Alcázar of Seville

See also: Alcazar (disambiguation)

The Alcázar of Seville, officially called Royal Alcázar of Seville (Spanish: Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla),^[1] is a historic royal palace in Seville, Spain. It was formerly the site of the Islamic-era citadel of the city, begun in the 10th century and then developed into a larger palace complex by the Abbadid dynasty (11th century) and the Almohads (12th to early 13th centuries). After the Castilian conquest of the city in 1248, the site was progressively rebuilt and replaced by new palaces and gardens. Among the most important of these is a richly-decorated Mudéjar-style palace built by Pedro I during the 1360s.^[2][3]

Alcázar of Seville
Native name Spanish: Real Alcázar de Sevilla
Patio de la Montería courtyard
Type	Alcázar
Location	Seville, Spain
Coordinates	37°23′02″N 5°59′29″W / 37.38389°N 5.99139°W / 37.38389; -5.99139
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iii, vi
Designated	1987 (11th session)
Part of	Cathedral, Alcázar and General Archive of the Indies in Seville
Reference no.	383-002
Region	Europe and North America
Spanish Cultural Heritage
Type	Non-movable
Criteria	Monument
Designated	3 June 1931
Reference no.	RI-51-0001067
Location of Alcázar of Seville in Spain

The palace is a preeminent example of Mudéjar style in the Iberian Peninsula and also includes sections with Gothic and Renaissance elements. The upper stories of the Alcázar are still occupied by the royal family when they visit Seville and are administered by the Patrimonio Nacional. It was registered in 1987 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, along with the adjoining Seville Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies.^[4]

Etymology

The Spanish term Alcázar (pronounced [alˈkaθaɾ]) comes from the Arabic al-qaṣr (اَلْقَصْر; meaning "the castle" or "the palace"), itself derived from the Latin castrum ("castle").^[5][6][7][8]

History

Islamic era

In the year 712, Seville was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate. In the year 913–914, after a revolt against Cordoba's government, the first caliph of Al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman III built a fortified construction in place of a Visigothic Christian basilica.^[9] It was a quadrangular, roughly square enclosure about 100 meters long on each side, fortified with walls and rectangular towers, and annexed to the city walls.^[10][11] In the 11th century, during the Taifa period, the Abbadid king Al-Mu'tamid expanded the complex southwards and eastwards,^[10] with a new southern enclosure measuring approximately 70 by 80 meters.^[11] This new palace was called Al Mubarak (Arabic: المبارك).^[2] Various additions to the construction such as stables and warehouses were also carried out.^[9]

Towards 1150, the Almohad Caliphs began to develop Seville as their capital in Al-Andalus. The Almohad governor extended the fortified complex to the west, nearly doubling its size. At least six new courtyard palaces were constructed in the old enclosures and nine palaces were added in the western extensions.^[11] In 1163 the caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf made the Alcazar his main residence in the region.^[9][11] He further expanded and embellished the palace complex in 1169, adding six new enclosures to the north, south, and west sides of the existing palaces. The works were carried out by architects Ahmad ibn Baso and 'Ali al-Ghumari.^[11] With the exception of the walls, nearly all previous buildings were demolished, and a total of approximately twelve palaces were built.^[10] Among the new structures was a very large garden courtyard, now known as the Patio del Crucero, which stood in the old Abbadid enclosure. Between 1171 and 1198 an enormous new congregational mosque was built on the north side of the Alcazar (later transformed into the current Cathedral of Seville). A shipyard was also built nearby in 1184 and a textiles market in 1196.^[11]

There are few remnants of these Islamic-era constructions today. Archaeological remains of the Al Mubarak Palace are currently preserved under Patio de la Monteria. Several wall painting fragments were found that are now exhibited in the Palacio del Yeso.^[9] The courtyard buildings now known as the Palacio del Yeso (or Patio del Yeso), the Palacio de la Contratación, and the Patio del Crucero all preserve remains from the Almohad period.^[11]

 

The Sala de las Bóvedas preserves elements of Alfonso X's Gothic palace (13th century).

