Apartheid, Mwinyi advocated for tough, comprehensive sanctions to be carried out against South Africa.^[12] He also called for Western nations to assist "frontline states" in dealing with any destabilization attempts made by the South African government against those who oppose them.^[12] Mwinyi said that practicing these measures concurrently would help to dismantle Apartheid.^[12] He called the Reagan administration's hesitance to enact tougher sanctions a "stumbling block," and expressed his hope that future American leaders would take more action against South Africa's regime.^[12]

Personal life

Ali Hassan Mwinyi married Siti Mwinyi in 1960, with whom he has six sons and six daughters. In retirement, Ali Hassan Mwinyi has stayed out of the limelight and continues to live in Dar es Salaam.^[2]

Honours and awards

Honours

Order		Country	Year
	Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere	Tanzania	2011

Awards

• King Faisal Prize of Saudi Arabia for Service to Islam in 2022.^[15]

Honorary degrees

University	Country	Degree	Year
The Open University of Tanzania	Tanzania	Doctor of Letters	2012^[16]
The East African University	Kenya	Doctor of Philosophy in Business Management	2013^[17]

Legacy

Eponyms

• Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, one of the major roads in Dar es Salaam
• Ali Hassan Mwinyi Stadium, Tabora
• Schools:
  • The Ali Hassan Mwinyi Islamic Secondary School in Tabora Region
  • The Mwinyi Secondary School in Pwani Region
  • The Ali Hassan Mwinyi Elite School Dar es salaam Region

References

1. Profile of Ali Hassan Mwinyi
2. Europa Publications (2003). The International Who's Who 2004. Routledge. p. 1193. ISBN 1-85743-217-7.
3. Brennan, James R.; Burton, Andrew (2007). Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis. African Books Collective. p. 252. ISBN 978-9987-449-70-5.
4. Cowen, Michael; Laakso, Liisa (2002). Multi-party elections in Africa. James Currey. p. 295. ISBN 0-85255-843-0.
5. "Mwinyi, Ndugu Ali Hassan". Who's Who. Vol. 2019 (December 2007 online ed.). A & C Black. Retrieved 28 July 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
6. Hanks, John (2015). Operation Lock and the War on Rhino Poaching. Cape Town: Penguin Random House South Africa.
7. "Tanzania; the end of ujamaa". The Economist. Vol. 7460. August 1986. p. 35 – via The Gale.
8. Bernadeta, Killian (2001). "Pluralist democracy and the transformation of democratic attitudes in Tanzania". ProQuest. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
9. Addison, Tony. "Adjusting to the IMF?." Africa Report 31.3 (1986): 81.
10. Bianco, David. "Mwinyi, Ali Hassan 1925—." Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Michael L. LaBlanc, vol. 1, Gale, 1992, pp. 176-180. Gale Virtual Reference Library, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX2870300057/GVRL?u=nash87800&sid=GVRL&xid=b795bbed.Accessed 4 Oct. 2018.
11. Vener, J. I. (1996). "The onset of regime transition from single to multiparty politics: A case study of Tanzania" – via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
12. Novicki, Margaret A. "Interview with President Ali Hassan Mwinyi." Africa Report 33.1 (1988): 27.
13. Hyden, Göran. "Top-down democratization in Tanzania." Journal of Democracy 10.4 (1999): 142-155.
14. Heilman, Bruce, and Laurean Ndumbaro. "Corruption, politics, and societal values in Tanzania: an evaluation of the Mkapa Administration’s anti-corruption efforts." African Journal of Political Science 7.1 (2002): 1-19.
15. "Tanzanian ex-president and Egyptian academic win King Faisal Prize". Arab News. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
16. "Why OUT awarded Mzee Ruksa a honorary degree". IPP Media. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
17. . in2eastafrica.net. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.