Christian era

Seville was conquered in 1248 by Ferdinand III of Castile. The former Moorish palace-citadel was taken over by the Castilian monarchs and underwent significant reconstruction and modification, such that most of the Islamic-era structure has since disappeared.^[12]

A Gothic-style palace was built on the site in 1258 for Alfonso X (Ferdinand's successor).^[3] It stood on the site of the present-day Patio del Crucero, incorporating and preserving parts of the Almohad-era courtyard that was found here, including the Islamic-style garden divided into quadrants by two intersecting paths. Over these paths and around the courtyard, Gothic-style vaults and pointed arches were added, along with a hall divided into several naves. Corners towers containing spiral staircases granted access to an upper terrace.^[13] Of the Gothic palace today, only the upstairs Sala de las Bóvedas and the Baños de María de Padilla, with their Gothic cross-ribbed vaults, have been preserved or partially preserved.^[13]

In the mid-14th century, Alfonso XI commissioned the construction of a new throne hall known as the Hall of Justice, which commemorated his victory at the Battle of Río Salado (1340).^[2] It is attached to the Patio del Yeso, an Almohad-era courtyard, and also serves as its antechamber. This new addition was made in a Mudéjar style, with stucco decoration and an overall arrangement of elements directly based on contemporary Islamic Andalusi architecture.^[2]

 

1895 photo of a Mudéjar room in the palace

In the 1360s, much of the complex was rebuilt by Pedro I in an ornate Mudéjar style.^[2] The palace includes a monumental façade, a courtyard (the present-day Patio de las Doncellas), and a great domed hall known as the Hall of the Ambassadors (Salon de los Embajadores). A Latin inscription on the palace façade includes the year 1364 while an Arabic inscription in the Hall of Ambassadors gives the year 1366, which indicate the probable dates for the start and completion of construction, respectively.^[2] The architecture of Pedro I's palace has strong similarities to the contemporary Nasrid palaces of the Alhambra in Granada, although the complicated chronology of construction and renovations at both sites makes it difficult to determine what roles they might have played in influencing each other's designs.^[2] It is likely that Muhammad V, the Nasrid ruler of Granada and Pedro I's ally, sent craftsmen to Seville to help assist in the palace's construction and decoration.^[14] Under the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella (d. 1504) and Fernando (d. 1516), the upper floor of the palace was extended and transformed into their main residence.^[9]

The palace was the birthplace of Infanta Maria Antonietta of Spain (1729–1785), daughter of Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese, when the king was in the city to oversee the signing of the Treaty of Seville (1729) which ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1727).^[10] Much of the old Gothic Palace of Alfonso X was destroyed during the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.^[13]

The palace

 

Plan of the Alcázar of Seville

• 1-Puerta del León
• 2-Sala de la Justicia y patio del Yeso (cyan)
• 3-Patio de la Montería (pink)
• 4-Cuarto del Almirante y Casa de Contratación (cream)
• 5-Palacio mudéjar o de Pedro I (red)
• 6-Palacio gótico (blue)
• 7-Estanque de Mercurio
• 8-Jardines (green)
• 9-Apeadero (yellow)
• 10-Patio de Banderas

The Real Alcázar is situated near the Seville Cathedral and the General Archive of the Indies in one of Andalusia's most emblematic areas.^[10]

Tiles

The palace is known for its tile decoration. The two tile types used are majolica and arista tiles. In the arista technique, the green body is stamped and each tile segment has raised ridges. This technique produces tiles with transparent glazes that are not flat. The art of majolica ceramics was developed later in the 15th–16th centuries. The innovation made it possible to "paint" directly on ceramics covered with white opaque glazes. Being a trade center, Seville had access to large scale production of these tiles. They were mainly of geometric design inspired by arabesque ornamentation.^[15]

In the 16th century, the Catholic Monarchs commissioned an Italian artist from Pisa, Francisco Niculoso (called Pisano) to make two majolica tile altarpieces for their private chapel in the palace.^[16] One still exists in the oratory of the royal apartments, the other one is missing. Later, the artist Cristóbal de Augusta created a tile-work in the Palacio Gotico. It features animals, cherubs and floral designs and gives the palace a bright tapestry look.^[17]

 

Puerta del León (Gate of the Lion).

Puerta del León

The Puerta del León (Gate of the Lion), located in the outer wall of the complex, is the main access to the enclosure. Between the lintel of this gate and under a machicolation there was a painting of a lion, whose origin is unknown, although it appears in the drawings made by Richard Ford in 1832.^[18][19] Until 1876 the medieval painting of the lion with the cross had been preserved, but that year, Joaquín Domínguez Bécquer being the director of the painting and gilding of the whole and being probably in very bad condition, he repainted it completely.^[20][21] In 1892 this painting was replaced by a panel of azulejo designed by Manuel Tortosa y Fernández, with the historical advice of José Gestoso. The azulejo was made in the Mensaque factory^[22][23] and also represents a lion,^[22] in Gothic style, which appears holding a crucifix with its right claw and with a flag under its left claw. On the chest there is a tefillin reading in Latin Ad utrumque, which means "for one thing and for another", the word 'paratus' would be missing; Ad utrumque paratus,^[20] thus meaning "prepared for one thing and for another".

The current name "Puerta del León" dates to the 19th century and derives from the heraldic lion in this panel of tilework above the gateway and under a defensive machicolation.^[24][25] Historically, this gate had been known as Puerta de la Montería (Gate of the Hunt).^[26][27] According to Ortiz de Zúñiga (17th century) it was so called because it was where the king Peter went out with his hunters to go hunting.^[28][29] This hypothesis has a basis, since the father of Peter, Alfonso XI of Castile, was so fond of hunting that he wrote a book on hunting. According to José Gestoso, the name was due to the fact that it was decorated with hunting reliefs.^[30] On the left side of the arch there are reliefs of two very worn poly-lobed medallions. One of them shows something similar to a quadruped animal.

After passing through the gate, one enters the Patio del León. At the back of the courtyard facing the entrance is a stretch of Almohad defensive wall pierced by three arches. This wall has a masonry facade but the back shows unfaced rubble. The two outer arches were originally horseshoe arches but in Christian times they were transformed into round arches by cutting through the inposts. Plays from the Spanish Golden Age were performed in a theatre, the Corral de Montería (Enclosure of the Hunt), that once stood here. It was begun in 1625 but was destroyed in a fire on 3 May 1691. Behind the stretch of wall is the Patio de la Montería, which fronts the Palacio del Rey Don Pedro.^[31]

Sala de Justicia

 

Sala de Justicia

 

Artesonado of the Sala de la Justicia, Mudéjar hall ordered to be built by Alfonso XI of Castile^[32] (1340). First Mudéjar structure in Seville^[33][34]

The Sala de Justicia (courtroom of Justice) is accessed through the Patio del León.

It has a square floor plan, is Mudéjar in style and was built in the reign of Alfonso XI of Castile. It is a square room with an artesonado (qubba). In it there is a shield of the Order of the Band, created by Alfonso XI around 1340. The room would have been built in 1340.^[33] However, although the room was dated in the reign of Alfonso XI thanks, among other details, to this shield, the shield of that order also appears in other parts of the palace decorated in the reign of his son, Peter. It is similar to the Sala de Comares of the Alhambra. In the 16th and 17th centuries it was known as the Sala de los Consejos.^[35] It is most likely that it was an Almohad room^[36] used to gather a council (maswar) and that it was reformed with Mudéjar art by the Christians, who continued to use it for the same purpose. This was probably the room where the court presided by Peter was located, although there are other hypotheses about its possible location. In this court there were three brick steps with a stone throne, although this structure was demolished before the visit of Philip II in 1570. This action displeased Philip II, who was a great admirer of King Don Peter and who was the first to indicate that he should be called "the Avenger".

In the centre of the hall is a fountain with a shallow drain down to the Patio del Yeso, and round the walls are brick and tile benches.^[34]

Patio del Yeso

 

The south portico of the Patio del Yeso (Courtyard of the Plaster), one of the few remaining elements from the Almohad-era palace (end of the 12th century).^[11]

From the Sala de Justicia one enters the Patio del Yeso, which was built at the end of the 12th century,^[37] by Ali al-Ghumari^[37] from the Almohad period, almost square in plan, with a pool in the center^[34] and arcaded arches on each side of the courtyard, on which there is rich decoration. On the south side there are caliphal columns that support arches with decoration (sebka) of plaster.^[38] This decoration covers a porch. In the porch there is an entrance consisting of two horseshoe arches with a column in the center.^[39] On the lintel of this entrance there are two windows. On the opposite wall there is a walled exit with three horseshoe arches in the Córdoban caliphal style. This patio has undergone several alterations throughout its history. The entire wall where the sebka arches were located was found covered. It was discovered by Francisco María Tubino in 1890.^[40][37] The Marquis of Vega-Inclán, then curator of the Alcázar, commissioned in 1912 its recovery and restoration to the architect José Gómez Millán. In the courtyard of the old mosque, the arches were uncovered, the capitals were cleaned, and the floor of the courtyard were excavated at the foot of the columns.^[41] The courtyard although restored, the walls and horshoe arcades are well preserved with their Almohad ornamentation.^[34]

Patio de la Montería

 

Palace of Peter to the left and the Casa de Contratación to the right.

Patio de la Montería (Courtyard of the Hunt). This is the main courtyard, and was built when Palace of Peter was built in 1364,^[42] and is presided over by the door of the palace of Peter. In the walls there are semicircular arches that were walled up in the 15th century.

To the right are the rooms of the Casa de Contratación, who built in 1503^[42] and there met the merchants who made contracts there when there was a boom in trade from Seville with Spanish America and the Philippines.^[43] The Casa de Contratación has a porticoed gallery from the 17th century made by Antón Sánchez Hurtado, the eastern side of the Casa de Contratación was built by the Belgian architect Sebastian Van der Borcht in 1755, after the Lisbon earthquake.^[42]

Halls faces the square courtyard, its area was occupied by a Almohad sunken garden at a level of 1.5 meters beneath the halls, it had two walkways, and had a channel to irrigate the garden.^[44] In 1997, other Alhomad palace was discovered beneath the Patio de la Montería, the building was built around 1150, it was demolished in 1356 for the construction of the Palace of Peter of Castile.^[44]

Patio de las Doncellas

The name, meaning "The Courtyard of the Maidens", is a reference to the apocryphal story that the Muslim rulers demanded an annual tribute of 100 virgins from the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.^[45]

The courtyard was part of the Mudéjar palace built by Pedro I in the 1360s.^[2] The ground level of the building still dates to this period and contains Arabic inscriptions that refer to Pedro I as "Sultan Don Bidru".^[46] The upper story of the courtyard was an addition made by Charles V. The addition was designed by Luis de Vega in the style of the Italian Renaissance although he did include both Renaissance and mudéjar plaster work in the decorations. Construction of the addition began in 1540 and ended in 1572.^[47]

 

The patio de las Doncellas in 2000, with the marble pavement laid in 1581–1584.

At ground level, several reception rooms are arranged around a long rectangular reflecting pool that runs the entire length of the patio, creating a water line.^[48] This pool is surrounded by promenades covered with a red brick pavement decorated with green ceramic borders, similar to the pavement that adorns the perimeter of the garden.^[48] The pool and its promenades are bordered by two flowerbeds located one meter beneath the pavement^[49] whose sides are decorated with a frieze of interlaced semi-circular arches.^{[citation needed]}

The current appearance of the courtyard garden is the result of a reconstruction carried out in the 21st century following the excavations carried out between 2002 and 2005 by a team of archaeologists led by Miguel Ángel Tabales.^[50][51] The garden and the pool, built between 1356 and 1366, were buried between 1581 and 1584 when the courtyard was paved by Juan Bautista de Zumárraga with a white and black marble pavement and an alabaster fountain in the center.^[48][49][50] The patio maintained this appearance until its original structure was discovered^[52] and the hidden garden was uncovered after the 2002–2005 excavations, which revealed the good state of conservation of the area under the patio.^[48][51] The ancient Mudejar garden was restored after being hidden for centuries under a marble floor.

Los Baños de Doña María de Padilla

The Baños de Doña María de Padilla ("Baths of Lady María de Padilla") is a chamber located in a basement beneath the Patio del Crucero. It is named after María de Padilla, the mistress of Pedro I, although the structure itself is unrelated to her and dates instead to the Gothic palace of Alfonso X. It consists of an elongated water basin, or cistern, roofed by a series of Gothic cross-ribbed vaults.^[13]

Salón de los Embajadores

 

One of the archway entrances to Salón de los Embajadores (Hall of Ambassadors).

The Hall of the Ambassadors (Salon de los Embajadores) dates from the 14th century, when Pedro I of Castile made it a centerpiece of his new royal palace.^[2] One hypothesis states that Pedro reused and remodeled a much older hall, known as the Hall of the Pleiades, built by the Abbadid ruler al-Mu'tamid, but this theory has not been widely accepted.^[3]

The hall has a square shape and is covered by a dome, analogical to the qubba-type structures of Islamic architecture.^[2] During Pedro's construction, the orientation of the hall was changed from facing Mecca (to the east) to the northeast, where it opens to the Patio de las Doncellas through a central doorway.^[53] At the middle of each of the other three sides of the hall is a central doorway consisting of a triple horseshoe arch supported by marble columns. Each of the triple arches is enclosed by a decorative rectangular frame (alfiz), which in turn is enclosed by a semi-circular frame within a larger rectangular frame.^[2][54] Beyond each of these archways is a wide rectangular room, leading in turn to other rooms.^[54] The lower walls of the Hall of Ambassadors are decorated with a dado of tiles, while the walls above are decorated with rich plasterwork. A row of windows with delicate stucco grilles runs along the top of the walls, below the dome.^[2]

 

Dome ceiling in the Hall of Ambassadors.

The hall's decoration was finished in 1366, as recorded by an Arabic inscription on a set of wooden doors that was made by artisans from Toledo.^[2] The current dome over the hall was rebuilt in 1427 to replace the original dome. The balconies in the upper walls were added in the 16th century.^[2] In 1526, Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal celebrated their marriage in this room.^[55]

Other sections

 

Cuarto del Príncipe.

• Patio de las Muñecas (Courtyard of the Dolls)
• Dormitorio de los Reyes Moros (Bedroom of the Moorish Kings)
• Cuarto del Almirante (Admiral's Room)
• Casa de Contratación (Casa de Contratación)
• Patio del Crucero (Courtyard of the Crossing)
• Palacio Mudéjar or de Pedro I (Mudéjar Palace or that of Peter of Castile)
  • Patio de las Muñecas (Courtyard of the Dolls)
  • Cuarto del Príncipe (Prince's Room)
  • Patio de las Doncellas (Courtyard of the Maidens)
  • Salón del Techo de Carlos V (Charles V Ceiling Room)
  • Salón de Embajadores (Ambassadors' Room)
  • Salón del Techo de Felipe II (Philip II Ceiling Room)
  • Primera planta (First level of the Palace of Peter of Castile)
• Palacio Gótico (Gothic Palace)
  • Capilla (Chapel)
  • Gran Salón (Big Room)
  • Salón de los Tapices (Tapestries' Room)
  • Sala de las Bóvedas (Vaults' Room)
• Upper floors belong to the Patrimonio Nacional and are occupied by the royal family when visiting Seville. There are many security measures for visitors; admission is approximately 5 euros.
  • Vestíbulo or Saleta de la Reina Isabel la Católica (Lobby or Queen Isabella the Catholic Monarch's Room)
  • Anteortaorio de Isabel la Católica (Pre-oratory of Isabella the Catholic Monarch)
  • Oratorio de Isabel la Católica (Oratory of Isabella the Catholic Monarch)
  • Alcoba Real (Royal Bedroom)
  • Antecomedor (Pre-dining Room)
  • Comedor de Gala (Gala Dining)
  • Sala de fumar (Smoking Room)
  • Retrete del Rey (King's Toilet)
  • Antecomedor de familia, antiguo Cuarto del Rey (Family Pre-dining Room, former King's Room)
  • Comedor de Familia or Cuarto Nuevo (Family Dining Room or New Room)
  • Mirador de los Reyes Católicos (Viewpoint of the Catholic Monarchs)
  • Dormitorio del Rey Don Pedro, antiguo Cuarto de los Lagartos (King Don Peter of Castile's Bedroom, former Lizards' Room)
  • Despacho de Juan Carlos I (Juan Carlos I's Office)
  • Cámara de Audiencias (Hearings' Chamber)
  • Dormitorio de Isabel II (Isabella II's Bedroom)
  • Colección Carranza (a museum of old azulejos)
• Gardens
  • Estanque de Mercurio (Mercury Pond)
  • Galería de Grutesco (Grotesque Gallery)
  • Jardín de la Danza (Dance's Garden)
  • Jardín de Troya (Troy's Garden)
  • Jardín de la Galera (The Galley's Garden)
  • Jardín de las Flores (Flowers' Garden)
  • Jardín del Príncipe (Prince's Garden)
  • Jardín de las Damas (Ladies' Garden)
  • Pabellón de Carlos V (Charles V's Pavilion)
  • Cenador del León (Lion's Gloriette)
  • Jardín Inglés (English Garden)
  • Jardín del Marqués de la Vega-Inclán (Marquis of la Vega-Inclán's Garden)
  • Jardín de los Poetas (The Poets' Garden)
• Apeadero (Mounting-block)
  • Patio de Banderas (Flags' Courtyard)
• Walls of the Alcázar

 

Gallery of the Grottoesque

 

Garden of the poets

The gardens

All the palaces of Al Andalus had garden orchards with fruit trees, horticultural produce and a wide variety of fragrant flowers. The garden-orchards not only supplied food for the palace residents but had the aesthetic function of bringing pleasure. Water was ever present in the form of irrigation channels, runnels, jets, ponds and pools.

The gardens adjoining the Alcázar of Seville have undergone many changes. In the 17th century during the reign of Philip III the Italian designer Vermondo Resta introduced the Italian Mannerist style. Resta was responsible for the Galeria de Grutesco (Grotto Gallery) transforming the old Muslim wall into a loggia from which to admire the view of the palace gardens.

In popular culture

• In 1962 the Alcázar was used as a set for Lawrence of Arabia.^[56]
• The Alcázar was used as the set for the court of the King of Jerusalem in the 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven.^[57]
• Part of the fifth season of Game of Thrones was shot in several locations in the province of Seville, including the Alcázar.^[58]
• The White Princess (2017).

See also

• The Virgin of the Navigators
• Azulejo
• History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

References

1. Sevilla, Real Alcázar de. "Historia". Real Alcázar de Sevilla (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2023-10-30.
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3. Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-0-19-285300-4.
4. "Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville". UNESCO. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
5. The Islamic Review. Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust. 1960. p. 2.
6. T.W. Haig (1993). Houtsma MT, Wensinck AJ, Arnold TW, Heffening W, Lévi-Provençal É (eds.). E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Vol. IV (Reprint of 1913 ed.). BRILL. p. 802. ISBN 9789004097902.
7. Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar Ibn al-Qūṭīyah; David James (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn Al-Qūṭīya : a Study of the Unique Arabic Manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a Translation, Notes, and Comments. Taylor & Francis. p. 55. doi:10.4324/9780203882672. ISBN 978-0-415-47552-5.
8. Jonathan Bloom; Sheila Blair (14 May 2009). Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set. OUP USA. p. 198. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
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10. Tabales Rodríguez, Miguel Ángel (2001). "La transformación palatina del Alcázar de Sevilla, 914–1366" (PDF). Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa. 12: 195–213. hdl:10396/3559. ISSN 1130-9741.
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13. Conrad, Michael A. (2021). "When Warriors Become Teachers: Alfonso X's Cultural Endeavors and the Crusade Ideology". In Giese, Francine (ed.). Mudejarismo and Moorish Revival in Europe: Cultural Negotiations and Artistic Translations in the Middle Ages and 19th-century Historicism. Brill. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-90-04-44858-2.
14. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780300218701.
15. de Viguerie, Laurence; Robador, Maria D.; Castaing, Jacques; Perez‐Rodriguez, Jose L.; Walter, Philippe; Bouquillon, Anne (March 2019). "Technological evolution of ceramic glazes in the renaissance: In situ analysis of tiles in the Alcazar (Seville, Spain)" (PDF). Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 102 (3): 2–3, 12–13. doi:10.1111/JACE.15955. S2CID 139974261.
16. Museum of International Folk Art (N.M.) (2003). Cerámica Y Cultura: The Story of Spanish and Mexican Mayólica. UNM Press. pp. 83–84. ISBN 978-0-8263-3102-1.
17. de Viguerie, Laurence; Robador, Maria D.; Castaing, Jacques; Perez-Rodriguez, Jose L.; Walter, Philippe; Bouquillon, Anne (March 2019). "Technological evolution of ceramic glazes in the renaissance: In situ analysis of tiles in the Alcazar (Seville, Spain)" (PDF). Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 102 (3): 1402–1413. doi:10.1111/jace.15955. ISSN 0002-7820. S2CID 139974261. HAL hal-02179294.
18. Antonio Gámiz Gordo (2014). "Paisajes dibujados. Las rutas de Ford [Drawn landscapes. Ford's routes]" (PDF). Exhibition catalog "Richard Ford. Viajes por España (1830-1833)" [Richard Ford. Travels in Spain (1830-1833).] Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
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